ifljg^ljlj A. Be CMfrniltgug

mh'i^'miW^-'^^^

■m^i

REVEILL

DEVOTED TO THE DISABLED SAILOR & SOLDIER.
EDI TOR - JOHN GALSWORTHY

ASSISTANT editor: •-- C.S.EVANS

N

No. I. AUGUST, I9I8.

Artists at the Front (I) ... Max Beerbohm.

A Pilgrim's Way
The Gist of the Matter
The First News
Barbara's Wedding ...

Rudyard Kipling.
John Galsworthy
Joseph Conrad.
J. M. Barrie.

Bellona and the Gentlest Art £. V. Lucas.

Reveille

Pensions Administration
Restorative Treatment

For Our Disabled

The Romance of Surgery ...

Curative Workshops

Bedside Occupations

The Return of the Officer...

**Life!"...

Outside the Hospital

The Night Call

Poirot and Bidan

Experiences

Task of the Local Committee

Physical Education

On Convoy ...

Notes

Byam Shaw.

Rt. Hon. John Hodge, M.P.
Sir John Collie, C.M.G.
Major Robert Mitchell,C.B.E.
Col. Sir Robert Jones, C.B.
H;M. King Manoel.
Lt.-CoL Goldthwait (A.E.F.)
Civilian.

Edmund J. Sullivan.

Enid Bagnold.

Jerome K. Jerome.

John Galsworthy.

Gilbert Nobbs ; A. G. Baker.

A. Seymour Jones, J.P.

Col.Netterville Barron , A.M.S.

C. S. Evans.

The Editor.

A Summary of the New Royal Warrant. Tables.

HALF-A-CROWN NET

London: PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONEEY OFFICE.
To be purchased through any Bookseller or directly from H.M. Stationeby Office

at the following addresses : ■ <^

[mpebial House, Kingsway, London, W.C. 2, and 28, Abingdon Street, London, S.W. 1 ,
J7, Pbteb Stbeet, Manchksteb : 1, St. Andbbw's Ceescent, C/isdiff; 23. Fobth Stbeet.

Advertisements

tt

THE

PLUROSTAT"

FOR

TREATMENT OF WOUNDED AND DISABLED
SOLDIERS AND SAILORS.

r

BRITISH MANUFACTURE.

THE "PLUROSTAT

'^ii^'^ "

REGISTERED DESIGN.
SARTH FREE

TUS.

GALVANIC current for QalYanI

SINUSOIDAL Current.

FARADIC Current.

LIGHT for Cystoscopea, Forehead

CAUTERY.

rosoft Corporal

iscle Testing.
10-FARADIG Current.
YANO-SINUS Current,
iurgical Lamps.

MOTOR POWER for driving Vibrators, Rhytlimlc Interrupters, Centrifuges, Pneumatic
Pumps, «c.

THRBB STANDARD MODELS.

IONIC MEDICATION BATTERY OUTFITS
and SWITCHBOARDS for all purposes.

Write for full particulars of above apparatus, ancCjor our special publication
The Equipment of the Electrical Department\of a Military Hospital.'*

THE CAVENDISH ELECTRICAL CO., LTD.,
105/107, Great Portland Street, LONDON, W. 1.

://www.archive.org/deta

Advertisements

ESSENTIAL.

The loss of a leg is no longer
one of the tragedies of war.

Improvements in the art of manu-
facture and in the science of fitting ;
a fuller knowledge of the theory of
walking and a better understanding
of the sense of balance, have made
the loss of a leg a very small
handicap.

Expert advice and expert service
are always at your command at
any of the Various branches.

The Essential Artificial Limb Co., Ltd.,

(Telephone : 6843 Mayfair.)

24, South Molton Street,!
London, W. 1.

LEEDS, MANCHESTER, LIVERPOOL,

6, Portland Crescent. 172, Deansgate. 9, Tarleton Street.

Telephone: 26179. Telephonel; 1748 RoYal.

Advertisements

Throat Affections in Children

" Formamint Tablets are of particular value to children
(in Tonsillitis), as they are pleasing and soothing."

From Text-book on * Diseases of Children,' by Reginald Miller.

Throat Affections : " Formamint Tablets should be
sucked frequently."

From Cautley's 'Diseases of Infants and Children.'

Diphtheria : " Should the child object to its throat being
syringed, and struggle much during the operation, it is
wiser to discontinue this part of the treatment rather than
to persist and run the risk of putting a dangerous physical
strain upon a heart which may already be weakened.
Formamint Tablets may be used with advantage under
these circumstances. Children like them, and as a rule can
be induced to suck one frequently."
From *A System of Treatment,' edited by A. Latham and T. Crisp.

NOTE.— It is now thoroughly established that the clinical
results obtained from the genuine original Formamint Tablets
are far superior to those yielded by any of the numerous
varieties of formalin tablets.

In prescribing Formamint, therefore, it is desirable to specify
the genuine original tablets ; these are now entirely British,
and are made in the same London factory, by the same special
process and machinery, and by the same British chemical and
technical staff that the German firm employed.

Physicians are invited to apply for Testing Samples to :

GENATOSAN, LTD.

(British Purchasers of the Sanatogen Co.)

Chairman: LADY MACKWORTH.

12, CHENIBS STREET, LONDON, W.C.I.

NOTE. — As a protection against substitution, Formamint will later on be
given a new name, which will be announced shortly.

Advertisements

Ui

BAIRD&TATLOCK (LONDON), L^o

14, Cross Street, Hatton Garden, E.G. I.

MANUFAGTURERS OF

Bacteriological Instruments and Apparatus,

Registered No.
664357.

Agglutination Water Bath (United States Army Pattern.)

DUROGLASS.

A high resistance Borosilicate Laboratory Glassware.

See 1918 Supplementary Catalogue.

Advertisements

Face Jhst nMtlet

THE GIST OF THE MATTER.

By JOHN GALSWORTHY.

** Reveille" is the new name of the quarterly Recalled
TO Life, a review of all that is being done for the disabled
sailor and soldier ; and the hand writing these words that of
its new editor. When Lord Charnwood, to whom we pay a
grateful tribute for his unselfish efforts and courtesy, laid down
his stewardship, it seemed that a phase had ended, the time
come for a fresh departure. The field of information had,
in a sense, been covered, for those directly concerned, in the
three numbers of Recalled to Life ; and the quarterly was
beginning to fail between two stools. Its substance was too
technical for the Public, and not perhaps technical enough for
the experts. The faults of Reveille we shall discover in due
time. It aims at being human, so there will be plenty.

The use of such a Review as this is to reveal what the
work of restoration means, to those who are being restored, to
those restoring them, but even more — to the nation at large.
For only if the Public realizes the situation and the facts can
we hope for success. Our object will be to animate all with
comprehension of the full need of a work as sacred as ever
taxed a great people ; to stimulate effort, and not entirely to
refrain from criticism.

We are very well aware that a certain practical and down-
right type of mind sees no use in any such attempt. '' Do the
job, and don't bother to explain !" is his creed. With reverence
for so business-like an attitude, we yet venture to think that
there is some connection between motive and performance,
demand and supply ; and that before human endeavour will
flower, the sap must run up the stem from a watered ground.
You may have a lovely system carefully thought out ; but, to
make it work, the human material to which you would apply it
must appreciate its necessity. And if the practical man rejoins :
" But the Public isn't going to read Reveille ; it won't have

4 REVEILLE

the smallest influence either on the mind of the disabled man
or his friends, who only read the most popular journals,"
we answer that there are ways of elevating a cat besides
hanging him ; nor is it ever safe to dogmatize about the
formation of that most subtle creature, Public Opinion. Even
if Reveille cannot hope to reach the million, it can at least
knock at the doors of ardent spirits, each of whom forms the
centre of an ever-widening circle of knowledge and goodwill.
At all events, like the practical man we speak of, we can but do
our job and trust to a Providence which recognizes that jobs
are many and diverse, and concerned with the spirit no less
than with the body.

The new title Reveille was chosen because, though we
look as if our eyes are open, we are not awake ; and because
while Death still blows his bugle in those fields, we would blow
a call against him. No need to remind a nation in arms that
we pronounce and perhaps should now spell the word: Revelly.
And if the passionate or the gentle reader comes, in the
pages of Reveille, on renowned names and items of mere Art
or Literature, and, rubbing his eyes, says : "What has this and
that to do with the disabled soldier ? " le-t him not thereby be
discouraged and turn away in liisgust ; let him pardon a poor
editor who never edited before, and thought perhaps they
might amuse. And let him doggedly read on.

One thing more we would like known. Contributors to this
Review profit not a penny thereby. They are rewarded only
by the thought of giving for those whose lives have been
risked and whose future is compromised for them.

While we write, the earth is at Spring — for the reader will
remember that this is a quarterly, and aeons pass between
brandishing the pen and reading the strokes thereof — that
moment of Spring so beautiful, when the lilac is out and the
fruit blossom not yet ready to fall. Every tree is dowered with
young beauty, and no two the same. Last evening they stood
against the sunset, magical and delicate, with pale-gold light
between the curling quiet leaves ; far away on the sky-line
some elms had their topsails set ; the birds had lost their
senses, singing. In such moments this green Land of ours has
incomparable benuty, seeming to promise happiness which can
satisfy even the human heart. The thought of wounds, of

THE GIST OF THE MATTER 5

disfigurement and blindness, of lost limbs, twisted limbs, the
thousand and one bodily disasters which this war has brought,
becomes unbearable unless we keep the hope and the will to
give back to the wounded something of this Spring and of the
Summer which Spring leads to. We do not hold that hope
to be forlorn, nor that will for a waste of heat and purpose.
All paths lead to Rome, they say. The roads along which
a man, however handicapped, can trudge to happiness are as
varied as the swallow-tracks on the sunlight over a buttercup
field. For each man disabled in this war there is a way to
usefulness, a happy niche to be discovered ; for this is the first
war since the world began which has seriously disturbed the
conscience of mankind and set it working on the duties of
active remorse and active gratitude.

What men think and believe attainable, is to be attained.
A brave man, now blind, said to us the other day: **The
world's attitude to the blind, and the blind man's attitude to
himself, has hitherto been formed by the whine of the blind
beggar, which by the way meant so many more pennies in the
blind man's cap. We know better nowadays. The blind man
can be useful — and happy." If ^^ can be, so can the rest of
the disabled.

Facile optimism and easy-going pessimism are alike roads
to ruin. The man who says : " It'll be all right on the night ! "
and he who remarks : *' Wot's the good of anyfink — why,
nuffink ! " are a light-hearted couple who will be found on the
rocks together. Balance between vision and reality alone
makes endeavour fruitful. And if — not being fools or children
— we wish to give back to our disabled the utmost of health,
utility, and joy, we must all see what we and they are up
against, as well as scheme and dream of what they may
become.

From the Sunday hush, as we write, it is borne in on us
that man is still made for the Sabbath ; and — quite candidly —
there is always the danger of the disabled man existing for the
sake of the System which is to cure him. Administrators,
aware of this danger, will endeavour by every means not to
enfold the disabled man till he becomes as some lost soul
wandering from door to door within the vast barrack of the
House of Restoration. It is for him and him alone that the

6 REVEILLE

building exists, and in all his wanderings through its corridors
on his journey back to civil life, he should be able to read, writ
clear on the walls, the meaning and use of each step in the
journey. He should never be allowed to have the feeling that
he is being driven from pillar to post without, as it seems to
him, design or purpose.

The early stages, from the moment when he is picked up
on the battlefield, or the deck of his ship, to the moment when
he finds himself in one of our homeland Military hospitals, are
clear enough. The trouble for him and for the System starts
at the point when he begins to recover. Systems are wont to
think in terms of facts and figures ; wounded men in terms
of human feeling. The System exists for a double purpose ;
the wounded man wishes that it existed for one — to cure him,
and — let him go. He is either: (i) Obviously returnable to
the Army ; (2) doubtfully returnable ; (3) clearly unreturnable.
For the first of these classes the System provides a most
complete process of physical restoration in Military hospitals,
of which the orthopaedic hospitals^ have curative workshops
attached ; followed by periods in convalescent hospitals and
command depots. We have one general remark to make
anent this process. By how much we remember that each
man, though a soldier, and soon to be back with his regiment,
is gifted with a mind which requires constant exercise and
stimulus, by so much shall we hasten the process of his
recovery, and heighten his morale. The professional soldier,
except in the higher grades, is practically extinct. " We are all
civilians now," a young officer said to us the other day. That
should surely never be forgotten by anyone who takes part in
the work of restoration. The System is bound to return to
the Army or Navy every man it reasonably can, but it ought
to attend to men's minds and spirits, so far as material con-
ditions permit.

Cure is a matter of mind as well as body, and anxiety a
potent cause of slow recovery. In all cases of men doubtfully
returnable there would seem to be one golden rule : Cast the
issue on the knees of the gods, and do the best you can for

' Und^r Colonel Sir Robert Jones, C.B., an article from whose pen appears in
this number.

THE GIST OF THE MATTER 7

the man, lavishing on him every possible care, physical and
mental, and remembering always this : Many a man would
recover in his home surroundings, if freed at least temporarily
from thought of return to the Army, who will never recover in
hospital. In such borderland cases, both for the good of the
Army and of the men, we think there might well be instituted
some measure of discharge subject to periodic revision. We
have known instances where the System's natural eagerness to
return men to the Army has ended in the utter frustration
of that possibility.

But all men returnable are ultimately either returned to the
Army or discharged. And it is the definitely disabled man —
discharged or about to be discharged — who is the chief concern
of this Review.

Editors, with any sense of humour, must always look on
themselves askance, conscious that a professional omniscience is
very wearisome. That is why we take you with a fleeting pen
over facts perhaps familiar to you already. The disabled man
falls into nineteen categories.^ While still awaiting discharge he
continues to be treated in Military hospitals, of many sorts, under
the Director-General, General Goodwin, C.M.G. But on dis-
charge he becomes subject to the Pensions Ministry for any
further physical treatment, or training for civil life, which he
consents to undergo ; and, of course, to their control in all
matters relating to his pension.^ The further physical treatment
of discharged men is carried on in special hospitals, institutions,
colonies, or in annexes to the Military Orthopaedic hospitals,
under the general control ot Sir John Collie, M.D., C.M.G.^
The training or re-education for civil life (under the Ministry
of Pensions, co-operating wdth the Ministry of Labour) is in
the hands of Local Committees, established by the Ministry
of Pensions, under the general direction of Major Robert
Mitchell, C.B.E.^

Such, in blunt outline, is the general scheme, which has
reached a bold, and we believe a final shape, subject to

' See Table A, at the end of the Review.

' See the article by the Right Hon. John Hodge, M.P., Minister of Pensions ;
and a Summary of " The New Royal Warrant," at the end of the Review.
See his article ; and Appendix attached.
* See his article ; and Tables B, and C, at the end of the eview.

8 REVEILLE

improvement in detail. It is a colossal work, and each
department has a herculean task before it. To this scheme,
for better or worse, the Country is committed ; and with a
clear call, all hands and hearts are summoned to make it
live. For there is an enormous lot yet to be done.

Up to May 31 last, 358,160 officers and men had been
pensioned for disability; up to June 5, 38,480 were receiving or
have received continued physical treatment, and only some
15,000 have taken or are taking retraining for civil life. It is
not, of course, suggested that anything like all the discharged
require either treatment or training, or both. But it is certain
that a great proportion of them do. And none of us, least of all
those responsible for the scheme, are satisfied with results, so far.
A vast number of men were discharged before the present
plans for continued physical treatment came into operation,
but they have become merged in industry, and are most
difficult to get hold of. Again, great numbers of discharged
men slipped away into the first jobs which came along, before
the present retraining schemes for civil life were started, and of
those who are now being discharged, only a small proportion
are as yet coming forward to be taught special occupations in
which they can be sure of keeping a foothold when the full tide
of industrial competition runs in once more. Why ?

Let the reader imagine that for one, two, or three years he
has been cut off from his home folk and all those occupations,
interests and amusements which made up for him the sum of
life ; that from morning to night he has done what he was told ;
that for long months together, perhaps, he has been confronted
with the fires of hell ; that for longer months he has lain in bed
staring a hole in the opposite wall, or trailed hospital and street,
still under discipline, still without power or initiative to decide
anything, still a number — haled here, haled there, fed like a child,
amused like a child ; suffering from paternalism and patronage ;
sitting in the parks with his eyes on nothing ; blank of all
definite expectation ; provided with all material comforts and
sunk in a sort of Capuan dream ; or eating his heart out under
a cheery, or at worst, an expressionless mask — let him imagine
all this, and consider what he would do when his discharge
comes. In his long-idle and cruelly-tried soul there would be
no other impulse but to shake the dust of discipline from off his

THE GIST OF THE MATTER 9

feet, and make a bee-line for home. Whatever his state, bitterly
in want perhaps of continued treatment and training for a new
start in life, utterly incapable of making good in the future
without this help, yet he cannot — and you cannot expect him
to — stay and take it at once. A good long draught of home
and freedom is his imperative demand ; and when that is over,
and he begins to own his soul again, he takes too often the line
of least resistance.

Our friends, the Italians, have an invaluable specific against
this. They make the man's discharge provisional on his
returning to a training school for a month or six weeks, that he
may be shown the process, and tempted to take the necessary
training to secure his future. At the end of that time he may
depart if he likes, but as a general rule he stays. Seeing the
shape that our system has taken, there are now perhaps insur-
mountable difficulties in embodying this specific. But it seems
a very great pity. For there is no blinking the fact that, at
present, owing to lack of moral pressure on them at the right
moment, our men are only coming forward for retraining in
minimum numbers. Hospital life is an ideal foster-mother
of lethargy, mental and physical. With few exceptions, the
wounded man in hospital is rusting mentally ; he is, auto-
matically, encouraged thereto by every condition of his life — the
lassitude left by severe strain, hard work, and pain ; the help-
lessness of his body ; the monotony of the routine ; the very
care with which he is tended ; his eagerness to have finished
with it and get out, which would destroy him if it did not soon
turn to stoic apathy ; anxiety about his future, presently reduced
perforce to a don't-care mood ; aimless w^alks and amusements
in his hours of leave ; lack of any say in his own fate. All these
conditions soon dry up his mental energy. He becomes what
is called " hospitalized," and goes back home on discharge,
almost incapable of initiative ; indisposed to a wide and resolute
view^ over his jeopardized future. On the top of this mood
comes the present fatal facility with which he can get work.
For him and for the Public the present scarcity of labour
grievously blurs the real nature of his position, cruelly deceives
him about his future chances. Often, he is able to take up his
old job ; if he is really as efficient as he was nothing can be
better. As a rule, he is not ; but he finds his former employer

lo REVEILLE

sympathetic, and short-handed — head and heart for once agree.
Neither of them stops to consider how long he can keep that
old job. The disabled man does not pause to remember that he
is only, say, twenty-five or thirty years old, and has thirty to
forty working years before him ; his benevolent employer does
not pause to recollect that he used to find it necessary, before
the war, to get the most efficient labour, or go under to his
rivals ; that his maxim was and will be again : " No square pegs
in round holes." While the w^ar lasts the square pegs are
welcome, and all's well. But when the war is over, the cruel
force of industrial competition will come into fuller play than
ever before. What rude awakening is coming for them both !
It seems hard to counsel an employer to consider whether he is
really serving the interests of a disabled man by taking him
back under these present highly exceptional conditions, instead
of saying : *' My friend, I can easily take you back now, but in
your own best interests I won't. Go and get trained for a job
which you will be able to keep, no matter what is the future state
of trade and industrial competition. We must both look ahead.
There are hard times coming, and you are young." That is,
however, exactly what we do counsel employers to think and
say, unless the disabled man is worth loo per cent., or at least
90 per cent, in comparison with able workmen.

Even those who do not go back to their old jobs find little
dif^culty just now in getting work of a sort near their old homes,
and, helped by their pensions, think themselves all right. We
cannot repeat too often or with too great emphasis our con-
viction that they are living in a fool's paradise. There is a
square hole to be found for all these square pegs, a proper niche
for every disabled man, often a better position than that which
he held before ; but if he will not fit himself for it, and if the
Public will not help him, nay, force him to find it, we are in
for most horrible tragedy and disgrace a few years hence.

There is yet another hindrance to the w^orking of the
scheme — the British character. The Briton is an incurable
amateur, sometimes of genius, generally of merit, but almost
always an amateur. This amateurism is our strength and
our weakness ; it brings sportsmanship, elasticity and gusto ;
but it hampers us with fecklessness, extravagance, and muddle.
The Briton is also — we speak in the large — a practical person

THE GIST OF THE MATTER ii

with short views ; the greatest and most generous spendthrift
under the sun ; very combative and competitive deep down, yet
very lazy till he is roused. And, of all men, he loves to paddle
his own canoe. These qualities make him fascinating to the
observer, and would break the heart of any administrator who
was not himself a Briton.

The Briton disabled by this war belongs, of course, chiefly
to what are called the working classes ; add to his British
character the working man's philosophy always to make the best
of to-day without considering too much what to-morrow may
bring forth, and we have perfect conditions for a hand-to-mouth
treatment of his endangered future. His whole instinct and
habit is to say: "Tm not worrying ; something will turn up."
Micawber was very British. " Time enough to bother " — we
seem to hear him say — *' when we see the rocks." The attitude
of his leaders is sometimes not dissimilar.

According to some, the present indifference of the disabled
man to the schemes provided for his rehabilitation is of little
consequence. ** There is the machinery of training," they say,
'' not only for now, but for whenever he likes to avail himself of
it. When the war is over and he gets pushed out of work, he
will be glad enough to come and get trained for the jobs which
he can do." We by no means share this cheery view. It is
based on a misconception of human nature, especially of the
British nature. We think that when a man has been back
in civil life some time, and is beginning to forget the jolt
and jar of the war, he will rather stay even on the rocks,
living on his pension, on charity, and odd jobs, than put
himself to school again. Further, we think that the energy
of Local Committees and of people generally interested
now in this great problem, will rapidly evaporate when
the war is over and we are no longer in danger, and more-
over have become troubled by a new crop of economic diffi-
culties. Human memory is very shoi-t, and human gratitude
not too long. We are not all angels — like soldiers in time
of war, editors when writing their screeds, poets before,
and mayors after, dinner. Finally, we think that those special
permanent niches which could now be secured by disabled men
if they would train for them, will be usurped by the flood of
returning labour, and that what is at present a real opportunity

12 REVEILLE

will rapidly become invisible. We are convinced that if the
Government's scheme for special treatment and special training
is not made proper use of within the next two or three years, it
never will be.

We pass now from the four broad reasons — human nature,
hospital lethargy, easily-found, well-paid, impermanent work,
and the British character — which stand in the way of success,
to certain points in the working out of the scheme, which are
recognized as capable of improvement.

First, we believe that if at all possible — as aforesaid — it
would be excellent to insist on all men who cannot take up
their old work as efficiently as before, attending for just a
month's experimental course at a training school, after a spell of
home leave, before they receive their discharge from the Army.

Next, we feel that success depends on breaking up the
hospitalized state of mind, of enlivening a man's intellect and
interest while he is still in hospital, and fostering in him the
inclination to come to grips with his future. The orthopaedic
hospitals have their excellent curative workshops,^ but too
few other hospitals, for lack of space and other reasons, have
any form of instruction. Somehow or other, a man must be
given more occupation, either in hospital, or better, outside during
his leave hours, to take him out of himself, sharpen his faculties,
hearten his will-power, and incline him to some new and suit-
able life-job. Most, if not all, hospitals have, of course, visitors,
who give much unselfish devotion to the men ; but, in our con-
viction, every hospital from which men are discharged needs
some civilian, definitely appointed and equipped with a bureau,
who will give his or her whole heart and whole time to the
wounded man's affairs, his past, home circumstances, future
hopes and wants ; act as a liaison officer between him and his
Local Committee, and keep before him constantly the necessity
of making the utmost of the chances for after-treatment and
training offered. Devoted, tactful, practical, whole-time persons
are hard to find, but to find and attach them to such hospitals
seems to us a sine qua non of success. This suggestion has
been made before, but not adopted, so far as we are aware, up to
the time of writing.

' An account of which is given by King Manoel, to whose initiative we owe them.

THE GIST OF THE MATTER

13

We think it is vital too, that all Local War Pensions Com-
mittees should also have at least one carefully selected person
oiving whole time to the work, and always accessible to the
applicants.^ For some of these posts, both in hospitals and
on Local Committees, disabled officers, cunningly chosen, and
adequately paid, might perhaps be found, with sufficient know-
ledge, interest, and tact. All such appointments are subject
to the caveat : ** Better none than the wrong," but that is
hardly a reason for not trying to find the right. We hope
that the search for them may be general before these words
are read.

Speaking with the diffidence which becomes laymen, we
believe that all the departments which administer this
vast work fully appreciate the great importance of co-opera-
tion. They are all concerned with the one business of
restoring the wounded man to the utmost, whether it be for
return to the Army or to civil life. And just as it has been
found vital to fuse the Allied Forces in France and Flanders,
so it is vital here to fuse the efforts of the Red Cross, War
Office, Pensions Ministry, and Labour Ministry. Weakness or
leakage at points of juncture can detract dismally from the
force of a general effort. The motto of all may well
run : " Be not trustees of your own departments first, and
servers of the general purpose second ; keep the restoration of
the wounded man in the forefront of your minds, and sacrifice
everything else — even your own dignities — to that. Restoration
of the man, and nothing else, matters ! "

The proportions of this war are so vast, the numbers so
huge, the future so gravely menaced, that there is really no time
for dispersion, overlapping, or red tape. This, after troubled
experience, has become the common-sense view of all who have
the matter at heart. Fearful complexities have had to be facedj
vast machinery has had to be evolved. The plan is at last
complete, and on a generous scale ; devotion and ability are
behind it, in abundance ; enormous obstacles and a jungle of
difficulties still lie in front. It cannot be too zealously
fused and speeded up. But in all there is a real faith
that the thing can and must be done ; the debt of gratitude

' See an article by Mr. A. Seymour Jones, on the " Task of the Local War
Pensions Committees."

1 4 REVEILLE

weighing on the nation's conscience wiped out, within the Hmits
of human effort ; and a great cause, which honours human
nature, brought to fruition.

With words to the Public we would close this screed.

Our eyes look out on a Britain daily more and more
peopled by sufferers in this war. In every street, on every
road and village-green we meet them — crippled, half-crippled,
or showing little outward trace, though none the less secretly
deprived of health. Yet, there are but few who cannot be
fitted again into our national structure, and restored to the
happiness of a useful, self-respecting life. Many openings
are available, many occupations suitable. A huge jig-saw
puzzle confronts us, and there is not one among us all who
cannot take a hand in solving it. To think that it is none of
our business is to be woefully in error. The Public — and by the
Public we mean every man and woman In these islands — can
do more than the System. What the Public thinks and wishes,
the disabled man will come to think and wish. If we, who
know or watch the sufferer, are foolish or indifferent about his
future, he too will be foolish and indifferent. If a mans friends
and people acquiesce in his drifting into the first job, however
unsuitable, which comes along, he will surely drift ; if they are
content that he should drone away a future of twenty to fifty
years on a pension and makeshift earnings, he will do so in a
vast number of cases. We must make him feel that this can
only end miserably for him ; impi'ess on him that by a little
effort and a little gumption he can be fitted w^Ith a secure
and profitable job ; persuade and urge him till he makes the
necessary effort. Then only will he rally to recovery of full
working powers, full self-respect, and happiness.

Those of us who, by easy-going indulgence or indifference,
now encourage the disabled man to drift, are guilty of Ingrati-
tude to him, and will be the first to show impatience and
heartlessness, when, five or ten years hence, we see him
cumbering the ground, hopeless and embittered, often out of
work, and always an eyesore to a nation which will wish to
forget there ever was this war.

Each of us has a duty to these men, and an Immense
debt to pay ; not by mere ''treating " and washy praise, but
by doing something for him, by strengthening his will to

THE GIST OF THE MATTER 15

•* make good " again, by urging him and helping him to find
the job best suited to him. If we let him take a short-
sighted view of his case we speed him down the hill. We
all know personally some disabled man ; let us set to, and
persuade him that he is capable of much more in the future
than he thinks he is, more perhaps than he was before the war.
Many a disabled man can earn better money at more interesting
work than he ever before had the chance to. If he looks on
himself as done for, he is done for. We must prevent that ;
and above all, make him understand that present conditions are
hopelessly misleading. A few years hence he will often be no
more able to keep the job which easily comes to his hand now,
than the lame, the halt, the poor in health were able to keep
their jobs in those old peace times, so much easier than peace
times will be henceforth. Now is the time to say to him :
'' Pluck up your spirit; better your position in life. Take the
permanent and special chances given you while they are still
open. Don't hesitate. Don't drift. It's fatal ! "

Patriotism and gratitude demand this of every wife, father,
mother, and friend of each disabled man ; demand it for his
sake who gave so much for them ; and for the sake of our
Country, whose wings are clipped by the devastation of this
war.

What sort of a Land will it be if, five and ten years hence,
tens of thousands injured in this long tragedy are drifting
unhappy amongst us, without the anchorage of permanent,
well-paid, self-respecting work ? We have not realized yet.
If we do not realize soon, and make the disabled realize, it will
be too late. We are entering on the fifth year of the war ;
we do not know when it will finish. The economic aftermath
may not come on us at once, but when it comes it will be
unexampled for severity. The disabled, unprovided for by
special work, will, by the laws of Nature and of human nature,
be the first to suffer. At present, possibly not one in three of
our discharged soldiers who needed further physical treatment
has taken it ; and perhaps not one in ten who really require
to be re-educated to special work is being trained for it. The
System is helpless without a great awakening of the Public^
and through the Public of the disabled man.

i6

THE FIRST NEWS.

By JOSEPH CONRAD.

Four years ago, on the first day of August, in the town of
Cracow, Austrian Poland, nobody would believe that the war
was coming. My apprehensions were met by the words : '' We
have had these scares before." This incredulity was so
universal amongst people of intelligence and information, that
even I, who had accustomed myself to look at the inevitable
for years past, felt my conviction shaken. At that time, it
must be noted, the Austrian army was already partly rpobilized
and as we came through Austrian Silesia we had noticed all
the bridges being guarded by soldiers.

" Austria will back down," was the opinion of all the well-
informed men with whom I talked on the first ^f August. The
session of the University was ended and the students were
either all gone or going home to different parts of Poland, but
the professors had not all departed yet on their respective
holidays ; and amongst them, all certainly well-informed men,
the tone of scepticism prevailed generally. Upon the whole
there was very litde inclination to talk about the possibility of
a war. Nationally, the Poles felt that from their point of view
there was nothing to hope from it. '' Whatever happens," said
a very distinguished man to me, "we may be certain that it's
our skins which will pay for it as usual." A well-known literary
critic and writer on economical subjects said to me : ** War
seems a material impossibility, precisely because it would mean
the complete ruin of all material interests."

He was wrong, as we know ; but those who said that
Austria as usual would back down were, as a matter of fact,
perfectly right. Austria did back down. What these men
did not foresee was the interference of Germany. And one
cannot blame them very well ; for who could guess that, when
the balance stood even, the German sword would be thrown
into the scale with nothing in the open political situation to

THE FIRST NEWS \^

justify that act, or rather that crime — if crime can ever be
justified? For, as the same intelligent man said to me: *' As
it is, those people" (meaning Germans) ''have very nearly the
whole world in their economic grip. Their prestige is even
greater than their actual strength. It can get for them
practically everything they want. Then why risk it ? " And
there was no apparent answer to the question put in that way.
I must also say that the Poles had no illusions about the
strength of Russia. Those illusions were the monopoly of the
Western world.

Next day the librarian of the University invited me to
come and have a look at the library which I had not seen since
I was 14 years old. It was from him that I learned that the
greater part of my father's MSS. was preserved there. He
confessed that he had not looked them through thoroughly yet,
but he told me that there was a lot of very important letters
bearing on the epoch from '60 to '(^'^^ to and from many
prominent Poles of that time ; and he added : " There is a
bundle of correspondence that will appeal to you personally:
Those are letters written by your father to an intimate friend
in whose papers they were found. They contain many refer-
ences to yourself, though you couldn't have been more than
4 years old at the time. Your father seems to have been
extremely interested in his son.'" That afternoon I went to
the University, taking with m^e my eldest son. The attention
of that young Englishman was mainly attracted by some relics
of Copernicus in a glass case. I saw the bundle of letters and
accepted the kind proposal of the librarian that he should have
them copied for me during the holidays. In the range of the
deserted vaulted rooms lined with books, full of august
memories, and in the passionless silence of all this enshrined
wisdom, we walked here and there talking of the past, the great
historical past in which lived the inextinguishable spark of
national life ; and all around us the centuries-old buildings lay
still and empty, composing themselves to rest after a year of
work on the minds of another generation.

No echo of the German ultimatum to Russia penetrated
that academical peace. But the news had come. When we
stepped into the street out of the deserted main quadrangle, we
three, I imagine, were the only people in the town who did not

2

1 8 REVEILLE

know of it. My boy and I parted from the librarian (who
hurried home to pack up for his holiday) and walked on to the
hotel, where we found my wife actually in the car waiting for
us to take a run of some ten miles to the country house of an
old school-friend of mine. He had been my greatest chum.
In my wanderings about the world I had heard that his later
career both at school and at the University had been of extra-
ordinary brilliance — in classics, I believe. But in this, the
iron-grey moustache period of his life, he informed me with
badly concealed pride that he had gained world fame as the
Inventor — no. Inventor is not the word — Producer, I believe
would be the right term — of a wonderful kind of beetroot seed.
The beet grown from this seed contained more sugar to the
square inch — or was it to the square root ? — than any other kind
of beet. He exported this seed, not only with profit (and even
to the United States), but with a certain amount of glory which
seemed to have gone slightly to his head. There is a funda-
mental strain of agriculturalist in a Pole which no amount of
brilliance, even classical, can destroy. While we were having tea
outside, looking down the lovely slope of the gardens at the
view of the city in the distance, the possibilities of the war
faded from our minds. Suddenly my friend's wife came to us
with a telegram in her hand and said calmly: "General
mobilization, do you know ? " We looked at her like men
aroused from a dream. " Yes," she insisted, ''they are already
taking the horses out of the ploughs and carts." I said : '' We
had better get back to town as quick as we can," and my friend
assented with a troubled look : '* Yes, you had better." As
we passed through villages on our way back we saw mobs of
horses assembled on the commons with soldiers guarding them,
and groups of villagers looking on silently at the officers with
their note-books checking deliveries and writing out receipts.
Some old peasant women were already weeping aloud.

When our car drew up at the door of the hotel, the manager
himself came to help my wife out. In the first moment I did
not quite recognize him. His luxuriant black locks were gone,
his head was closely cropped, and as I glanced at it he smiled
and said : '* I shall sleep at the barracks to-night."

I cannot reproduce the atmosphere of that night, the first
night after mo^ ilization. The shops and the gateways of the

THE FIRST NEWS 19

houses were of course closed, but all through the dark hours
the town hummed with voices ; the echoes of distant shouts
entered the open windows of our bedroom. Groups of men
talking noisily walked in the middle of the roadway escorted by
distressed women ; men of all callings and of all classes going
to report themselves at the fortress. Now and then a military
car tooting furiously would whisk through the streets empty of
wheeled traffic, like an intensely black shadow under the great
flood of electric lights on the grey pavement.

But what produced the greatest impression on my mind
was a gathering at night in the coffee-room ' of my hotel of a
few men of mark whom I was asked to join. It was about
one o'clock in the morning. The shutters were up. For some
reason or other the electric light was not switched on, and the
big room was lit up only by a few tall candles, just enough for
us to see each other's faces by. I saw in those faces the awful
desolation of men whose country torn in three found itself
engaged in the contest with no will of its own and not even
the power to assert itself at the cost of life. All the past was
gone, and there was no future, whatever happened ; no road
which did not seem to lead to moral annihilation. I remember
one of those men addressing me after a period of mournful
silence compounded of mental exhaustion and unexpressed
forebodings.

"What do you think England will do ? If there is a ray
of hope anywhere it is only there."

I said: " I believe I know what England will do" (this was
before the news of the violation of Belgian neutrality arrived),
*' though I won't tell you, for I am not absolutely certain. But
I can tell you what I am absolutely certain of. It is this : If
England comes into the war, then, no matter who may want to
make peace at the end of six months at the cost of right and
justice, England will keep on fighting for years if necessary.
You may reckon on that."

'* What, even alone ? " asked somebody across the room.

I said : '* Yes, even alone. But if things go so far as that
England will not be alone."

I think that at that moment I must have been inspired.

20

BARBARA'S WEDDING.

An Echo of the War.

By J. M. BARRIE.

Thf Colonel is in the sitting room of his country cottage, staring
through the open windows at his pretty garden. He is in trouble.
He is a very old man and is sometimes bewildered nowadays.
He calls to the gardener^ a rough capable young fellow, wj^o is
on a ladder, pruning. Dering comes to him.

Colonel. A beautiful morning, Dering.

Dering. Too much sun, sir. The roses are complaining ;
and to make matters worse Miss Barbara has been watering
them — in the heat of the day.

Colonel. Has she ? She means well. Dering, you heard
it, didn't you ?

Dering. What was that, sir ?

Colonel. The thunderstorm, early this morning.

Dering. There was no thunderstorm, sir.

Colonel. That's what they all say. It was at four o'clock.
I got up and looked out of the window. The evening prim-
roses were very beautiful.

Dering. I don't hold much with evening primroses, sir,
but I was out and about at four. There was no thunderstorm.

Colonel (^gently), I suppose I just thought there was.
Perhaps it was some thunderstorm of long ago that I heard.
I'm glad to see you moving about, Dering, in the garden
all just as usual.

Dering. Thank you, sir.

Colonel. No, don't go. I'm a little — troubled, Dering.

Dering (who knows that the old man has a wandering mind).
Everything's all right, sir.

Colonel. Yes, yes. It's nice to see you've come back,
Dering. Why did you go away for such a long time }

Dering. Me, sir ? I haven't had a day off since Christmas.

Colonel. Haven't you? I thought — is everything just as
usual ?

BARBARA'S WEDDING 21

Bering. Yes, sir. There never was a place that changed
less than this.

Colonel {eager). That's true. Thank you, Bering, for
saying that. Bering, there's nothing wrong, is there ?

Bering. Wrong, sir ?

Colonel. Is anything happening, Bering, that Tm not
being told about ?

Bering. Not that I know of, sir.

Colonel. That's what they all say, but — I don't know
\^he looks at his sword over the fireplace\ Bering, I feel as if
I was needed somewhere. I don't know where it is. No one
will tell me. ( Whispers?) Where's everybody, Bering ?

Bering. They're all about, sir. There's a cricket match
on at the village green.

Colonel. Is there ?

Bering. If the wind had a bit of south in it you could
hear their voices. You were a bit of a nailer at cricket your-
self, sir.

Colonel {chuckling). Ninety-nine against Mallowfield, and
then bowled off my pads! Biggest score I ever made. Mallowfield
wanted to add one to make it the 100, but I wouldn't have it.
I was pretty good at steering them through the slips, Bering !
Bo you remember my late cut .^ It didn't matter where point
stood I got past him. You used to stand at point, Bering.

Bering. That was my grandfather, sir. He always said
he used to snap you regular at point.

Colonel {crestfallen^ but polite). Bid he } I daresay he
did. I can't play now but I like to watch it still [troubled
again']. Bering, there's no cricket on the green to-day. I've
been down to look. I don't understand it, Bering. When I
got there the green was all dotted with them — it's the prettiest
sight and sound in England. But as I watched them they
began to go away, one and two at a time ; they weren't given
out, you know, they went as if they had been called away.
Some of the little shavers stayed on — and then they went off —
as if they had been called away too. The stumps were left
lying about. Why is it ?

Bering. It's just fancy, sir. I saw Master Will oiling his
bat yesterday.

Colonel {relieved). Bid you ? I should have liked to see

22 REVEILLE

that. I've often oiled their bats for them. Careless lads, they
always forgot. Was that nice German boy with him ?

Dering. Mr. Karl ? Not far off, sir. He was sitting by
the bend of the stream playing on his flute. And Miss Barbara,
she had climbed one of my apple trees ; she says they are your
trees.

Colonel. They are, you know, Dering.

Dering. Yes, sir, in a sense, but I don't like any of you
to meddle with them ; and there she sat, pelting the two of
them with green apples.

Colonel. How like her. Don't know how we are to
make a demure young lady of her.

Dering. They say in the village, sir, that Master Will
would like to try.

Colonel. Ha, ha ! He's just a colt himself \troubled?[.
Who are here now, Dering : in the house I mean ? I some-
times forget. They grow old so quickly. They go out at one
door in the bloom of youth, and come back by another, tired
and grey. Haven't you noticed it .^

Dering. No, sir. The only visitors staying here are Miss
Barbara and Mr. Karl. There's just them and yourselves, sir ;
you and the mistress and Master Will. That's all.

Colonel. Yes, that's all. Who is the soldier, Dering ?

Dering. Soldier, sir.'* There is no soldier here except
yourself.

Colonel. No ? There was a nurse with him. Who is ill ?

Dering. No one, sir. There's no nurse. Would you like
me to call the mistress, sir .'*

Colonel. No, she has gone down to the village. She
told me why, but I forget. Miss Barbara is with her.

Dering. Miss Barbara is down by the stream, sir.

Colonel. Is she ? I think they said they were going to a
wedding. [ With an old mans curiosity] Who is being married
to-day, Dering ?

Dering. I have heard of no wedding, sir. But here is
Miss Barbara. \Barbara romps in. She is a merry hoyden,
running over with animal spirits^

Colonel {gaily). Here's the tomboy !

Barbara. Dering, I believe you are complaining to the
Colonel about my watering the flowers at the wrong time of day }

BARBARA'S WEDDING 23

Colonel. Aha ! Aha !

Dering. I did just mention it, miss.

Barbara. You horrid ! Dear, don't mind him. And
every time he says they are his flowers and his apples, you tell
me, and I shall say to his face that they are yours.

Colonel. The courage of these young things !

\Pering smiles and goes ^

Barbara. Let me make you comfy — the way granny does
it. \She arranges his cushions clumsily. \

Colonel. That's not quite the way she does it. Do you
call her granny, Barbara ?

Barbara. She asked me to, for practice. Don't you
remember why }

Colonel. I know ! Billy boy !

Barbara. Yes ! Now wait till I get your stick.

Colonel. I don't need my stick while I'm sitting.

Barbara. You look so beau'ful sitting holding your stick.
\She knocks over his cushions^ Oh dear ! I am a clumsy.

Colonel {politely). Not at all ; but perhaps if I were to do
it for myself \he makes himself co^nfortable^ That's better.
Thank you, Barbara.

Barbara, /didn't do it. I'm all thumbs. What a ghastly
nurse I should make.

Colonel. Nurse! Who is she, Barbara .'*

Barbara. Who is who, dear 1

Colonel. That nurse ?

Barbara. There's no nurse here.

Colonel. Isn't there ?

Barbara. Where is granny?

Colonel. She has gone down to the village to a wedding.

Barbara. There's no wedding. Who could be being
married ?

Colonel. I think it's people I know, but I can't remember
who they are. I thought you went, too, Barbara.

Barbara. Not I.

Colonel. You and the nurse.

Barbara. Dear, you have just been thinking things again.
Shall I play to you, or sing .<* \She knocks over a chair ^ Oh
dear, everything catches in me. Would you like me to sing
"Robin Adair," dear.?

24 ' REVEILLE

Colonel (^polite, but firrn). No, thank you, Barbara. That
is one of my wife's songs and it is rather sacred to me. She
often sings it. She has such a sweet young voice.

Barbara. Granny ?

Colonel [defending the absentee^. Yes, granny, why not ?

Barbara. Nothing, dear.

Colonel. They used to come crowding into our bungalow
at Lucknow when word went round that pretty Mrs. Venables
was to sing ** Robin Adair."

Barbara. I'm sure they did.

Colonel {perturbed), Barbara, the house seems so empty.
Where are Billy and Karl ?

Barbara. Billy is where Karl is, you may be sure.

Colonel. And where is Karl ?

Barbara. He is where Billy boy is, you may be sure.

Colonel. And where are they both }

Barbara. Not far from where Barbara is, you bet. \A flute
is heard.'] Do you hear Karl's flute ? They have been down all
the morning at the pool where the alder is, trying to catch that
bull-trout.

Colonel {chuckling). They didn't get him, I'll swear!

Barbara {looking out). You can ask them.

Colonel. I spent a lot of my youth trying to get that
bull-trout. I tumbled in there sixty years ago.

Barbara. I tumbled in sixty minutes ago. Can't be the
same trout, dear.

Colonel. Same old rascal !

[Billy and Karl come in by the window, leaving a fishing rod
outside. They are gay, careless, attractive youths, Karl has a
German accent.]

Barbara. You muddy things !

Colonel {gaily). Did you get the bull-trout, Billy boy ?

Billy. He's a brute that !

Colonel. He is, you know !

Billy. Came up several times and had a look at my fly.
Didn't flick it, or do anything as complimentary as that. Just
yawned and went down.

Colonel. Yawned, did he? Used to wink in my time.
Did you and Billy fish at Heidelberg, Karl ?

Karl {humorously). We were more worthily employed, sir,

BARBARA'S WEDDING 25

Barbara. Drinking beer ?

Karl. To our eternal friendship.

Billy. Now then, Karl, stow it — no sentiment.

Karl. I swear, sir, that by the hour of midnight he used
to be the more sentimental of us two.

Barbara. What was he sentimental about ?

Colonel {^gleefully), I can guess — the frauleins ?

Karl. You know, sir !

Colonel. I know !

Karl. We did unbend at times. Billy, do you remember }
[He begins a gay dance.']

Billy. Not I ! {Then he joins in.]

Barbara. Billy, how disgraceful. [She joins in.]

Colonel. Harum-scarums !

EiLLY. Karl knows nothing of what true love is, grand-
father. He has a locket beneath his waistcoat and snivels over
it, and changes the lady about once a month.

Karl. Does he know about you two ?

Billy. He often forgets. Til tell him again. Grandfather,
Barbara and I have something to say to you. It's this. [He
puts his arm round Barbara and kisses her.]

Colonel (smiling^. I know — I know. There's nothing
like it. I'm very glad, Barbara.

Barbara. You see, dear, I've loved Billy boy since the
days when he tried to catch the bull-trout with a string and a
bent pin, and I held on to his pinafore to prevent him tumbling
in. We used to play at school at marrying and giving in
marriage, and the girl who was my bridegroom had always to
take the name of Billy. " Do you, woman, take this man
Billy — " the clergyman in skirts began, and before I could
answer diffidently some other girl was sure to shout, ** I should
rather think she does."

Karl. I have never witnessed an English marriage
ceremony, and as I'm to be best man, now is my time to
practise. Billy, don't move or I forbid the banns. You are
the clergyman, sir, and the ceremony is proceeding.

Colonel. Am I the clergyman ?

Karl. You two have both said you do. That is easy.
Now we approach the great moment. The bridegroom cannot
find the rinor.

26 REVEILLE

Billy. Rot !

Karl {to Billy), The ring, sir !

Barbara. Let him go on.

Karl. In vain the wretched youth searches his pockets
with trembling hand.

Barbara. Search, Billy ; it's the least you can do for me.

Karl. Alas, the poor bridegroom is now a rag. He bursts
into tears.

Colonel. Burst, Billy !

Karl. The best man has to prop him up. \He does so^

Colonel (in the spirit of it). Where is the ring, Billy boy?

Karl. The poor idiot is now beyond replying. Slowly
the clergyman unbuttons his gown. He says ** There will be
no marriage to-day."

Colonel {chuckling). I'm sorry for you, Billy, but it
wouldn't be legal without the ring ! ,

Barbara. What am / doing all this time ^

Karl. You are despising him.

Billy. I say — !

Karl. Silence ! The bride turns a face of agonized appeal
to the person who is so well named the best man. [Barbara
assists him.'\ Your arms beseech him. \She holds them out to
Karl.'] He is touched. He has an inspiration. The ring of
his keys ! He slips it into the hand of the now doddering
bridegroom.

Billy. Get out !

Barbara. Billy, please 1 \_She holds out her finger and
Billy puts the ring on it.]

Karl. Bless you, my children !

Colonel (in high good humour). You know when I was
married I think I couldn't find the ring !

Karl. Were you married here, sir ?

Colonel. Yes, at the village church.

Billy. So were my father and mother.

Colonel. I remember walking back with my wife and
bringing her in here through the window. She kissed some
of the furniture.

Billy. I suppose you would like a grander affair, Barbara ?

Barbara. No, just the same.

Billy. I hoped you would say that.

BARBARA'S WEDDING 27

Barbara. But, Billy, I'm going to have such a dream of a
wedding gown. Granny is going with me to London to choose
it — if you can do without her for a day, dear.

Colonel. I shall go with you. I couldn't trust you and
granny to choose the right gown.

Karl. You must often be pretty lonely, sir, when we are
all out and about enjoying ourselves.

Colonel. They all say that. But that's the time when I'm
not lonely, Karl. It's then I see things most clearly — the past,
I suppose — it all comes crowding back to me. India, the
Crimea, India again ; and it's so real, especially the people.
They come and talk to me. I seem to see them. . I don't
know they haven't been here, Billy, till your granny tells me
afterwards.

Billy. Yes, I know. I wonder where granny is ?

Barbara. It isn't often she leaves you for so long, dear.

Colonel {worried). She told me she had to go some-
where, but I forget. Oh, yes. She has gone down to the
village to a wedding.

Billy. A wedding ?

Barbara. It's curious how he harps on that. There
couldn't be a wedding in the village without 7?iy knowing of it,
dear.

Colonel. She said to me to listen and I would hear the
bells.

Barbara. Not to-day, dear.

Billy. Best not worry him.

Barbara. But granny says we should try to make things
clear to him.

Billy. Was anyone with granny when she said she was
going to a wedding ?

Colonel. You were there, Barbara. [She shakes her head,']

Barbara. He said that to me before. And something
about a nurse.

Colonel. She was there.

Billy. Anyone else ?

Colonel. There was that soldier.

Barbara. A soldier too ?

Colonel. Just those three.

Billy. But that makes four. Granny and Barbara and a
nurse and a soldier.

28 REVEILLE

Colonel. They were all there ; but there were only three

Billy. Odd !

Barbara {soothingly). Never mind. Granny will make it
all right. She's the one for you.

Colonel. She's the one for me.

Karl. If there had been a wedding, wouldn t she have
taken him with her ?

Barbara. Of course she would.

Karl. You are not too old to have a kind eye for a
wedding, sir?

Colonel, Aha, aha ! You know, very likely I should have
kissed the bride. Brides look so pretty on their wedding day.
They're often not pretty at other times, but they are all pretty
on their wedding day.

Karl. You have an eye for a pretty girl still, sir !

Colonel. Yes, I have ; yes, I have !

Barbara. I do believe I see it all. Granny has been
talking to you about Billy boy and me, and you haven't been
able to wait ; you have hurried on the wedding !

Billy. Bravo, Barbara, you've got it.

Colonel. That may be it. Because I am sure you were
to be there, Barbara.

Barbara. Exactly ! Our wedding, Billy.

Karl. It doesn't explain those other people though. \The
Colonel is agitated?^ ,

Barbara. What is it, dear ?

Colonel. I can't quite remember, but I think that is why
she didn't take me. It's your wedding, Barbara, but I don't
think Billy boy is to be there, my love.

Barbara. Not at my wedding }

Billy. Grandfather !

Colonel. There's something sad about it.

Barbara. There can't be anything sad about a wedding,
dear. Granny didn't say it was a sad wedding, did she }

Colonel. She was smiling.

Barbara. Of course she was.

Colonel. But I think that was only to please the nurse.

Barbara. That nurse again ! Dear, don't think any more
about it. There's no wedding.

Colonel. Is there not .^^ \_Tke village wedding bells begin

BARBARA'S WEDDING 29

to ring. The Colonel is triumphant.l I told you ! There is a
wedding ! \^Tke bells ring on gaily. Billy and Barbara take a
step nearer to each other, btct can go no closer. The bells ring
on, and the three young people fade from the scene. When they
are gone and he is alone the Colonel still addresses them.^ It's
Barbara's wedding. Billy boy, why are you not at Barbara's
wedding ?

[Soon the bells stop. The Colonel knows that he is alone nozv,
btit he does not understand it. The sun is shining brightly but he
sits very cold in his chair. He is very glad to see his wife coming
to him through the open window. She is a dear old lady and is
dressed brightly, as becomes one who has been to a wedding.
Her face beams to match her gown. She is really quite a happy
woman again, for it is several years since any sorrozv struck her.
No one understands the Colonel as she does, no one can soothe
him and bring him> along out of his imaginings as she can.l

Colonel. Ellen !

Granny. I am back again, John. It hasn't seemed very
long, has it?

Colonel. No, not long, Ellen. Had you a nice walk ?

Granny. I haven't been for a walk. Don't you remember
where I told you I was going, John ?

Colonel. Yes, it was to a wedding.

Granny {rather tremulously). You haven't forgotten
whose wedding, have you ?

Colonel. Tell me, Ellen.

Granny. I have been seeing Barbara married, John.

Colonel. Yes, it was Barbara's wedding. Ellen, why
wasn't I there?

Granny. I thought you might be a little troubled if you
went, John. Sometimes your mind — not often, but sometimes
if you are agitated — and then you think you see — people who
aren't here any longer.

Colonel. Yes, I know. I'm all right when you are with
me, Ellen.

Granny. I ran back to you, John. I was thinking of you
all the time — even more than of Billy boy.

Colonel {gaily). Tell me all about it, Ellen. Did Billy
boy lose the ring ? We always said he would lose the ring !

so REVEILLE

Granny (watching him closely). You've forgotten again,
John. Barbara isn't married to Billy boy.

Colonel (rising). Not marry Billy? I'll see about that.

Granny. Sit down, dear, and I'll tell you something
again. It's nothing to trouble you, because your soldiering is
done, John ; and greatly done. My dear, there is war again,
and our old land is in it. Such a war as my soldier never
knew.

Colonel. A war ! That's it, is it ? So now I know !
Why wasn't I told 1 Why haven't I my marching orders ?
I'm not too old yet.

Granny. Yes, John, you're too old, and all you can do now
is to sit here and — and take care of me. You knew all about it
quite clearly this morning. We stood together upstairs by the
window listening to the aircraft guns.

Colonel. I remember ! Bering told me he heard
nothing.

Granny. Bering ?

Colonel. Our gardener, you know. Haven't I been
talking with him, Ellen ?

Granny. It's a long time since we had a gardener, John.

Colonel. So it is ! I know. That's why there's no more
cricket on the green.

Granny. They have all gone to the war.

Colonel. That's it, even the little shavefs. \He whispers']
Why isn't Billy boy fighting, Ellen ?

Granny. Oh, John !

Colonel. Is Billy boy dead ? [She nods.] Was he killed
in action ? Tell me, tell me ! [She nods — he moves about?^
Good for Billy boy. I knew Billy boy was all right. Bon't
cry, Ellen. I'll take care of you. All's well with Billy boy.

Granny. Yes, I know.

Colonel. Ellen, who is the soldier? He comes here.
He's a captain.

Granny. He is a very gallant man, John. It is he who
was married to Barbara to-day.

Colonel (bitterly). She has soon forgotten.

Granny. She hasn't forgotten, dear. And it's nearly
three years now since Billy died.

Colonel. So long ! We have a medal he got, haven't we?
[She prodtices it.~\ Yes, of course. [He is proud of it /\

BARBARA'S WEDDING 31

Granny. I keep it with yours.

Colonel. Karl will be sorry. They were very fond of
each other, those two boys.

Granny. Karl fought against us, you know. He died in
the same engagement. They may even have killed each other.

Colonel. They hadn't known, Ellen.

Granny (with thin lips), I daresay they knew.

Colonel. Billy boy and Karl !

Granny. John, I had Barbara married from here because
she has no people of her own. I think Billy would have
liked it.

Colonel. That's all right. I remember everything now.
It's Bering she has married. He was once my gardener.

Granny. The world is all being re-made, dear. He is
worthy of her.

Colonel. Barbara is a nurse !

Granny. One of the staidest and most serene. Who
would have thought it of the merry madcap of other days !
They are coming here, John, to say good-bye to you. They
have only a few days' leave. She is in France, too, you know.
She was married in her nurse's uniform.

Colonel. Was she ? She told me to-day that — no, it
couldn't have been to-day.

Granny. You have been fancying you saw them, I suppose.
You will be nice to them, John, won't you, and wish them luck.-^
They have their trials before them.

Colonel. Yes — yes.

Granny. And you won't say anything about Billy boy.
Best not. Try to make it all smiles for Barbara on her
wedding day.

Colonel. That's the thing.

Granny. And I wouldn't talk about the garden, John,
just in case he is a little touchy about that.

Colonel (who is beginning to fancy himself as a tactician).
Not a word.

Granny (jvho knows this is th^ way to put him on his mettle).
You see, I'm sure I should make a mess of it, so I'm trustmg
to you, John.

Colonel (pleased), I'll be uncommon sly. You just watch
me, Ellen. \_She goes to the window and calls to the married

32 REVEILLE

couple. Captain Dering in khaki is a fine soldierly figure.
Barbara in her Red Cross uniform is quiet and resourceful, in
strange contrast to the hoyden of other days.~\

Granny. It's all right, Barbara.

Colonel {an artful old boy). Congratulations, Barbara —
no, no, none of your handshaking, you don't get past an old
soldier that way. Excuse me, young man. [He kisses Barbara
and looks at his wife to see if she is admiring him ; she beamsJ]
And to you, Captain Dering — you have won a prize.

Dering. I know it. I'll try to show I know it.

Colonel. I haven't given Barbara a wedding present,
Ellen. I should like —

Barbara. Indeed, you have, dear, and a lovely one. You
haven't forgotten ? [Granny signs to Colonel.~\

Colonel (cunningly). Oh — that ! I was just quizzing
you. I hope you will be as happy, dear, staid Barbara, as if
you had married — [He sees he has nearly given away the situa-
tion, he looks triumphantly at Granny']. I'm not going to say
a word about him — all must be smiles on Barbara's wedding
day.

Granny (to the rescue). Perhaps Colonel Dering has some
little things to do, and you, too, Barbara. They are leaving
in an hour, John.

Colonel (to Dering), If you would like to take Barbara
into the garden — [He realizes that he is on dangerous ground
again. He nods reassuringly^ to his wife.'] No, not the garden,
you wouldn't know your way about in the garden.

Dering (smiling). Wouldn't I, Colonel ?

Colonel, ns No, certainly not. I'll show it you some day.
[He makes gleeful signs to Granny^ But there is a nice meadow
just beyond the shrubbery. Barbara knows the way, she often
went there with — [checks himself], [Granny signs to them
to go.]

Barbara. Dear ! [She kisses his hands,]

Colonel. The Captain will be jealous, you know !

Barbara. Let me, dear. [She arranges his cushions
professionally?^

Granny. She is much better at it than I am now, John.

Colonel. I ^wouldn't go down by the stream, Barbara —
not to the pool where the alder is. There's — there's not a

BARBARA'S WEDDING 33

good view there, sir ; and a boy — a boy I know, he often —
nobody in particular — ^just a boy who used to come about the
house — he's not here now — he's on duty. I don't think you
should go to the alder pool, Barbara.

Barbara. We won't go there, dear. [SAe and Bering
go OJ^L]

Colonel {anxiously). Did I do all right, Ellen ?

Granny. Splendidly ! I was proud of you.

Colonel {triumphant). I put them completely off the
scent ! They haven't a notion ! I can be very sly, you know,
at times. Ellen, I think I should like to have that alder tree
cut down. There is no boy now, you see.

Granny. I would leave it alone, John. There will be
boys again. Shall I read to you } You like that, don't you }

Colonel. You won't sing " Robin Adair".'*

Granny. Not nowadays, John !

Colonel. Read to me — something funny if you please.
About Sam Weller ! No, I expect Sam has gone to the wars.
Read about Mr. Pickwick. He's very amusing. [^He is
chuckling,'] I feel sure if he had tried to catch the bull-trout
he would have fallen in ! Just as Barbara did this morning.

Granny. Barbara.^

Colonel. She is down at the alder pool. Billy is there
with that nice German boy. The noise they make, shouting
and laughing !

Granny {letting the matter rest — she has got the book now).
Which bit shall I read .?

Colonel {mirthful). About Mr. Pickwick going into the
lady's bedroom by mistake !

Granny. Yes, dear, though you almost know it by heart.
You see you have begun to laugh already.

Colonel {trying to restrain himself). I can't help it.

\She begins to read.]

34

BELLONA AND THE GENTLEST ART.

By E. V. LUCAS.

Letter-writing is one of the few industries which the war
has improved. Ship-building, we are too often told, has
deteriorated. Racing is scarcely what it was, and drinking is
in its dotage. But letter-writing was never in better case.

That the war should have brought letter-writing back to
life is very natural, because it has set the sea between so many
friends and relations. So long as our kith and kin are in our
own country they seem near enough to neglect, but even the
Straits of Dover will break down this feeling, apart from war
altogether.

War, however, changes all. War has changed London — it
has, for example, substituted offices for the water in St. James's
Park, all except that little enclosure where the pelicans lead
their ungainly lives ; and it has changed letter-writing —
restored it, in fact.

The cruellest blow that letter-writing ever received was the
rise of the newspaper. But the newspaper, although it can
tell a soldier in France that another good officer has been
dismissed, or that Stevenson and Reece are still hard at it,
cannot tell him that the spaniel has had puppies again, or that
his father hates the very sight of a girl clerk, or that his
mother s rheumatism is really on the mend, or that his cousin
Mary keeps his photograph under her pillow. These are the
things he wants to know and only a letter can tell him.

There is nothing surprising in the war intensifying letter-
writing at home. The surprising thing is that it has made so
many men of action take to the pen, and not only for the
benefit of their relations and friends, but often for strangers too —
so that this has become the most literary war that ever
happened. At the beginning, some of us had a notion that it
had been provoked in the interests of the tobacco trade ; but

BELLONA AND THE GENTLEST ART 35

later on it was made perfectly clear that some big ink firm was
at the back of it.

Another circumstance that leads a civilian to suppose that
all is now well with the epistolatory art and the Army is the
disappearance from the personal column of the Times of
advertisements asking strangers to correspond with lonely
soldiers. Either soldiers are no longer lonely (and I must
confess to having seen several of them with female companions)
or they get all the letters they want. Or possibly those ladies
who used to have time to write to them are now also soldiers
themselves, or on the land.

There are, when all is said, only two kinds of letters : those
which we value for their communicativeness, and those which
make good spills, and the communicative letter can be written
by anyone. Education has nothing to do with it, as the
following missive (which has been printed before) proves. It
comes from the bag of an overworked pensions official. This
gentleman, having to dole out allowances to the womenfolk of
sailors, is naturally more than usually liable to the receipt of
appeals — ports being so numerous. The letter runs thus (note
the tactical skill of the opening) : —

" Respected Sir, Dear Sir, — Though I take this liberty as it
leaves me at present I beg to ask if you will kindly be kind enough to
let me know where is my husbin though he is not my legible husbin
has he as a wife though he says she is ded. But I don't think he nos
for sure but we are not marryd though I am getting my allotment
reglr which is no fault of Mr. Loy George who would stop it if he
could and Mr. McKenna but if you know where he is as he is belong
to the Royal Fling Corp for ever since he hev joined in the January
when he was sacked for talking back at his bos which was a woman
at the Laundry where he worked. I have not had any money from
him since he joined though he told Mr. Harris that lives on the ground
floor that he was a pretty officer for six shillings a week and lots of
under closin for the cold wether and I have Three children whats is
being the father of them though he says it was my fault. Hoping you
will write to me soon and you are quite well as it leaves me at present
I must now close hoping you are well."

Looking carefully at that document, which is authentic, we
discern two things. One is that it is illiterate, and the other —
very confounding to Mr. H. A. L. Fisher — that it could not

36 REVEILLE

present the case much, if any, better, if it were written by
a B.A.

Another example, now printed for the first time, comes
from India, where (among the Baboos) most of the best letters
have long been written. It is the appeal of a Hindoo warrior
(lately a conscientious objector, but now having changed his
mind) for a chance to fight the Germans. It is dated from
Udaipur, November ii, 19 17, and with European pedantry
I have supplied a little punctuation : —

** Sir, — I want to addmit in war as a valiantier therefore pleace
allow to addmit me in the arrmy. Answered me as sharp as you can.
First I deny to come because here is my relition not to allow me to
addmit me in war. When you done stickness with me then I will
shourly come. I wright this latter frome my will not saying anyone
therefore pleace jion me in your arrmy as sharp as you can. It you
not jion me in 15 days I will done suicid and died upon you.

'• My address is this, &c."

That has the right spirit ! We find lion-heartedness again
in a letter from a Japanese settler in Vancouver who recently
came to the conclusion that it was time to join the Allies. An
advertisement for a second-hand marine engine, similar to one
which he was prepared to sell, prompted the epistle, from which
I take a few salient and admirable sentences : —

" I was educated in most excellent high school in Japan, and in
high hope of my condition bettering made my resolution and embarked
for this nation. But things do not find themselves thus. Bad time
eventuated, and by necessity your servant most obediently fished on
Fraser River the salmon. Too much dam Scottishmen there. Excuse
me I beseech you my colloquial phraseplogy

" I have signal honor to fight for this land and am distributing my
property before I depart to encounter common foe, dam Hun, excuse
me. Price 95 dollars."

That letter appeared first in the Vancouver World and I
have since quoted it elsewhere. The following example of
Baboo importunity, addressed to the officer commanding a
certain regiment, is, I believe, new : —

" Honoured Master, — Having heard of your almighty mercy and

^loving kindness to us worms I tell you my circumstances. By the

Grace of God and your Lordship I have seven children, all babes and

suckhngs. Besides this abominable litter I have many male and

BELLONA AND THE GENTLEST ART 37

female relations. What have I done that I should be blessed with
such cursed trials ? As your Lordship is our father and mother, I
would request that you will take this worm and wife and suckless
relations, both male and female, and provide for us from your bounty
at a remuneration of 20 rupees a month. I cannot read or write, and
have only the suckle qualifications and male relations and feminme ;
but by the Grace of God and your Lordship I look forward to years
of prosperity and happiness. All the Chaoni Deoli sing of your praises
your justice and mercy, therefore call us all that we may fatten on your
love and gentleness. Call quickly.

" Your faithful worm and beast,
" Neerna Lal.
" Despical brute and unwilling father of babes."

That is the Hindoo who wants money. Here is one who
wants pleasure. Writing on November 9, 191 7, to a firm of
job masters in Calcutta, he says : —

" Dear Sir, — It is to approach you for a kind consideration. I
am a student. I want a carriage either a tandaum or phaeton for
evening drive now and then but not every day. It is to know from
you whether you allow your carriages to be engaged for part of a day
• say from 5 to 9 or 10 in the evening and if the answer be in the
affirmative at what rate you do so. If you have no such rule will you
be kind enough to consider the case of a young man who wants a
carriage for joy-driving. It rests solely with you and be good and
kind enough to grant him what he wants. As regards charges in the
first instance let me tell you and which you perhaps know thoroughly
well that the student is generally poor but merry, the best for him is

to have it free of any charge

" Sincerely yours, ."

No manual of letter-writing could improve upon the direct-
ness of that ; while in persuasiveness it is also fully armed.

Once upon a time it was only women who made a habit of
reading to other people extracts from letters received. But
the war has taught men to do it too. Everything being
altered, it follows that most fathers that you meet have in their
pockets a letter from a son who knows much more about the
tactics of the enemy than Ludendorff himself. To read
little bits from their sons' letters in rivalry with each other has
become one of the few pleasures left to men past fighting age.
That is why all soldiers ought to write home.

39

Note. — The Authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in their articles ,

PENSIONS ADMINISTRATION.

By the Right Hon. JOHN HODGE, M.P.

(Minister of Pensions.)

The Department of the Ministry of Pensions is only a year
and a half old, yet it has grown to a prodigious size. It was
built up hurriedly round a small nucleus of experienced officials,
some of whom laboured in the early months of the War under
the stress of a vast and accumulating flow of work which
threatened to overwhelm them. The system had to be changed,
and this was achieved, not without difficulty, by the painful
process of breaking with departmental traditions and scrapping
the old worn-out and cumbrous machinery. Pensions were
then brought under the control of a new Executive Department
direcdy responsible to Parliament, and confusion gave place
to order.

Origin and Organization of the Ministry.

Under the Ministry of Pensions Act (December 22, 19 16)
the newly constituted Ministry, on February 15, 19 17, took
over the award and issue of pensions from the Admiralty, the
Army Council, and the Chelsea Commissioners.

The new Department was organized originally in eight
separate branches — awards to officers ; to widows and
dependants ; to sailors ; to soldiers ; treatment, training, and
employment ; organization establishment ; accounts and audit ;
issue of pensions. The present organization is on similar
lines, though some of the old branches have been divided up
and new ones formed to deal with the provision of artificial
limbs and artificial appliances. The staff has expanded greatly
since February 15, 1917. At that date it consisted of 221
men and 2,075 women. On June 5, 19 18, ^yS men and
6,094 women were employed by the Ministry. The pre-
ponderance of women is very great, and of the male staff more

40 REVEILLE

than 200 have been on active service. Included in the above
totals are 114 men and 2,013 women at the Soldiers' Awards
Branch, Chelsea, and 19 men and 2,408 women at the Pensions
Issue Office, Baker Street. These figures show the enormous
dimensions of the work which goes on steadily from day to
day in the Ministry of Pensions, and they do not include
the thousands of men and women who give their services on
the 350 Local War Pensions Committees, that are an essential
part of pensions administration.

Some Statistical Facts.

The total estimated expenditure for the year 1918-19 is
^46,000,000, or about a quarter of the entire national expendi-
ture before the War. The Royal Warrant of April, 19 18,
added ;^3, 800,000 to the original estimate of ;^4 1 , 500,000, and
about /*7oo,ooo is required for increasing the pensions of men
disabled, and the widows of men killed, in previous wars.

In one week recently more than 18,000 pensions and
allowances were awarded to disabled men, widows, children,
and dependants, and for some weeks the average was between
15,000 and 16,000. A gigantic series of administrative and
clerical operations is involved. It must be remembered that
at Chelsea and elsewhere awards are made only after minute
examination of each case and that the issue at Baker Street
requires an entirely separate handling and re-handling of the
individual awards. When one tries to realize the magnitude
of this great organization which has existed for so short a time,
one marvels, not that there should be mistakes, but that there
are so few. A process of re-organization and subdivision
has recently been proceeding at Chelsea under the direction
of Sir Woodburn Kirby, resulting already in a more rapid
adjustment of awards. The Pensions Issue Office was
established on a sound working basis by the same officer
some time ago.

During a single week recently the number of soldiers'
pension cases dealt with was 5,348, including 43 rejected under
previous warrants. Of the total 4,272 were awarded pensions,
permanent and temporary, 1,020 were granted gratuities by
way of weekly allowances or otherwise, and 56 were rejected.

PENSIONS ADMINISTRATION 41

It is a remarkable and gratifying fact that the rejections
which, prior to the introduction of the 19 17 Royal Warrant,
averaged 31 per cent, of the total claims, have since that date
dropped to just under o*6 per cent, of the claims. This is
largely due to the recognition of disablement "aggravated " by
war service, and to the fact that gratuities are now allowed
in cases where the wound, injury, or disease, causing discharge,
is not attributable to military service. Of the soldiers' claims
previously rejected 18,546 have since been admitted (as at
June 5), 1,960 being met by the award of pensions, and 16,586
by gratuities or weekly allowances. Under the new Royal
Warrant a very substantial benefit was conferred on parents,
and the record of one week shows that the pre-war dependence
pensions of 96 parents in pecuniary need have been raised
from an average of 6s. a week to iis. lod., whilst 92 parents
who had not been dependent on their sons but who were in
need have been awarded on the average a pension of 9s. yd,
a week.

Alternative Pensions.

An example will show how men are benefited by the
introduction of the Alternative Pension based on pre-war
earnings. Such permanent and conditional alternative pensions
have been awarded to disabled men to an annual value of
;^84,055 as against ;^49,20i — the annual value of disablement
pensions previously enjoyed by those men, together with
children's allowances, showing that the men have benefited
on the average to the extent of about 71 per cent.

In the case of widows' alternative pensions the awards
represent an annual value of ;^ 173,834, as against ^124,310,
the annual value of the previous flat-rate pensions together
with children's allowances. The average increase is here roughly
40 per cent, and this percentage will show an upward tendency
as the " two- thirds " provision of the new Royal Warrant takes
effect.

Recent Improvements.

On another page appears a summary of the new Royal
Warrant, which in several respects marks a distinct advance
upon the Royal Warrant of March, 191 7. The principal

42 REVEILLE

changes are the increases of children's allowances and widows'
alternative pensions. The maximum children's allowances
were raised to 6s. 8d. for the first child, 5s. for the second, and
4s. 2d. for each of the others. The previous rates were, 5s.,
4s. 2d., and 3s. 4d., for the first three children, and 2s. 6d. for
each of the others. Pensions to motherless children were
increased from 7s. and 6s. to not exceeding los. and 9s. 2d.,
the second figure being for each child after the first, when two
or more are maintained by the same person. The pension to
the illegitimate child was raised from 5s. to 6s. 8d.

The alternative pension to a widow is now calculated on
two-thirds instead of one-half of the alternative pension that
would have been payable to the husband had he lived and
remained incapable of earning.

More generous treatment, too, has been provided for
parents. Formerly, a pension was awarded to a parent or
parents only if there had been pre-war dependence, or if the
parents were wholly or partially incapable of self-support from
infirmity or age and the son had been a scholar or apprentice.
Now the parent or parents may in any event receive a pension
if incapable of self-support from age or infirmity and in
pecuniary need. This pension may vary from 3s. 6d. to 15s.
a week. If there are two parents, and two or more sons have
been killed, each of the parents may if there was pre-war
dependence receive a pension equal to the dependence up to
1 5s. a week. Where the dependence was over 30s., in the case
of two or more sons, each of the parents receives 15s. a week.
Previously, two parents could only receive one pension,
although there might be an additional gratuity.

Another improvement was the granting of free medical
treatment to men whose disability is not attributable to service,
along with full allowances to their families during treatment.

To bridge over the gap between discharge and the fixing of
their pensions and gratuities, men are now automatically given
an allowance of 27s. 6d. a week during the intervening period
together with full children's allowances. Under the 19 17
Warrant men only received 14s. a week without children's
allowances. The grant of ^10 for tools is another useful
provision.

PENSIONS ADMINISTRATION 43

After Care.

It is not claimed^ that the State has yet, even in money
compensation, done all that it can or ought to do for the
disabled soldier and his family, but a great distance has been
travelled along the right road.

There appear to be two distinct views of the policy which
should underlie the award of pensions. Many people contend
quite seriously that, not only a totally disabled man, but a man
whose disablement interferes appreciably with his efficiency as
a wage earner, should be made independent of employment for
the rest of his days. The other view, accepted in most
countries, is that, however well merited the pension, it should
never, in the interests of the 7^ecipient as well as of the State, be
so great as to take away all incentive to work. All I would
venture to say on the matter is that His Majesty's Government,
the Ministry of Pensions, and Parliament, have endeavoured to
follow standards which are free from reproach on the ground
either of niggardliness or imprudent benevolence.

Most of us cordially detest rigid systems under which a
patent hardship cannot be redressed because a strict interpreta-
tion of a regulation forbids it. Regulations there must be, but,
when dealing with the comfort and happiness of hundreds of
thousands of men, women, and children, in all conditions of
life, those regiilations should be framed on a generously broad
basis, and the official interpretation of them inspired by
sympathy and a willingness to concede the benefit of the doubt.
The regulations of the Ministry have been frequently modified
and numerous instructions issued to Local Committees, widen-
ing their discretionary powers under the main enactments
which govern the award of pensions, grants, allowances, &c.

Personal Interest.

I trust it may be possible in future to associate with the
payment of pensions an even greater solicitude for the social
well-being of the recipients — I mean something quite different
from the great reconstructional work of the Ministry known
officially as " Treatment " and " Training," or the disbursement
of voluntary funds.

Whilst the hospitals and other institutions are full of dis-

44 REVEILLE

abled soldiers, 7,000 men are now undergoing courses of
vocational training provided by the Ministry and other agencies ;
while nearly 8,000 have been fully trained and with few excep-
tions placed in employment. Not only those men but thousands
of other discharged soldiers, their women folk and children,
and the families of men who have fallen in the war, want
befriending. God knows, in every town and hamlet there are
homes unspeakably saddened, some almost beyond hope of
brightening. A handshake and a kind word to a suffering soul
are oftentimes more welcome than gifts of money. A real,
sympathetic, and confidential interest in the affairs of a stricken
household, if entirely free from meddling curiosity, may be a
priceless thing.

This sphere of personal endeavour is one in which the
State perhaps cannot do very much, yet so far as it touches the
fringes of State direction a great deal has already been done to
foster and help all efforts of a local and personal kind.

I sincerely hope that through Local Committees and the
members of those Committees, voluntary institutions and asso-
ciations of various kinds, including associations of discharged
men working in co-operation, churches, and private individuals,
a new spirit of comradeship, understanding, and help, based
on recognition of the enormous sacrifices which the war has
entailed, may be further promoted and encouraged.

Care of the Children.

The Ministry has introduced many ameliorative measures,
but I have no space even to outline them. I will give onlv
one instance of what I mean by the fringes of State directiof#
Quite recently a circular was issued to the Local Committees
with regard to motherless children of sailors and soldiers who
have lost their lives in the war. The object of the circular
was to ascertain what could be done to ensure that those
children were living in proper homes, and that their care,
upbringing, and training for employment were satisfactory.
The Ministry felt that they had a special responsibility in this
matter.

The Minister has had no particular power of guardianship
over the children. He might only attach conditions to the
administration of their pensions, and no doubt by that means
something could be done in the interests of the children, but

PENSIONS ADMINISTRATION 45

Parliament is to be asked to increase his powers. Even* with
greater powers he will have to depend a great deal upon the
individual influence of those who interest themselves locally in
this welfare work. One of the very first objects is to secure,
through the Local Committees who are acquainted with local
conditions, that the children under the care of Poor Law
authorities should be removed and boarded out with private
families or in homes other than Poor Law institutions, and that
constant attention should be given to the'welfare of the children.
All orphans, and children who are motherless, but whose
fathers are still serving, are to be regarded as deserving of
special care.

Voluntary Fund.

I have endeavoured to indicate in general terms the magni-
tude of the Ministry's work, and to supply some fresh informa-
tion about the administration of pensions.

I have purposely made only a passing reference to the
restoration and re-education of disabled men. These subjects
are dealt with in other articles by Sir John Collie and Major
Mitchell.

I cannot conclude, however, without a sentence about the
Voluntary Fund which is administered by the Minister of
Pensions. The nation is deeply sensible of the magnificent
generosity displayed by its wealthier citizens. Hospitals, con-
valescent homes, hostels, training centres, and many other
voluntary agencies bear testimony to their lofty and patriotic
purpose. I would beg of others less well endowed with riches
to join the glorious band of givers. The Voluntary Fund in
charge of the Minister fits in where the State pensions leave
off. It is used almost exclusively to set up disabled men in
small businesses for which they are suited, and no subscription
is too small. The Fund has been sanctified by a poor widow's
donation of sixpence. More than a thousand men have already
been assisted with gifts of £2^ or less — sufficient to enable
them to stock their little shops or pay the first years rent.
The possibilities of this beneficent fund are infinite, and I look
to the great commercial centres to support my effort to raise
^3,000,000. It is a big task, but I do not despair. I have
received ;^ 100,000. I only want thirty times as much, and
150,000 disabled men will benefit.

46

RESTORATIVE TREATMENT UNDER
THE MINISTRY OF PENSIONS.

By Sir JOHN COLLIE, M.D., C.M.G.

{Director of Medical Service.)

The great majority of people are inclined to say : '* Let the
State do it," when any particularly complex and difficult task
has to be performed, and to think that, at the uttering of this
"Abracadabra," the desired result will follow. If only those
who deal with difficulties in this airy way would realize that
the body whose aid they have invoked is simply a collection
of units like themselves, and that the measure of its potentiality
is not the number of tasks committed to it, but the resources
placed at its disposal !

The State is already charged with burdens of a magnitude
far surpassing anything ever contemplated, and the duty of
providing treatment for discharged men has to be performed
with due regard to other exigencies of national life. Although
better results will be obtained by dealing with the question
publicly, rather than by leaving it to private philanthropy and
private enterprise, it by no means follows that all, or even the
greater part, of the difficulties brought about by the present
abnormal circumstances, can be overcome. National require-
ments have still to be considered as a whole, and our resources
used In accordance with relative needs.

Criticism has not been lacking, some of it most helpful,
much of it quite unregardful of the difficulties which have been,
and are still to be encountered, and rather hampering than
otherwise.

If it had been possible to organize the service before the
contingency arose, much more satisfactory results could have
been obtained ; but organization and performance had perforce
to proceed hand in hand, a course which inevitably delays, if
it does not prevent, the realization of the best results. With

RESTORATIVE TREATMENT 47

a free hand, unlimited resources, and a definite number of
specific cases to be arranged for, the task of the Ministry
would have been difficult. With these conditions entirely
absent, something short of perfection is inevitable. Funds»
for instance, are not unlimited. Extremely liberal provision
has been made for pensions and allowances, amounting to a
sum which would have made us stagger before we became
accustomed to thinking in millions ; but the very largeness of
this amount, in conjunction with the other commitments of the
State, has compelled the closest scrutiny of all proposals for
capital expenditure. When the war is over, too, a very large
amount of accommodation, material, and personnel will be set
free, and we can then deal far more effectually with the require-
ments of the disabled. So that, even if it were possible, it
would not be wise to make arrangements which would exclude
the use of the resources set free when peace comes. We must
do our utmost now to deal with the urgent needs of the day.
But only when the strain on the national effort is relaxed shall
we be able to approach the ideal we all have — the giving of
our best in treatment and compensation to those disabled in
the Country's service.

To appreciate the position correctly, we must consider
pre-war conditions, the demands of the war, and the difficulties
brought by the war.

In pre-war days the provision for institutional treatment of
the sick and injured was quite inadequate for the ordinary
needs of the civil population, and reflected little credit on the
nation. Scarcely a civil hospital but had a long waiting list.
The vital importance of preserving health and remedying
physical defects had only just begun to be dimly recognized,
except by the few who had laboured strenuously, and with the
beginnings of success, to awaken the nation. Medical science
was making rapid strides, but no provision for a systematic
supply of medical skill had been made. Haphazard adjust-
ments between supply and demand regulated the service, and
the demand came from a people but half educated to the need
for national health.

Then came the war, with its enormous multiplication of
requirements from medical and surgical skill, and from hospital
accommodation. By a strange absence of foresight, medical

48 REVEILLE

students were permitted to relinquish their training and take
up arms. The toll of the battlefield has been heavy even on
the medical service ; and doctors cannot be trained in a week,
a month, a year. The number of medical men is greatly
reduced from the pre-war standard ; the number of cases to be
dealt with has increased to an unimaginable extent. Thus,
even if institutions could be provided at will, the problem of
staffing them would still remain. Consider too the nature of
the injuries and complaints to be dealt with. The disablements
of this war are not such as usually come within the purview of
the general practitioner. Neurasthenia, for example, was the
special study of the few, and even they have learned much
that is new of this disorder from the prevalence of shell-shock.
The pulmonary and other troubles brought by those abomina-
tions, poison and lachrymatory gases, were almost unknown to
medical science, and have had to be studied specially. Prior
to this wholesale manufacture of cripples and maimed men, the
need for orthopaedic treatment was so small that specialists in
that branch of remedial surgery were but few. The untiring
energy and devotion with which these medical problems have
been faced and solved is one of the many marvels of this war.
Even when Kitchener's Army of 500,000 men was being
raised, hospitals had to be improvised, and all available medical
institutions commandeered. To-day we have an army at least
ten times as large. Accommodation and service has now to
be secured for tens of thousands of discharged men.

Consider some of the problems with which the Ministry is
faced. Many of the men discharged are totally disabled and
need constant care, many require prolonged treatment, while
others are able to resume their normal life subject to receiving
some medical attention. Obviously it was desirable that all
discharged men should return to their homes and be treated as
near to them as possible. To deal with them centrally, there-
fore, was impossible, although it would probably have been a
much simpler task. Even when tens of thousands are spread
over the entire Kingdom, there are not very large numbers in
any given area.

The complaints from which the men suffer vary so that no
single large institution can deal with them all ; arrangements
have to be made to utilize or extend existing accommodation,

RESTORATIVE TREATMENT 49

and use such medical skill as is available. This is not easy.
Existing institutions were not even adequate for the needs of
the civil population. Some priority of treatment for the dis-
charged man, second only to the serving soldier, is now gener-
ally assured, but it means starving civilian requirements.
Most of the medical service at these institutions is honorary ;
the State thinks it unfair to make further calls on gratuitous
service, for treatment of the discharged man, and allows a
percentage of the rates paid to the hospitals to be used for
remuneration of the medical staff. Forty, thirty, or even
twenty cases in an area awaiting treatment sometimes elicit
strong protests and urgent demands for new accommodation to
be provided. A little thought should convince that it is
impossible to establish a separate unit for a few cases ; the
only course is to increase the accommodation at some large
centre which will permit readjustment and allow those cases to
be gradually absorbed.

Resolutions, that in view of this, that, and the other the
Ministry be urged to do so-and-so are only helpful when
accompanied by concrete proposals put forward after careful
consideration of the needs and possible methods of meeting
them. Vague resolutions are often but tacit admissions that
the difficulties are almost insurmountable, and the task is
therefore passed on.

The demands made for the requirements of disabled men
have to be considered in relation to the vital necessities of the
country. Restrictions imposed on the community at large
apply almost as much to the accommodation of discharged men.
No special store of building and other materials is available for
this purpose, nor any free supply of labour. It has been
almost impossible, too, to frame accurate estimates of cost
Estimates are got out for the erection and equipment of
iDuildings, and before the contracts are placed the labour
market changes, and lo ! the estimates are far below the actual
cost. An individual can meet small troubles like this by diving
a little deeper into his pocket. But a department has no
pocket of its own.

Again, there are all the little troubles and trials — which
business men know so well — the troubles of creating the staff
of a new department, of filling vacancies efficiently, even the

4

50 REVEILLE *

shortage of typewriters and office equipment in these days —
all such trifles are clogs on effective working, and particularly
irritating in matters of great urgency.

Then, circumstances change with such rapidity in these
exceptional days. Frequently when much time has been spent
in bringing a project almost to completion, something totally
unexpected occurs, and we have to begin all over again. In
fact, the conditions are so abnormal, and the over-riding
necessity of supplying the needs of the fighting force is so
insistent, that anyone who views the situation in all its aspects
will be more likely to wonder that anything has been accom-
plished than cavil at what has been done. One cannot plunge
precipitately into all kinds of schemes ; the only sound policy is
to test the efficiency of a proposal before putting it into practice
on a large scale. Take, for instance, arrested cases of tubercu-
losis. No better provision could be made for them than farm
colonies, and farm colonies have been provided ; but such
attractive wages are now being ofTered men really unfit for the
work they undertake, that it is extremely difficult to get them
to forego this apparent benefit and enter on a course of training
which would be for their ultimate good. And so these farm
colonies are not being taken advantage of to the extent that
was expected. However, such conditions will not prevail for
ever, and many farm colonies will be needed later, and the
experience so far gained will be extremely valuable.

Another difficulty is the undesirability, for several reasons,
of treating service patients and discharged men in the same
institutions.

Such are some of the many knotty points we have to deal
with.

The following brief record of accomplishment shows what
the Ministry has been able to effect in spite of obstacles.
Regard must be had to the fact that the Medical Service
Department has been established but a very short time. The
figures given relate to the work to the end of May.

Hospitals, — Negotiations have been entered into with all
existing institutions, and arrangements concluded with more

RESTORATIVE TREATMENT 51

than 360 hospitals, either general or special, for the treatment
of discharged men ; and though in these hospitals no definite
number of beds have been promised, it is usually understood
that, where possible, priority will be accorded. In many cases,
too, special times will be set apart for the treatment of dis-
charged men as out-patients. At other hospitals 1,470 beds
are to be definitely assigned for discharged men ; these alone
should accommodate 15,000 to 16,000 men annually; for, at a
fair average computation, each bed represents ten or eleven
men accommodated in the course of the year. At present,
forty-nine institutions of various kinds have been either provided
by the Ministry direct, or placed at its disposal by philanthropic
individuals or societies. These give 1,562 beds, and of course
provide treatment accommodation for a very large number of
men each year ; and forty-five more institutions are in cours.c:
of provision with a capacity of about 1,550 beds. Arrange-
ments have been made with several sanatoria, nursing homes,
and hospitals for the treatment of officers.

Tuberculosis. — Ordinary cases come under the National
Health Commissioners, but in view of the particular hardship
entailed on discharged m.en so afflicted, the Treasury has
arranged to make a grant in each case, which secures priority
of sanatorium treatment. In addition, the Ministry charges
itself with the care of those cases over which the Insurance
Commissioners have no power : that is advanced cases, and
those which, having undergone a period of sanatorium treat-
ment, require after-care. Special pavilions are being provided
for some of the advanced cases, and will shortly be available.
The farm colonies at Polton, Papworth, and Walkington are
dealing with the arrested cases, and the colony at Kinson is
now open. Sanction has been obtained to the expenditure of
about ;^20,ooo a year on the domiciliary visiting of discharged
tuberculous men with a view to examination and advice, so that
their health may be maintained. Special nourishment is also
provided for those who require it.

Ort hopes dies. — It has been arranged that for orthopaedic
treatment of discharged men the Ministry of Pensions shall
open annexes in connection with the Military orthopaedic
hospitals. This will provide about 1,200 beds, and treatment
will be given under the supervision of the eminent surgeons

52 REVEILLE

who control the Military hospitals. In addition, 444 beds in
civil orthopaedic hospitals have been placed at the disposal of
the Ministry, and a further 250 are in course of provision. In
orthopaedic cases it may be taken that a bed accommodates
eight or nine patients per annum. A large amount of out-
patient treatment is required in orthopaedic cases, and clinics
for this purpose have been or are being established at con-
venient centres throughout the country, at which massage,
electrical treatment, and the necessary gymnastic apparatus
will be provided. The supply of skilled masseurs has presented
considerable difficulty, but an arrangement has now been made
for a joint Board of representatives from the War Office,
Pensions Ministry, Almeric Paget Institute and Incorporated
Society of Masseurs, to supervise the qualifications of masseurs,
and arrange for their distribution in the areas where their
services are required.

Facial Injuries. — An extra hut has been provided at
Frognal, and twenty-five beds are placed permanently at the
disposal of the Ministry for dealing with the more serious cases
of facial injury. The services of specialists will thus be
available.

Paraplegics, — For paraplegics 337 beds have already been
provided and arrangements are being rapidly pushed on for
further accommodation. It is intended to provide in every
county, or pension area, one or more small houses containing
from twenty to twenty-five beds, expressly for these cases.

Epileptics. — Farm colonies for epileptics have been estab-
lished at Lingfield, Monyhull, and Maghull ; about 280 dis-
charged men suffering from epilepsy are being treated in the
various institutions.

Neurasthenia. — The treatment of neurasthenia has received
special attention. It has been found desirable that the institu-
tional treatment for this malady should be given before the
men are discharged from the Army, and it has now been
arranged that the Army Medical Department shall establish
several special institutions, on the lines of the Golder's Green
Home of Recovery. When this is done, the homes already
established for discharged men suffering from neurasthenia at
Golder's Green ; Leicester Firth ; Woodbourne, Cheshire ;
Cairngorm, Belfast; Leopardstown Park, Dublin; andCraig-end,

RESTORATIVE TREATMENT 53

Edinburgh ; and those to be opened shortly at Bray Court,
Maidenhead ; Allerton Towers, Liverpool ; and Allerton Hall,
Leeds, will suffice, and eventually some of them may even be
used for other purposes. Certain selected neurasthenic cases
have been received into country houses under a scheme put
forward by some philanthropic ladies and gentlemen, and
careful observation is being made of the results of this
experiment.

The Special Medical Board at Lancaster Gate for shell-
shock, &c., and its Branch at Liverpool, are now examining on
an average 640 cases a week.

The Pensions Survey Board are examining a weekly
average of 459 cases. The Branch dealing with^ exceptional
cases, alleged inadequacy of treatment, refusal of treatment,
complaints as to decisions on allowances by Local Committees,
has to consider about 300 cases a day, and the number is
increasing.

A special Psycho-therapeutic Out-patient Clinic for cases 01
functional nerve disease has been established in connection
with the special Medical Board at Lancaster Gate, and many
cures have been effected by this means which prolonged hospital
treatment had failed to achieve. The results obtained seem to
justify the institution of several clinics in other parts of the
country where suitable arrangements can be made.

The dental treatment of discharged men will, in future, be
undertaken on behalf of the Ministry by the Ivory Cross
Society, which has a large panel of dentists whose services are
available for the purpose.

I refrain from referring in detail to plans which are now
under consideration, reserving any description until they come
to fruition. This brief record also omits the thousand and one
details which occur in connection with such a complex service,
ranging from the decision of minute points on the construction
of the Royal Warrant, down to applications for petrol licences,
and priority certificates for geysers.

54

REVEILLE

Appendix.

Convalescent homes

Homes and colonies for epileptics

Facial injuries

Farm colonies (tuberculosis)

General hospitals and infirmaries...

Heart hospitals

Homes for dying and incurables ...

Homoeopathic institutions ...

Hydropathic institutions ...

Neurasthenia and nervous disorders

Nursing homes

Orthopaedics ...

Paraplegics ...

Rheumatism and allied diseases ...

Skin diseases

Throat, nose, ear and eye

Tuberculosis

Number of
Institutions, &c.

... 58

7
I

3

... 266
I
2
4

3
12

7

... 29

12

8

3

... 19

... 24

459

The above is a classified list of the institutions which were available
on May 31, 1918, for the treatment of discharged men; it includes forty-
nine provided by or through the Ministry, and forty-two in which a definite
number of beds are reserved for pensioners. Over 290 of them have been
arranged for since January i, 1918. There are about forty more institutions
in course of provision, the arrangements for which are more or less complete.
From this table the magnitude and recent rapid extension of the work can
be judged. — Editor.

55

FOR OUR DISABLED.

By Major ROBERT MITCHELL, C.B.E.

{Director of Training under the ^Ministry of Pensions.)

History tells us that after our great wars large numbers oi
our soldiers who had fought for their Mother-country were
allowed to sink into obscurity and to die in poverty and extreme
misery. Such was the experience after the great Napoleonic
War, after the Crimean, and — though perhaps in a lesser
degree — the South African War. Veterans who had shed
their blood and suffered for the Empire, and who through
disablement or sickness were deemed incapable of further
service, were allowed to drift into almshouses, hostels, and
workhouses, uncared for and unheeded. No chance was given
them of using the strength left them in proving themselves
capable of self-support, though in numberless cases their
physical infirmities were not so great as to shut them off
altogether from the ranks of industry, where, if only in restricted
ways, they might well have earned some kind of living.

At the outbreak of the present war in that memorable
autumn of 1914, none could see how stern and enduring would
be the conflict, nor how many wounded, mentally or physically,
would be prevented from resuming their former work in the
fields and workshops of our country. At that time the problem
of the disabled soldier was but a phantom in the minds of
men. Only when the severely wounded of our little army of
" contemptibles " cured medically and discharged from military
service went back to civil life, unable to resume their former
occupations owing to physical unfitness, did this need of
training our brave disabled stand out in all its reality and
vividness. Since then more than forty months of war have
emphasized the significance and gravity of this need, which
increases with each day of the struggle.

Happily, Public Opinion and the Government soon realized

56 REVEILLE

their responsibility for the future careers of these men. It was
felt that we owed them more than a pension, that we owed
them health (if health were possible for them), a sure place in
the world, and ^portunities by which they might be able to
supplement their poor income, and spend the rest of their lives
in reasonable content. It was under this impulse that the
Ministry of Pensions began to devise a scheme by which our
'disabled soldiers and sailors, unable to continue their previous
employment could fit themselves, by study under proper
guidance, for full civic usefulness.

The practical problem of training presented itself under
four headings : —

(t) The task of getting the disabled to enrol for training.

(2) The direction of them into suitable courses of training.

(3) The actual training for future occupations.

(4) The placing in suitable occupations, when trained.

(i) Enrolment for Training.

The number of disabled sailors and soldiers capable of
benefiting by a course of training has been estimated at from
50 to 60 per cent, of the total ; the majority of injuries sustained
are not of such a nature as to prevent men from becoming
useful again in civil life. Among those capable of being trained
there are naturally some who prefer to live in idleness on their
pensions and the generosity of the public. Fortunately they
are exceptions. Nevertheless, at the outset the request for
training was small, and is even now far below the figure of
those who could be trained with advantage. There are many
reasons which contribute towards this, and three of these
causes — the first two of which we have to some extent
succeeded in removing — are : —

Ignorance of the real benefits to be derived from a course
of training.

The fear in many that by getting trained they might lose
some of their pension.

The great demand at present for unskilled labour at high
rates of pay.

The ignorance was natural enough, for very few people,
even aniong the educated, knew, before the lessons of this war,

FOR OUR DISABLED 57

that it was possible in a few months to make a boot-maker,
a tailor, a watch-repairer, a fitter, a book-keeper, &c., out of
men who had followed totally different trades or occupations.
This ignorance is now abating. The fear of losing a portion
of their pensions, which so often kept disabled men from taking
training, was natural enough too. But it was entirely without
foundation, and the Pensions Minister has clearly and emphati-
cally stated that the training of the disabled will not leadin
any way to an alteration in the amount of pensio7i received. It
is further anticipated that as the demand at high wages for
unskilled labour decreases the demand for traininsf will increase.

(2) Guidance as to the Choice of a Calling.

When a disabled sailor or soldier is capable of being
trained, the choice of the most suitable occupation, and one to
which he is naturally inclined, is vital. In some cases an
applicant is able to resume work in the same branch of trade.
A cabinet-maker, for instance, who has lost a leg, can often
remain in his own trade by undergoing a specialized course of
training for the position, say, of draughtsman or wages clerk.
But in most cases the disabled man must be started in some
entirely new calling. His former occupation should of course
be taken into account. Often the new apprenticeship will be
made easier if his new calling has some resemblance to his old.
A joiner who has lost two limbs might become a wood-carver
or locksmith. But a man can often take up a trade utterly
different from that which he previously followed.

In choosing, then, a new calling for a disabled man,
consider : —

The nature and degree of the disablement.

The personal inclinations of the disabled, especially if he
has a strong preference for a particular trade.

Choose a simple calling which, if possible, can be quickly
learnt, and gives promise of a fair remuneration, and the
assurance of a permanent employment.

Take Into consideration the man's social circumstances, and
choose an occupation which fits in as far as possible with his
old life.

SS REVEILLE

(3) Actual Training for Future Employment.

So far as the men have come forward, the results achieved
by our schemes of training have been most encouraging.
Including those trained at St. Dunstan's, Lord Roberts's
Memorial Workshops, and under the Ministry of Munitions,
15,000 men have adopted some form of handicraft training in
occupations carefully selected to suit each man's particular
disablement. The blind have been marvellously instructed in
various kinds of work, and many of them in their new work
have almost been led to forget their affliction. Men who have
lost one, or even both legs, have been drafted into vocations
where the loss of a limb has not appreciably affected their
output. One-armed men are secured in occupations where
they can earn a living wage ; men suffering from heart trouble
and other disablements which forbid any strenuous form of
activity have been trained for suitable sedentary occupations.
Shell-shocked men and those in the early stages of tubercu-
losis have been given light outdoor training, leading not only
to useful occupation, but to the restoration of their normal
state of health.

For the carrying out of its training scheme the Ministry of
Pensions uses the 350 Local War Pensions Committees estab-
lished throughout the country. These Local Committees are
responsible for all discharged men living in their areas. It is
their duty to get into touch with every such man, whether or
not he has obtained employment since his discharge^ and to
see that the treatment or training which his condition requires
is secured for him. Most men can now find employment of
one kind or another only too readily, employment which may
be actually harmful to their health, or which they will almost
certainly lose again. It is vital that these men should be
persuaded to take training for some skilled pursuit which will
give them permanent employment.

In most districts special courses of instruction have been
instituted to meet local requirements. Altogether about forty-
five occupations are being taught, but the number is always
being increased. Training has been sanctioned in 345 technical
institutions and agricultural colleges, and in 5 1 3 workshops and
factories.

FOR OUR DISABLED 59

As a rule, the training takes place in day trade training
schools, but it may also be arranged in a workshop or factory.
An allowance of 27s. 6d. is given to a disabled man going through
any approved course of training ; with additional allowances
for children, 6s. 8d. for the first, 5s. for the second, and. 4s 2d.
for each further child. And where the man has to leave home
his wife gets an extra 13s. Qd. a week. The disabled man,
after a course of three or six months' training in a technical
school where the hours of attendance need not exceed thirty
per week, is usually able to enter a factory and keep the regular
hours of work there.

The Association of Technical Institutes have readily and
most generously placed their numerous facilities and equipment
at the disposal of the Ministry ; in so doing they have per-
formed a great social duty, conferred an incalculable blessing
on our disabled men, and helped to repay the debt which the
nation owes to those wounded in its service.

(4) Placing the Qualified in Suitable Positions.

The task of finding employment for such of our disabled
as have undergone a course of training has so far met with
unqualified success. Fortunately, numbers of the men have
been received back by their old employers after their course of
training ; and in many cases men incapable of performing their
former work have been transferred to another branch of the
business more suitable to their disabilities.

In the effort to ensure for the disabled employment of a
permanent nature, the help of the various trade unions and
bodies of employers and employees has been enlisted. They
have willingly drawn up conditions of training and employment
which will ensure for those trained a welcome into the ranks of
organized labour. Twenty-nine organized trades have helped
us in this way. We call them ''Special Trades," and they
have special advisory committees in each industrial centre
where training is given. The duties of these committees
are : —

The careful allocation of disabled men to the training best
suited to their disability.

The watch over the progress of that training.

6o REVEILLE

The placing of the men in suitable situations at the end of
their training.

Thousands of our disabled sailors and soldiers have been
and are being made into expert workers, capable of earning a
livelihood. Throughout this land, untiring energy, patient
care, and incessant thought are being given to this great task,
in gratitude to those who have been maimed in defence of our
homes and our liberties. We, for our part, are ready to give
more and more. But the disabled must come to us, or we
cannot help them. Where one comes now, we want ten — that
we may restore to them their rightful place in civil life. And
we want the Public to urge and persuade them to come and
help us to make a real success of this great work of
Restoration.

6i

THE ROMANCE OF SURGERY.

By Colonel Sir ROBERT JONES, C.B.

It is a commonplace that without the introduction of
anaesthetics surgery would have been hopelessly limited and
non-progressive. In the days before the discovery of chloro-
form, amputation or the removal of diseased parts in cases of
absolute necessity were as much as a surgeon could attempt ;
with the patient under an anaesthetic, adjustment and re-
arrangement of internal organs, of bones, muscles, and joints
could be carried out deliberately without the primary dependence
on the patient's power of endurance.

Modern surgery dates from the introduction of anaesthetics ;
but it was the discovery of anaesthetics themselves, of the
bacterial origin of inflammation, and of methods of preventing
inflammation, which has done far more than modern surgery to
reduce the sum of human suffering and mortality. The agony
inflicted by the surgeon's knife, severe though the shock may
prove, is only at worst a matter of minutes — the pain of
throbbing inflammation, the cause of which was not understood,
resulted in weary days and sleepless nights, and in torture,
relieved by opium, which after all is a poison to be used but
sparingly. It is this second phase which has been largely
overcome by the discovery of the bacterial origin of inflamma-
tion, and of means of destroying bacteria ; and, still more, by
avoiding the introduction of bacteria into wounds — all of which
is summed up in the phrase ** aseptic surgical technique," and
includes the boiling of instruments, sterilizing dressings,
avoiding dirt and infection during operations, covering the
surgeon's mouth so that he does not inadvertently blow bacteria
into the wound when operating, and so on.

With this minute care to avoid infection after operation,
the surgeon knows that he can operate deliberately, rearrange
and fix the various parts where he wishes them ; and that, free
from bacteria, the wound will heal without inflammation,
without matter forming and destroying his handiwork.

62 REVEILLE

Take another advance in the history of modern medicine :
the discovery of the role of each different cell in the body.
The blood corpuscles, the various tissue corpuscles, these very
elements of the body, have powers of fighting against the poisons
secreted by bacteria, and these powers can be reinforced by
antitoxins, or elicited by vaccines artificially introduced by
injection and inoculation. The cells of the body are not only
chemists preparing antidotes to poisons, but many of them
are specially endowed with mechanical functions which they
exercise in response to the calls made on them.

The cells of bone have the power of taking down and of
building new bone, and throughout life they continue to do
so, according as various regions of the body have to meet
mechanical strain or not. When a man goes into training for
a game or for war his bones get stronger and harder, his
muscles bigger and firmer, and his nerve-cells work more
promptly. If the same man gets a limb damaged his bones
become lighter and weaker because the bone cells remove
the bone structure no longer necessary, his muscles waste, and
the nerve cells do not act so promptly. Upon recovery they
all have to be trained again. The musician, the artist, the
sculptor, the expert mechanic, must practise his art or his craft
to keep all the elements of his body in proper co-ordination
and training. All this is common in ordinary life ; but few
people realize that, in a mutilated limb, muscles can be made
to learn to do things they never did before ; bones can be
arranged, and the cells will build them up to meet new
emergencies ; nerve cells will learn to send messages to the
muscles in their new work, and a new limb, as it were, will be
created.

To bring about such a piece of reconstruction it is not
enough for the surgeon to repair divided nerves, to transplant
muscles in place of those destroyed by gunshot wounds, to
graft bone in place of that which is lost, but he must see that
all these tissues are properly trained to do their work. It is
more difficult than training a boy for a contest in athletics,
for that is merely training normal limbs to do their normal work
with special skill. In a reconstructed limb every tissue has to
be trained from the beginning to perform its own quota in
conjunction with the others. Bones, joints, muscles, and
nerves, have all to undergo what is called " adaptive growth."

THE ROMANCE OF SURGERY 63

By " adaptive growth " is meant the wonderful power by
which living tissues, whether plant or animal, adapt themselves
to the work they have to do. Trees throw out roots to steady
themselves against prevailing winds and to tap the nearest and
best water supply; and flowers turn towards the sun. In the
animal frame, bone cells construct bone to meet the strain
thrown on them and shape the joint-ends of bones to fit the
movements required ; ligaments and fibrous tissues adapt them-
selves to hold the parts of the body together ; muscles adapt
themselves to the movements they control.

With these general introductory remarks, we may now pass
on to survey rapidly the interesting developments of surgery
constantly coping with the vast number of mutilations and
disabilities arising from this war. These developments have
had their origin in work done before the war ; often in work
which was not very widely known, but now has sprung into
prominence.

In days before the war mutilations were comparatively
few. The majority of surgeons made their living by the
surgical treatment of the minor and serious emergencies of
civil life — acute appendicitis, perforated gastric ulcers, tumours
requiring operation — all bulked largely in their eyes. Here
and there isolated enthusiasts made rarer injuries the objects
of their special care and inquiry. Here and there a surgeon
supported by a few ardent pupils studied the repair of divided
nerves ; another devoted time and thought to the growth
of bones ; another to the formation of artificial joints or to
transplantation of muscles.

The few who gave themselves to reconstructive surgery
among deformed children and adults deformed by accidents in
factories, studied these special subjects ; but never in the whole
of history has surgery encountered such an overwhelming mass
of material requiring the general application and wide develop-
ment of methods formerly rare in surgical practice.

Before the war, for instance, very few surgeons saw more
than occasional cases of divided nerves requiring repair. Now
every convoy of wounded contains many men with injured and
divided nerves. The technique of suturing nerves has become
one of the important points in operative practice, and the
subsequent re-education of nerve and musple to work together.

64 REVEILLE

the preservation of the muscle In good health while its nerve is
not working, all call for special thought and study by every
surgeon.

Again, in the lacerating wounds caused by modern explo-
sions, often large portions of a main trunk are destroyed, and
have to be cut away in the process of cleaning the original
wound to get rid of mud, dirt, and those dangerous infective
agents contained in the soil which cause gas gangrene and
acute sepsis.

Transplantation of Tendons.

Now, when the original wound is healed it may be found
impossible to bring the nerve ends together. This may involve
serious disability. For example, the musculo-spiral nerve is
very often damaged beyond repair in the upper arm. Its
function is to supply motor impulses to all the muscles which
lift the wrist backwards and which straighten the thumb and
fiffgers. At the same time, the muscles and their nerves which
close the fingers often escape. Unless something can be done,
therefore, to restore the balance between the opposing muscle
groups the wrist cannot be lifted nor the fingers opened — for
the extensor group of muscles are paralysed, while the un-
opposed flexors overact. Here is where experience derived
from reconstructive surgery among children comes to the
surgeon's aid, and helps him to deal with paralysis of this
type in the wounded soldier.

In the case of the lower limb the tendons of the muscles
behind the knee-joint can be transplanted, brought to the front
and attached to the knee-cap so as to help to straighten the leg
and steady it in walking. In the same way the transplantation
of the tendons of muscle from one side of the foot to the other
side have become routine operations in reconstructive surgical
practice. Borrowing from this experience — in the case, say, of
paralysis of the upper limb due to an irreparable gunshot injury
of a nerve, producing such a condition as " drop wrist " — we
now select certain of the uninjured muscles which normally
bend the wrist or fingers, and transplant them, uniting them
with the tendons of the paralysed muscles whose usual function
is to straighten the fingers.

THE ROMANCE OF SURGERY 65

It is fascinating both in children and soldiers to watch the
transplanted muscles gradually learning their new work. At
first these transplanted muscles show a tendency to work on
their original lines along with the other muscles of the same
group, and it is only after long and careful training that the
brain cells become educated and learn to send their impulses
down to the muscles to produce movements which may be
the exact opposite of Nature's original design.

Muscle Education.

This transplanted muscle requires very careful re-education.
It is comparatively easy to make it contract either by electric
stimulus or by massage ; but the masseuse who possesses the
mesmeric gift of making the patient train his own brain to
rearrange the motor impulses concentrated there is compara-
tively rare, and an invaluable asset to the hospital in which she
is working. This work is most difficult, and it ought to be more
generally appreciated that the masseuse who can re-educate
patients is successful only at the expense of a great deal of
patience, perseverance, and attention to detail — to keep and
educate the attention of her patient requires sustained mental
effort. This kind of massage and muscle education is not
routine ; it is very fatiguing personal work of a highly
specialized order.

Another way in which tendons can be utilized has also
been borrowed from the surgery of paralysed children. In
some cases of poliomyelitis or infantile paralysis, the child's
walking is contracted because the muscles which raise the foot
are paralysed, causing it to drop at the ankle. All that is
wanted is something to hold the foot up. This can of course
be done by a mechanical device, but it can also be done by
using the tendons of the paralysed muscles as internal straps, to
hold the ankle at right angles, the tendons being permanently
planted into a tunnel bored into the bone. The child then has
a living toe-strap within the leg. The application of this device
to soldiers with ''dropped-foot " is obvious. It has its limita-
tions, and ought not to be used except when the muscles are
totally paralysed, and then only in suitable selected cases.

5

66 REVEILLE

Bone-graft Surgery.

Just before the outbreak of war the practice of grafting
one bone on to the body of another to bridge a defect or to
give rigidity where strength had been impaired by disease was
attaining some prominence.

The most frequent operation was the grafting of a strip of
bone cut from the shin in early cases of tuberculous disease of
the spine, thereby giving sufficient rigidity to shorten the
process of cure and prevent the formation of a hunch back.
There were also cases of septic destruction of bone in which
parts or even the whole shaft of a bone had been destroyed
by acute inflammation, and replaced, after the inflammation had
ceased, by laying in a strip of bone taken from another part of
the body.

To watch these grafts gradually obeying Nature's law, by
adapting themselves to the work of restoration, was very
interesting. Thus, in one case, where the whole length of the
shaft of a boy's shin bone had been destroyed by acute
inflammation, the bone was replaced by a strip cut from the
whole length of the opposite shin. This was laid in between
the muscles in the position of the original bone. The muscles
grew into it and gradually began to use it as a purchase point
from which to exert their active force in moving the foot. It
was interesting to watch in successive X-ray pictures the
gradual thickening of the bone, and how it slowly began to
assume the shape of the original bone as it was gradually
allowed to assume its duties and functions, proving that the
bone cells build new bone to meet emergencies.

The case in question was additionally unfortunate because
the boy fell and broke his leg ; but it united in the usual time,
the grafted bone behaving just like the normal would have.

In one hospital is a patient whose bony defects have been
made good by bone borrowed from three comrades.

Armed with the experiences of cases like this, surgeons
have extended bone-graft surgery. They now not only bridge
defects in the middle of bones and fractures which have not
united, but, in the latest development of this branch of the
surgical craft, they have begun to make up the 'oss of ends of

THE ROMANCE OF SURGERY 67

bones. This is more difficult, for the grafted bone can only be
planted in bone at one end, and the other end has to be made
to take part in the formation of a joint.

Already this new application of bone-graft surgery has met
with considerable success, and when the technical details are
still further developed even greater advances may be confidently
predicted. In the case of the jaw and the nose, brilliant
reconstructive work has been done by utilizing portions of ribs
to replace the jaw bone when destroyed by gun fire, and this
forms a foundation on which a new face can be built by
utilizing skin from other parts. The transformation in
appearance of shattered and disfigured faces accomplished by
modern surgical methods almost surpasses belief.

Another branch of reconstructive surgery which has advanced
during the war is the formation of new joints. In civil life
there were very few stiff joints in which arthroplastic operations
were urgently needed. Some surgeons had performed such
operations several times, but the great majority had never
been confronted with the necessity of attempting the construc-
tion of a new joint. The technical difficulties of providing a
new lining for the joint, of knowing how soon to allow move-
ment and how soon to allow real use, were all in dispute, and
few had experience of a sufficient number of cases to pronounce
an authoritative opinion.

Now that cases are constantly recurring, for example, in
which both elbows are stiff from gunshot injury, it is not
merely justifiable but eminently practical to aim at giving the
patient one movable elbow, even if it should prove a little
weaker than the normal, so that he may have one strong stiff
elbow for heavy work and one mobile elbow for buttoning his
collar, feeding himself and So forth. It must, however, be
borne in mind that to select cases in which success can
reasonably be expected calls for great care and judgment
which can only be perfected by actual experience.

Treatment of Stumps.

Finally, a new chapter has been opened by Italian surgeons
in the treatment of amputation stumps and the construction of
artificial limbs. In the days of the Napoleonic wars amputa-

68 REVEILLE

tions of the lower leg were preferably made at the '' seat of
election " about four inches below the knee, because a peg leg
on which the patient kneeled was the best and most useful
artificial limb. To-day the seat of election is no longer neces-
sary or advantageous, since, with modern artificial limbs, longer
leverage is desirable, for the artificial limb is provided with a
more ingenious knee-joint. To take another instance, the case
of Captain Cuttle's hook is familiar to all as the historic sub-
stitute for a hand. During the progress of the war artificial
arms have been invented possessing fingers actuated by pulleys
controlled by movements of the patient's shoulder muscles.

Finally, Italian surgeons have introduced a method of
making either loops on the sinews of the muscles or button-
like projections from them to which can be attached pulleys
directly moving the fingers and thumb. Thus the old flexors
and extensors of the old fingers are still utilized as extensors
and flexors of the artificial fingers and a more precise and
accurate grip of tools and implements can be obtained.

It is not too much to say that this is nothing short of a
revolution in surgery. It may aflect the whole horizon of ampu-
tation. Hitherto the surgeon operating in a casualty clearing
station has been urged to look ahead, and when he has to
amputate to consider the stump from the point of view of
fitting artificial limbs as we used to know them. He may soon
have to remodel all his ideas, think less of the stump as a
stump and more of preserving all he can of the muscles and
sinews, so that, when the septic wounds of war are healed,
surgical reconstruction may fashion muscular attachments for
the movable parts of new artificial limbs.

Professor Putti.

A development of this character entails a quite new co-
ordination of work between surgeons and instrument makers.
Both are faced by an entirely fresh constructive field of restor-
ation. The demonstrations by Professor Putti at the Inter-
Allied Conference held in London last May have indicated the
lines on which the specialist will base his plan of campaign.

It has not been possible within the scope of so brief a paper
to attempt more than an indication of the achievements of a

I

THE ROMANCE OF SURGERY 69

single branch of modern surgery. The resources of surgery-
are daily expanding, it is for us to see that they are wisely
used, that the wounded soldier and the disabled pensioner are
put in touch with those surgeons who have most studied the
particular disability and are best fitted to deal with it. These
surgeons must be grouped in well-equipped hospitals with every
means for obtaining new appliances, new instruments and
every facility for making the advances which are bound to
follow when so many fresh minds are taking up a work which
has been so finely commenced and is endowed with such vast
possibilities.

CURATIVE WORKSHOPS IN THE

ORTHOPAEDIC CENTRES

OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.

By HIS MAJESTY KING MANOEL.

In November and December of 19 15 I was asked by the
British Red Cross Society to go to France to visit their
hospitals, and some of the French and Belgian hospitals.
I was particularly struck by a branch of the work established
at the Roi Albert I Anglo-Belgian Hospital at Rouen, and
also at the Grand Palais in Paris. On my return I reported
to the British Red Cross Society the importance of having the
same system instituted in this country.

At that time there was only one military orthopaedic hospital
over here, the Alder Hey Hospital in Liverpool. In March,
19 16, it was decided to establish a big orthopaedic centre at
Shepherd's Bush, in London, and with this centre I have had
the privilege of being associated since its beginning. I never
forgot the impression made on me by the workshops at Rouen,
and was convinced that very great and beneficial results could
be obtained from the same over here. During the spring and
summer of 1916 I very often discussed with Sir Robert Jones,
Inspector of Military Orthopaedics, and with Major Walter
Hill, at that time Registrar of the Shepherd's Bush Hospital,
the question of having workshops established at that hospital.

Bearing in mind the destructive idleness of hospital life,
our first object was to give occupation to the men ; our second
to choose such occupations as would be curative to their injury ;
our third to find occupations which would benefit them psycho-
logically.

After discussions, many difficulties and worries, it was
decided to establish the first British curative workshops at
Shepherd's Bush as an experiment (though such workshops
already existed at the Canadian Hospital in Ramsgate).

CURATIVE WORKSHOPS 7^

Our curative workshops were of two sorts : Those giving
direct curative treatment by enabling the men to use their
injured limbs ; and those giving indirect or psychological
curative treatment, that is, moral treatment combined with the
physical.

We had men who had been in hospitals eighteen months
and more, had suffered much, undergone many operations ;
and, accustomed to the idleness of hospital life, were
beginning to feel that they would never again be of any use
either in military or civil life. Bad for them ; bad for the
nation !

We felt that those men, by working at some occupation,
would soon be able to judge from the results produced, that
little by little they would again become useful to themselves,
to their families, and to their country. To this part, then, of
the scheme, we gave the name of " psychological treatment."

The first workshops at Shepherd's Bush were opened on
October i, 191 6, generously equipped by the British Red Cross
and Order of St. John ; and with some funds which I obtained
privately. As far as possible we let the men work at their
own trades. All was, and still is, voluntary. The moment
the announcement was made, about thirty men applied ; we
now have about 150 men working in the workshops, and about
500 working in various other capacities in the hospital. Very
few men in this hospital are idle to-day, and throughout there
is an atmosphere of content and industry.

By degrees this scheme of *' manual curative treatment"
began to spread throughout the country, and curative work-
shops were established in all the orthopaedic centres. Thanks
to the great generosity of the Red Cross, and the Public, and
to the interest and support of Sir Alfred Keogh, late Director-
General, we now have curative workshops established at the
following centres : Military Orthopaedic Hospital, Shepherd's
Bush, London ; Alder Hey Hospital, West Derby, Liverpool ;
Second Northern General Hospital, Beckett's Park, l^eeds ;
Welsh Metropolitan War Hospital, Whitchurch, near Cardiff;
Beaufort War Hospital, Fishponds, Bristol ; Third Southern
General Hospital, Oxford ; Military Orthopaedic Hospital,
Blackrock, Dublin ; Ulster Volunteer Force Hospital, Belfast ;
Bellahouston War Hospital, Glasgow; Bangour War Hospital,

72 REVEILLE

Edinburgh ; Old Mill Hospital, Aberdeen ; First Northern
General Hospital, Newcastle-on-Tyne ; Second Birmingham
War Hospital, Northfield, Birmingham ; Reading War
Hospital, Reading, Berks. And curative workshops now form
part of the recognized equipment of any orthopaedic hospital.

At Shepherd's Bush the following workshops are now
open : Splint-making, boot and shoe-making (including
principally surgical boot work), carpenters' shop, tailors' shop,
general engineering, fret-workers' shop, painters' shop, com-
mercial photography, electricians, plumbers, ironworkers,
cigarette-makers, printers, sign-writers. Some of these shops,
such as boot and shoe making, carpenters, tailors, and
engineers, have been established at practically every centre,
while in certain centres special local industries have been
started ; for example, net-making at Aberdeen and Dublin,
basket-making at Bristol, very beautiful embossed leather-
work at Liverpool, printing at Whitchurch, wood-carving at
Glasgow, &c.

Such is the history of the establishment of curative work-
shops in the orthopaedic centres, but there are still several
points which ought to be mentioned.

The first duty of the Military orthopaedic centres is to try
to get men fit as soon as possible to go back to the Army ;
but we have a very large number of men who, at the comple-
tion of their treatment, will be discharged from the Army and
go back to civil life. We have taken as our basis and ideal
the old Latin rule : '' Mens sana in corpore sano " ; and with
our curative workshops have tried to build a bridge between
military and civil life. It is our duty not only to do our utmost
to restore the men to health, but to make them useful citizens
to the mother-country when they return to industry. The
country has given her most precious treasures, her sons. She
gave them willingly, and we must give them back to her
restored to the utmost.

It is a great pleasure to know that the scheme of curative
workshops is being followed in the orthopaedic hospitals of the
United States. I know, from conversations, that the import-
ance of this question has been clearly understood there from all
points of view, both military and civil. It is too soon to realize
as a whole the results obtained, but I am sure they will be

CURATIVE WORKSHOPS 73

far greater than we expected when we started. In many ways
the manual curative treatment has helped wonderfully the
recovery of injured limbs. Men who have been idle for
months start working, gain interest, begin again the active life
they formerly led, while still undergoing treatment. Men,
discharged from the Army, having finished their treatment,
have had training in our workshops which will prove very
useful to them in civil life. And, by working in the shops, the
men save money to the State. In the first year at Shepherd's
Bush ^'3,000 was saved, by work done in the workshops
instead of outside.

From the military point of view, curative workshops have
assuredly been a great help ; the men get fit more quickly.
For those who have been in hospital a long time, the psycho-
logical treatment has an importance at least as great as the
direct treatment of the injured limb in the shops. So often
I have seen men who thought they would never again be able
to work. We have persuaded them to start ; in a few days
they became interested, and were saying : •' I feel better, the
work's doing me good." Men, for instance, with badly injured
hands, who start work in the carpenter's shop, at first do most
of the work with the sound hand, but gradually begin helping
the sound hand with the injured one, and thus unconsciously
improve it.

From the civil point of view we have to consider the very
large number of disabled men there will be at the end of this
war. Many of them can become useful citizens again if they
are properly trained. But to achieve this result I think it is
indispensable to begin some kind of training while they are in
hospital undergoing treatment; such work may be extremely
useful under medical and surgical supervision, though without
that supervision it may do more harm than good, especially at
the beginning. It is most difficult for a man who has been
badly wounded, has undergone several serious operations, been
in hospital eighteen months or more, and lost all habits of
active life, suddenly to take up on his discharge a trade which
will suit his new condition.

It is, I feel, most important, both for the men and for the
nation, that the preliminaries of training should begin in
hospital, so that the men may get accustomed to work, and

74 REVEILLE

interested in what they are doing. I should hke, therefore, to
see this system of curative workshops estabHshed also in
hospitals which contain discharged men. Then, and then
only, we should be able to judge the real benefit of curative
workshops.

I would not like to finish this article without saying a word
of praise and paying the most heartfelt tribute of admiration
to my very dear friend. Colonel Sir Robert Jones, Inspector of
Military Orthopaedics, who has directed the whole enterprise.
No words could praise him too highly for the wonderful work
he has done for this country.

There are so many to whom I am grateful for all the help
they have given in this work : Sir Alfred Keogh ; the Hon.
Sir Arthur Stanley ; and Sir Robert Hudson, of the British
Red Cross; Major Paterson, Assistant Inspector of Military
Orthopaedics, who has directed the workshops at Liverpool ;
Major Walter Hill, whose enthusiastic energy was largely
responsible for the institution of the first workshops at
Shepherd's Bush ; and Mr. Peate, the head of those workshops
Sir Berkeley Moynihan and Colonel Littlewood (Leeds)
Colonel Lynn Thomas and Major Alwyn Smith (Cardiff)
Major Hey Groves (Bristol); Captain Girdlestone (Oxford)
Colonel Mitchell (Belfast) ; Major Potter (Dublin) ; and in
Scotland Colonel Harold Stiles, and Sir George Beatson,
Chairman of the Scottish Branch of the British Red Cross
Society. I want also to thank my two American friends.
Major Goldthwait and Major Osgood.

We have all tried to help those who in the service of their
King and Country have done their duty, and suffered. If we
have succeeded, it is for us the greatest happiness.

/ :>

BEDSIDE OCCUPATIONS FOR
WOUNDED SOLDIERS.

By JOEL E. GOLDTHWAIT, Lieutenant-Colonel, Medical

Corps, N.A., U.S.A.

(Senior Consultant in Orthopadic Surgery ^ American Expeditionary Force,)

There is no question as to the importance not only of curing
our wounded soldiers, but of teaching them, if permanently
disabled, trades which will make them as independent as
possible. The only question is how best to approach them so
that they will accept the chance of learning such trades.
Everyone recognizes the need of this educational work, but all
who have had experience know also that the opportunities
offered to the men for their undoubted betterment are very
often refused. The more the matter is studied, the more
evident it becomes that, if such traininor is to be oiven, the
preparation for it should be started much earlier than is
commonly the case. Most men, if they have lain in bed for
two, three, four, or more months, with nothing to do but be
cared for and petted by kind friends, will grow indolent and
inactive, and when the time comes to get about will look
askance on an offer to teach them a new trade. On the other
hand, if, in the very beginning of the soldier's recover)^
occupation of some sort is given him and continued with
increasing elaboration as his recovery progresses, occupation
becomes so customary that to go on to a new trade is simply
a natural progression.

In some hospitals, of course, this principle is already
recognized ; bedside occupations are in use and of unquestioned
benefit. But they have not as yet become a fixed part of the
treatment, and until they are, this difficulty in getting men to
take training for new trades will probably persist.

Profiting by the experience of our Allies, the United States
Government has now definitely recognized the need of such

16 REVEILLE

early occupations and has trained a corps of women for the
work. They are called " Reconstruction Aides " and have the
same general status, pay, quarters, &c., as have the nurses.
The uniform is somewhat similar, but distinctive enough to
avoid confusion and emphasize the difference in the service.
These Aides will act under the direction of the attending
surgeon and will see that some form of bedside occupation is
provided for each patient wherever possible. The length of
time to be devoted to this occupation, and the nature of it, are
to be approved by the attending surgeon and checked up by
him from time to time.

In this most important therapeutic measure the one
consideration at first is to occupy the man. The form of
occupation is distinctly secondary. All who have given the
subject thought know that a sudden arrest of the normal
activities, or the enforced substitution of a new and unusual
set of m.ental processes, leads not only to an unwholesome state
of mind, but to physical disturbance. The most common
example of this, that everyone will recognize, is the digestive
trouble which so frequently follows periods of worry or
depression. Under such conditions of disturbed mental
functions the whole body suffers ; the digestion is modified,
the circulation interfered with, and all processes of physical
repair are naturally retarded.

While, then, the patient is confined to bed, the occupation
should be chosen chiefly for its power of interesting him,
leaving aside for the moment the effect on the injured part.
Naturally, if there are two equally interesting kinds of work
available, the one which would be of the greatest benefit physi-
cally would be chosen ; but in the first few days while the
patient is adjusting himself to the new conditions, the first
thought should be to restore, so far as possible, a normal state
of mind. Occupation of this kind should begin almost at once,
but be carefully regulated to prevent fatigue, either nervous or
physical. Half the battle lies in accustoming the man to think
of himself as useful ; this should be constantly kept before him
whether he is occupied five minutes or two hours. The
thought that he will be at it again the same afternoon or the
next day should be encouraged, as well as the certainty that
the work will be more and more interesting as time goes on.

BEDSIDE OCCUPATIONS FOR SOLDIERS ^^

No emphasis should be laid on the work as work ; it should be
treated wholly as a curative measure, helping him to get well.
It is so important to secure your patient's co-operation and
make him realize that what he is doing helps in his own
recovery.

The success of the ** Reconstruction Aides " will naturally
depend on their ability to select occupations interesting to the
individual, and to change them often enough to prevent
monotony. For such occupations there can be no fixed rule or
type ; they include everything which involves the use of the
hands, from the simple winding of bandages to the making of
some complicated piece of embroidery. The following come
to mind — but anything which engages the patient's interest
and occupies his hands is good, and should be used as occasion
offers: Embroidery, whittling and toy- making, basket-making,
net-making, crocheting (including the spool and rake forms),
scrap-book making, photograph mounting, coarse beadwork,
simple forms of weaving, drawing (including mechanical
drawing), telegraphy, stenography, folding of dressings, wind-
ing of bandages, covering of splints, the painting or varnishing
of splints, &c.

For bedside work, none of these need be carried to a high
degree of perfection, and probably none will be followed for
any considerable length of time. Take embroidery : It is not
likely a man will do much with this, but in the early stages of
his recovery the working out in " cross-stitch" of some pattern,
such as the regimental insignia or a design depicting a military
scene, for a sofa pillow or similar article, is intensely interesting
to the man, and perhaps may provide an heirloom for his
family. Naturally this kind of work will not be continued ;
probably by the time the article is finished the recovery will be
far enough along to make some more natural form of work
possible, but, if used rightly, it will help greatly in restoration
of the man s health and in leading him to future usefulness.

The writer feels that these early so-called *' bedside occupa-
tions " are of such importance that they should have a regular
place in the care and treatment of the wounded. And he is
sure that, if they are generally used, men will be more eager to
return to their former activities and more ready to welcome
training for new or special vocations.

7^

THE RETURN OF THE OFFICER.

By CIVILIAN.

The future of our country will depend on the rapidity with
which the balance of trade can be restored, moribund industries
revived, and employment provided for the demobilized soldier
on the declaration of peace. It is acknowledged that the period
separating disbandment and civilian occupation should be as
brief as possible for commercial no less than for moral reasons.
Admittedly the universal desire of this nation is to make such
a return as simple and swift as forethought and enterprise can
accomplish, and if the tendency of this paper appears to be
critical rather than congratulatory it is with the sole purpose of
emphasizing some practical means by which the country can
best aid the Army and preserve its own inheritance. In all
good faith the British people are determined to do what they
can for the soldier, and they have grasped one blinding truth —
that he will want a job. Vast numbers of men will in due
course be restored to the industries of shipbuilding, engineering,
manufacturing, and so on. It is of the first importance that the
State should organize her campaign for international trade.
But is it not even more vital that she should provide men
equipped to control and guide her industries? In preparation
for the day when the soldier returns to take up the weapons of
peace a civil service academy for ex-officers has for some time
been established in Germany. For what purpose is Germany
prepared to train a large number of selected officers regardless
of expense ? This is not the inspiration of a tender-hearted
government like an elderly lady dispensing complacent charity
— it is just hard commonsense, the first step to placing the
worker under the guidance of the finest trained brains in the
country ; the most practical, obvious, and at the same time com-
pensatory action possible. The State trains these finest brains
for war. Is it any less imperative to train them for peace .•*
To regard the provision of immediate vacancies in employ-

THE RETURN OF THE OFFICER 79

ment for the demobilized officer and man as the complete and
final achievement of a grateful people, is a bankrupt and
perilous policy. The commercial supremacy of the British
Empire was undermined before the outbreak of war ; every
sphere of our national life was stationary, rather than effective
and alert with the spirit of progress. None dare hope that the
terrible strain of the present struggle will cause a reaction of
energy and purpose, when, in the day of peace, the armies of
broken men are released to take up as stern and arduous a
conflict. Rather will the overwhelming craving be for rest and
recuperation ; and who will blame the soldier because he has
lost the cunning of his trade ?

The German Government do not intend to fight the
commercial struggle of the future with hands less skilled than
in 1 914. The ravages of war, there, will be repaired at the
cost of the State. Re-education will run a parallel course to
demobilization, since national efficiency is the best investment
a people can possess. // is the one which pays the biggest
divide7id.

It is not the intention of this paper to deal with the great
problem of universal re-education for civic life, but only to
examine one aspect — the return of the officer.

During the last four years the upper and middle classes
have provided the Army with many thousands of young
subalterns who were, when war broke out, at school, at college,
or learning the elements of industrial life. They have sur-
rendered the four most precious years in their lives. When
they are invalided out of the Army, or are finally demobilized,
their chief inclination will be to accept the first opening which
presents itself. Who can blame them ? The invalided officer
to-day knows that his pension will probably not last more than
a few months, and is accordingly anxious to find his feet before
sounder men return. The officer on demobilization can hardly
be expected to resist the general impulse to secure immediate
work. It Is natural in both cases that "a return to school''
should be unwelcome. Four years of warfare have passed,
years bringing to youth the maturity of manhood without its
essential stability, as often as not adding the responsibilities
of matrimony to the problems of earning a livelihood. Can
anyone be surprised that the young officer — fully aware of his
inexperience — should jump at the first post he is offered }

So REVEILLE

So urgent has this whole question become that various
official and unofficial bodies have endeavoured with varying
success to promote at least temporary relief and assistance for
officers in actual monetary difficulties, and courses of training
for those who are either unable to resume their old occupation,
or who have returned without any qualifications for earning a
livelihood.

There are three main points to be considered in a brief
survey of the position : —

(a) Training schemes of the Ministries of Pensions and
Labour.

(d) Training for National Service.

(c) The disabled officer and the Land.

(a) Training SchejMes of the Ministries of
Pensions and Labour.

Under the Royal Warrant of August, 191 7, the Ministry
of Pensions is authorized to provide training for officers in
receipt of retired pay, who, by reason of disability caused by
active service, are unable to resume their previous occupation.
Under Clause 7 {a and d) of this Warrant any officer approved
for a course of training receives, during that training, in
addition to his pension, the difference, if any, between that
amount and retired pay at the highest degree — i.e., a subaltern
or captain would be paid at the rate of ^175. Besides this
allowance for maintenance the Ministry pays all necessary fees
for instruction up to a sum not exceeding ^50. But note
three points : —

The Ministry's provisions for training are confined to a
comparatively small number of officers, those who cannot
resume their previous occupation on grounds of health.

They do not begin to operate until the officer is invalided
out of the Army.

The courses are mostly arranged for officers compelled on
grounds of ill-health to live as far as possible out of doors.
And unless an officer possesses sufficient capital to purchase a
holding at the end of training, the Ministry will not risk giving
him a year's instruction.

THE RETURN OF THE OFFICER 8i

The first two points have given rise to a further training
scheme of the Ministry of Labour, under a recently established
special branch called the Appointments Department, concen-
trating on questions of re-education and employment.

Experience shows that both the convalescent and the
discharged soldier are disinclined to be trained except where
the nature of their disabilities compels them to learn entirely
new vocations. It is the same with the officer.

The following scheme has been devised to try and over-
come the difficulty. Early in 191 8 an arrangement was made
between the War Office and the Ministry of Labour (and is
already promising to be a great success), whereby the serving
officer on light duty could be re-educated with a view to civil
life. The War Office agreed that it was better from a
military standpoint that such officers should be engaged on
regular work and remain under military discipline. From the
national point of view the advantage is, of course, incontestable.
It means that for six months, or longer, hundreds — even
thousands — of young officers, will be given a chance of
attending university classes, of fitting themselves as wage-
earners, and becoming familiar, if nothing more, with the spirit
of the return to normal life.

The scheme pror lises more than that ; but for the present
let us see how it is developing. The Appointments Department
is opening local centres in connection with universities and
technical institutions all over the British Isles. A light duty
officer is thus enabled to attend a course of business training
in Birmingham, or chemistry in London, or forestry in
Cambridge, or metallurgy in Sheffield. All arrangements for
billeting, &c., are in the hands of the local adjutant.

It has been felt, however, that this training of serving
officers could commence still earlier. There is a period during
which the ''convalescent" is wearied with weakness and inertia,
when he cares neither about the present nor the future. That
is the time when the mind should be grippedxiand roused by
interests outside the monotony of hospital routine. It is
psychologically true that long convalescence is largely a matter
of the patient's mental attitude. And it has been recently
agreed that the re-education of the officer must start in hospital,

82 . REVEILLE

and end, one is hopeful, upon demobilization. The plan of
campaign will, therefore, cover three main stages.

(i) Training during Convalescence, — These lectures will
aim at rousing the officer's interest in his return to civilian life ;
at kindling his imagination by depicting national reconstruction,
and the part he will play in the making of a new England ;
at familiarizing him with Colonial problems and developments,
likely to be so important after the War. For purposes of
business efficiency the study of French, Spanish, and Russian
will be arranged.

(2) Training during Hospital Treatment or Periods of
Light Duty, — To develop the knowledge thus acquired during
convalescence, the War Office has arranged with the Ministry
of Labour that officers, sufficiently recovered to be moved, shall
go to other hospitals in districts where training classes may be
taken. During his attendance at lectures, whether attached to
a hospital or in college or rooms, he will receive full pay and
allowances from the War Office, and be under the discipline
and care of an Adjutant approved by the War Office. Besides
convalescents, there are, however, a large number of officers
on light duty engaged in work in Government Departments or
in the War Office, who cannot train during the daytime. For
these it is suggested that hostels shall be founded to provide
economical living, social welfare, and voluntary lectures of an
educational character in the evenings.

(3) Training after Demobilization, — In the case of many
officers some degree of training will, under the circumstances
already detailed, have been accomplished before they return to
civil life. But there will be many others, invalided out of the
Army, without any period of light duty, coming immediately
under the authority of the Ministry of Pensions ; and also the
vast number of officers who on demobilization will require
substantial inducement to spend any more time in unprofitable
routine. How can the State best serve the interests of these
officers whose claim for consideration is so great, and at the
same time the interests of its own future '^

THE RETURN OF THE OFFICER 83

(d) Training for Nation^^l Service.

Thouorh the scheme sketched above is admirable it is
obviously of insufficient scope. It can train a subaltern so
long as he is in hospital or on light duty ; can assist the
disabled officer in receipt of a pension ; can endeavour to find
employment on demobilization. But it cannot complete its
work. ^

The necessity for re-education startles many people. One
of the vague ideas which is dying hardest is the belief that the
officer is a man of means, who will not tolerate interference or
assistance. To-day the subaltern is granted a commission for
no other reason than because he deserves one. //e is, in shorty
worth training. He will not, of course, relish anything which
savours of charity or fussiness. But there is no room here
for charity or benevolence. There is simply the hard fact —
that four years of war do not necessarily fit a man for holding
his own, or the country's own, against ruthless competition.

What, then, is to be done to train the demobilized officer,
who requires education in the elements of industry '^ Some, for
financial reasons, will be unable to resume their education at
the universities. Many will have left school to join the Army.
A great number will have lost touch with business principles.
Hundreds will desire to go abroad or on the land. Into what
channels shall all this restless energy be directed '^

To start with, we can form, in our manufacturing centres
and provincial universities, classes of technical training to fit
the local young officer for posts in local industries, and we can
combine this with some sort of apprenticeship or part-time
work to give him an insight into the practical features of his
future employment. The cost of a short intensive training of
this kind might well be covered by a Government grant on
demobilization ; and at the end of training a diploma could be
given after examination. The main point is to train the officer
locally for a particular industry with the definite prospect of an
appointment at the end of it. Suppose an officer residing in
Manchester left school in 19 14 to join the Army. During
some part of his service, he might, or might not, have taken a
course under the Officers University and Technical Classes.
If he had, he would continue from the point at which he

84 REVEILLE

returned to the Army ; if he had had no previous training he
would be directed to a Technical Course in Manchester for the
purpose of studying the cotton industry. It is suggested that
during his course he should be maintained either by the State
or by public funds raised locally. The point is : That, to
reconstruct industry, men should be trained locally, and at the
end of their training a local body, the Federation of Employers,
Chamber of Commerce, Trade Unions,^and University should
procure them posts in the industries in which they have been
trained.

For the sphere of general business training need not of
course be provided locally. Various educational institutions
already have courses in all branches of commercial activity.
And, following the strong movement towards social service, the
London School of Economics and Political Science give instruc-
tion in the more specialized branches of welfare work and labour
problems. In every branch of reconstruction there will be
numerous posts for trained men. It only remains for the
employer and the various Government Departments to meet
the problems without pettiness and prejudice, and realize that
to-day ideas and regulations reputed beyond reproach have
suddenly become obsolete and futile.

There is a growing dearth, for instance, of teachers for the
elementary and secondary schools. The whole question of
education has never been so much in the public mind as it is
to-day; but there is little inducement, as yet, for the officer to
adopt this most important profession. ^

The Local Government Board has to deal with a demand
for better material conditions which will transform civil life,
especially in housing. Here, also, would appear to be a field
for utilizing young officers, following a course in surveying and
welfare work.

The Board of Agriculture is faced with the question of land
settlement. Surely officers who have learned the control of
men could be trained for the supervision of co-operative
holdings ?

There are, again, the various Government departments,
such as the Colonial Office. The satisfaction of the world's
enormous economic demands after the war will be governed in
large measure by the supply of raw materials ; this, in turn.

THE RETURN OF THE OFFICER 85

will greatly depend on the wise exploitation of tropical re-
sources. Such development must occur mainly under the
management of white men, and candidates for posts on tropical
estates seem likely to be abundant among ex-officers whose war
experience has given them a taste for an active and not unad-
venturous life. But what special qualifications will successful
applicants to the inter-departmental committee bring to their
work.** Apparently none whatever. Men with Eastern ex-
perience will be snapped up by their old employers, and inex-
perienced men will be sent out untrained. It is in accordance
with precedent that our novices should learn the ropes on the
spot, but it is not in accordance with the needs of the future
that our factories should starve while the producers of raw
material are gaining rule-of-thumb experience in their business.

(c) The Officer and the Land.

Finally there is the problem of the return of the disabled
officer who is compelled by reason of his disability to adopt an
open-air occupation. He probably has no experience of, and
possibly very little inclination for, agricultural work. Before
the war he may have been anything from a schoolmaster to a
cotton broker. Following the exhaustion of active service and
prolonged illness he is suddenly confronted with the need of
starting afresh in a most technical and costly occupation. Un-
trained, disabled, probably without means, perhaps with heavy
domestic responsibilities. Not much of an outlook for him!
A., say, was on the Stock Exchange ; he is invalided out of the
Army with gas poisoning and the loss of a lung. He is ordered
to live out of doors. His pension during training is at the rate
of ;^ 1 75 a year, and out of this he has to support himself, his
wife and children. During the war his capital has gone in
educating his family and holding his home together. Why
then train such a man for agriculture at all ? Because you can-
not return him to office work ; it would be against every law of
health and honourable treatment. The country would not
tolerate such a disgrace for a moment. But the difficulty now,
as always, is that hard facts are not fully considered and dealt
with. "Even if these officers were provided with capital," say
the obstructionists, **the prospects in agriculture are not suffi-

86 REVEILLE

ciently stable to make their lives anything but a fight against
overwhelming odds." That kind of apathetic statement haunts
innumerable conferences with its perpetual counsel of despair.
It has sufficient truth to be disturbing, while it is neither con-
structive nor final. The fact remains, and will remain, that a
number of disabled officers are compelled through severe
wounds or disease to start their lives afresh on the land. What
can be done for them ?

The Ministry of Pensions, advised throughout by the Board
of Agriculture, already has officers in training for horticulture
at Bristol, for dairy farming at Reading, for forestry at Oxford
and Cambridge, and will shortly include disabled officers in a
class in market gardening. The Appointments Department of
the Ministry of Labour are opening additional courses of all
kinds, of open-air and handicraft work, suited to disabled
officers, at all the educational centres of the British Isles.
These officers can be trained and inspired with new hope to
devote the remainder of their strength to the development of
England's resources. Their number is comparatively small
and the expenditure needed to settle them on the land under
co-operative supervision would amount to the cost of running
the war for about half an hour !

A small holding, with the additional income provided by
bee-keeping, poultry, and rabbits, would support a man and his
family in health and comfort.

It may shock many^ people to hear that the great and
growing dread of the battlefield is the fear not of death, but of
being maimed. The Army is watching the people at home.
It is not critical, but deeply, intensely moved by the shadow
of physical incapacity. The sure knowledge that a man
serving his country could claim not merely restoration to
civilian life, but a part in the rebuilding of England, would
strengthen his courage during the night of battle. Some men
are fired to the end by an ideal. But to most of us the vision
of a home with all its little unforgetable associations and
memories is the country of our first and last desires.

"LIFE!"
By Edmund J. Sullivan.

89

OUTSIDE THE HOSPITAL.

By ENID BAGNOLD.

(Author of " A Diary without Dates.*')

(i) The Hill.

The soft rumour of London at our backs, the rhododendra
flowing in bright colours to the foot of the hill, we play tennis
all the afternoon ; while from that blue plain below, where
villages, low hills, and trees slip into a populous, vague
distance, rise the aeroplanes, to circle and hum for us only,
above our bright dresses, our green tennis court, our flying
balls.

Sometimes the wavering noise high in the air seems
hardly to stir — sometimes with a dragon-like rush, and the
liquid sound of machinery, the beautiful creature is over our
heads and gone beyond the trees, flying low.

This hill outside London, this lion on guard, has its tail
steeped in the slums by the river, its crested, wooded head
reared to bear our few houses, its flowing chest and fore-paws
running down in a clear sweep of two miles to the plain below.
Walk down that flowing chest, stand still upon the steep grass
avenue, and something, some sound which must come from the
bowels of the earth, strikes at your chest and back, hardly
reaching the conscious, listening ears. Play tennis, run, shout
on the green court, and it is the same — between the striking of
the balls comes another stroke, a blow upon the brain, heart,
head and back, something infinitely far, soft, enormous.

The hill is haunted by a monster — the gay, bright women
who run on its crest, walk in its woods, drink and eat from
white-capped tables on its terraces, pause and say to each
other — " Do you hear ? "

The day is over, and each in our own wooded garden
we sit in quieter dresses and watch the sky turn from green
to blue in its effort to become night, the mist soak up through
the trunks of the trees, cover and bury the villages, till the

90 REVEILLE

night has walled us in. Outdoors the blow comes from the
grass and travels through the soles of the feet — indoors the
windows rattle in the frames.

The evening is over, and while I would like to lie in dark-
ness and remember nothing, something has caught the springs
of the bed — a soft, sharp blow, and they respond with a shiver
hardly to be felt. Again, and again, and again, until I sit up in
bed, and lean over the sill into the garden and think — " When
they stop I shall sleep. And then will the attack begin. . . ."

The oak tree pressed against the wall of the house is like
a cavern, from which all night something like water drops — its
seeds, its broken twigs, the litter of the birds. It is a city full
of birds, restless, and dreaming, uttering from time to time
a short note as they dream. The sounding-board of the Hill
has caught, and held for a moment, a heavier blow than usual,
and I can hear voices from the window of the next room
speaking softly out into the garden : " Did you hear that ?"

We are all uncomfortable, restless, listening — our garden
walls us in, the wistaria over the house-front sends up a warm
smell, the stars and bats are out, the owls call with their soft,
tunnelly sound — yet we are not happy, but pierced by some-
thing : garden, hill, the flesh of the body, the heart within, all
hurt by a remote, enveloping sound. Do they sleep, the
women I saw all day, in other rooms, in other gardens on the
Hill, now with their bright clothes flung over chairs, or hung
in the darkness of cupboards — or are they listening as we are,
each in her window, looking out at the dark air as the wives
of fishermen look out upon the sea ?

With every thud I know that in the darkness men are
awake — human hands have worked the gun and sent out
the tremble of noise — human bodies in the dark have played
that charade we see in the camps here, a knot of men behind
a gun, a dumb-show act. The amphitheatre of trees stands
like the wings of a stage around the lawn, with here and there
light gaps barred by tree trunks ; the sound breaks through it
without dispersing the solidity.

But a crazy noise waves through the night, the trees grow
less sombre, more magical — thin, glamorous tones break into
a song and sing without hesitation. The Flying Corps Mess
next door have turned on their gramophone.

OUTSIDE THE HOSPITAL 91

Little gramophone, dispersing the silence ; little box of
tricks evoking the flowers of our civilization — the cinema, the
music hall, the footlights, the careful tapping dances, shining
floors^rtificial light— oh, little gramophone with the heart of
steel, full of pluck and tune, and thin, glorious defiance , . •
what a part you have played for us, and for Them !

It is of no use for musicians to sigh and stop their ears and
complain — over the people, the Army, you wave a wand, you
make the heart swell and beat, you are romance, you are
pleasure, you are London !

I can see them in little Messes along the line, men who
sit in an earthen hole by a table spread with a newspaper,
until one of them rises and, crossing over to you, sets you at
your tricks afresh, fixes your needle, winds your handle. You
mix yourself up with death — you are the light, treble accom-
paniment of everlasting guns, the memory in the ear of that
deafened man who has no other memory — you are sometimes
glamour, sometimes romance. You are love.

It is strange to think that man should carry such a thing
back into the caves and holes of the ground to which war has
sent him ; that the voice of his almost-forgotten glorious and
monstrous cities should beat against the walls of earth and clay,
under the open sky, where he lives now ; that the little box
of screws, threads, wheels, disc and needle should tell such
. a story of man's invention, his dingy jokes, his gaiety, his
whirling mind, his incomprehensible speech, to such sur-
roundings ; strange to see what is now a simple, muddy,
smoke-blackened creature, sitting by the child of his mind —
the box of tunes, fantastic, crazy, delicate, complicated.

Something in the night is quieter. That far and monstrous

J noise is broken up by the tin-kettle music filtering through the

trees. As it is for me, so it is for Them. And when the

gramophone too stops I think before I sleep, "Good-night,

divine street-arab ! "

(2) The Road down the Hill.

There are days in the garden when it seems that nothing
will ever exist except the present. The past plays so small
a part in our lives. . . .

92

REVEILLE

That great and humming hospital at the foot of the hill
stands only nine months away from me, yet my memory cannot
catch its voices, and when I meet the blue-clad figures up and
down the road and on the common I feel that the tie I once
thought existed between us is a legend.

Yet, if very little endures, I have come to believe in a
half-invented, intangible friendliness. There are often dis-
charged men in the 'bus that passes the hospital who come
back for massaee, or for some last attention, or to see their
friends — I cannot help feeling (or pretending) that they would
know me, and I them, were it not for all our pre-occupations.

To-day the 'bus conductor had three wound stripes on his
sleeve, and he wore the silver badge of discharge. His hands
were black as his leather money-bag. Mine were as white as
new white suede can make them, and I feared his fingers
while I hunted in my lap for the penny.

But when I found it I saw him proffer the tip of finger and
thumb as though to take a grain of salt, and he picked the
penny from my gloves without touching them. His intentions
and my fears were on so delicate a subject that I couldn't even
smile at him for fear of involving the honour of his hands.
His three wounds have led him to know so many people like
me, laugh at them, watch them work, watch them go off for
half days and matinees, and for their sake he will treat my
white gloves with tolerance and not with antagonism.

He read my thoughts and I his without the light and speech
of our eyes. What delicious, fragile intimacy between strangers !

« « « 4^

I remember that when I went down from the officers' ward
to the men's ward I realized that among the officers there had
been no community formed. There was no law among them.
They were isolated kings ; it had been a ward of sick kings
and princes. But to go down the stairs and along the corridor
to the men was to go to the people : I went into a state of
things that was a brotherhood without the machinery of
brotherhood.

A young discharged lieutenant once wrote to me : '* After
the companionship of the men all other relations pale and
become trite. I was a self-conscious, uneasy, envious boy, who

OUTSIDE THE HOSPITAL 93

never had felt the simplicity of friendship before. When I
was with them care and competition and self-assertion dropped
off me like a burden. If I had not joined with them in
thinking France hell, in desiring English hedges and woods and
country towns and market-places, in longing for leave, I should
have thought that I had never felt such happiness in friendship
before. But this is hell ... to come back first, without them,
like a ghost among people who want to put me into the old life,
to be unable to talk with old friends or new ones, because
it seems they talk a dead language, and I a language not yet
invented."

In the hospital that sense of the true companionship of the
men is very vivid; but beyond and behind the affection lies
the puzzle. All are brooding over something and making
nothing of it ; each bed contains a disturbance of soul, which
in the simple man is darkness and bewilderment, and in his
introspective brother sharpens to something more near despair.
In each man something is shaken.

At first, when they come in from the convoy drowsiness
intervenes between them and the full sense of their emotion ;
then, after some days, they wake to a sharper contact, and from
tirne to time one can guess that behind the eye emotion is
beginning to move like a river — the bruise begins to ache.

Then, as we move about among them and ask them what
they need ; as we bring them food and dress the wounds ; as
their friends come to their bedside and talk furtively and inter-
mittently to them, they begin to realize that what they have
been through and what is still moving in them has isolated
them.

Later ^they seek an anodyne and try to fling themselves
back into the old grooves, into the vaguer puzzlings that are
not so deep and do not bring despair.

A half-cynical pity rules their attitude towards the world.
After having passed through death — and many of them
have been at some time as certain of death as a condemned
man is certain — after death, death on all sides, pity is born.
But it is not the pity we know, the personal pity for another,
the immediate flowering of an acute emotion for a friend which
dies when that friend grows less pale, walks more steadily,
sheds no more tears — but a pity which sees delusion in life,

94 REVEILLE

sees life of little account ; a detached, painful pity, without
warmth.

I can see that it is not in itself a personal pity, through
their attitude to suffering in the ward. The philosophy that
they express expects much of sufferers.

At the same time they extend the most personal sympathy
as it were against their philosophy, against their experience,
against the new knowledge in their souls — that knowledge of
what life comes to after all, of the clay broken back into the
mother clay, of the faces they have seen which are no more
faces, of the beauty of young life, of its complete and absolute
departure, and the shortness of memory.

When a man dies in a ward a sort of stoicism revisits the
men's faces ; it is as if they said : " We were slipping away
from what we have learnt, we were beginning to believe in the
importance of life, little day after little day was dragging us
back into delusions. See, here's death again. Let us re-
member not to put our feet back into the world on the old
terms."

** Keeping a stiff upper lip " means keeping a soul which
has refused to surrender itself wholly to life — refused to be
dragged back among the flutterings, desires, and anxieties of
life — a refusal the beauty of whose original impetus dies, and
leaves something sullen, unpartaking, morose and dark in the
man's soul. It was never a refusal of the mind but of the
new nature — therefore it cannot be shared, cannot often be seen,
except in such a place as a hospital, where, among so many
who make the same, slight, indicating action, one is able to feel
some settling in the direction of the wind.

The discharged men in the 'buses are rather sad and
shabby in the dark civilian clothes ; they no longer cut the
handsome, gaudy figure of the man in blue ; there is no scarlet
tie, only some chequered thing bought from the sly hand of the
wicked merchant who causes crosses and checks to be designed
in green upon liver-colour because he thinks we like it.

They have lost the red, shining faces of the wounded :
though the meals at the hospital were hated, with their eternal
watery milk puddings, beef boiled to rags, and pale soups, yet

OUTSIDE THE HOSPITAL 95

now their faces have grown thinner with delicious meals helped
out with pickles, eaten at odd times. They are anxious — they
have come back to this happy, happy life ; they have thrown off
discipline and routine ; they think again, work again, manage
money again, make their own plans, seek their own work.

They are anxious — they have acquired new thoughts, lost
many old ambitions ; they are lonely because they belong
neither to the civilian nor to the soldiery. They watch from
the 'bus the dun-coloured men with burning faces who ride a
string of horses in the road, whose gun kicks dun-coloured dust
in a cloud, who shout and sweat, and wheel this way and that,
and they think : " There is no more of that for us," and they
are glad of it. But they are lonely. At home in the shop in
the Old Kent Road, at the electrical engineer's, behind the
counter at the big grocery department — working all day with
men who say that prices are high, that the Government is this
and that ; that food, food, food, is difficult to get ; that the
moon is a horrible display of Nature ; that bombs grow bigger
every time — they are lonely too. At home, with their wives,
they are lonely.

Oh ! how horrible it is to be a woman, and to be tired of
hearing of the bad parts of war, to be shut out from knowing
the part that was good. How horrible to be a busy woman, a
food-grubbing, unfortunate woman, a wash-tub, rubbing, scrub-
bing woman, and to have no time to crawl down those dark,
winding paths after the man you care for, to discover and share
his strange depressions, irritations, silence, loneliness. How
horrible to be a busy woman and to cease to know where Arras
is because your husband isn't there any longer.

" I got 'im home. I don't go in for all them maps no more."
That is love, the voice of love.

But he has had his friends, he has seen something beautiful"
and fraternal, known the pulse and action of men as you know
the throb of the engine you drive ; and though when he was
with them he shared fear and horror with them, though he
wanted to get away before his body was opened by that
metallic, common enemy, and his life drained for ever — still
now that he has got away, alone, he finds that he is without
them, and he is for ever watching them upon the paper of the
map, a stranger to his wife, and lonely.

96

REVEILLE

I see the discharged men leave the 'bus at the beautiful iron
gates of the hospital, and watch them pass in, under the shadow
and under the clock. 1 know, for 1 used to see it, what kind
of interchange of envy goes on between the groups seated
about the hot, dull wards, and the civilian "veteran" walking
in with his silver badge. The wounded think : '' Going away
out of here . . . walking away and taking a 'bus to his
own dinner and his own girl. . . ." The '' veteran " thinks :
'' Yes, all that . . . and I'm glad. But how they all talk
together up there by the bathroom.'

The wards are hot, but they look cool from the outside.
From the top of the 'bus the blinded windows are pits of dark-
ness and shadow. Inside there are twenty beds down one
side, and twenty down the other — men sitting and talking on
the wooden Windsor chairs as near the window as possible,
waving to the 'bus as it passes down the road or toils up it,
playing draughts and cards, and reading yoAn Bull, lulled and
disarmed for the world by the creeping days of care-free
routine.

The '' veteran " thinks when he looks at them : "It was a
wretched cramping life . . . endless monotony and pain.
It was a life in a tunnel, and at the end of the tunnel we saw
the blaze of 'discharge,' the promise of a man's free life." But
free life is difficult, and bound life is easy.

Was life before the war really so good .'* It seemed all
right then. Was friendship before the war as close as it
seemed '^. He remembers his friends — good enough friends —
men he worked with at the works, or men who lived near him
at home. They seemed all right then. Now they do not
satisfy him. Has life shrunk, or has he grown ? Men who
have been poured from the battlefield' into the hospital are like
molten metal, and like molten metal they cool quickly and take
strange shapes. Something has been born among the armies,
something has been made solid in the hospitals. It is in vain
to put on the old civilian suit when it is a strange wearer.
Whatever war is, it separates the combatant from the non-
combatant : they do not see alike, nor think alike, nor feel
alike.

OUTSIDE THE HOSPITAL 97

It has just rained, and from the deep cutting below the
holly hedge comes a sound like a rough brook of water — on
and on and on. But there is no brook there — only the wet,
b)ack road stained with blue oil-stains, and an endless tramp and
patter of those hollow hoofs — the horses from the gunner camp,
tied head and tail, head and tail, and after them the mules.

Earlier in the war when they were taken out for exercise
three were tied together and a soldier with bow legs and arms
of iron rode one in every three. Now there are eight and nine
tied head and tail between two knotted ropes, and a child with
a red face and a uniform sits whistling on the first. Coming
up the hill below the hedge the first horse of each nine seems
to drag the other eight. His head is down, his legs are bent,
his eye exasperated, like a hot woman who must run for the
train while all her children drag at her legs and arms. The
eight are all taken out for a walk at the expense of the first,
and they look as though they were in a ** pram " instead of
between ropes, They lean back on their ropes and look about
them and sniff In a minute they will reach the top of the
hill, tip over its crest, and drag on down to the bottom and
past the hospital, kicking up a white dust, there where the road,
untarred for two years, has dried more quickly. The white
dust will rise in clouds, and once more drown the hospital
butterflies which have just been born again to mark the begin-
ning of another summer, will roll over the sills of the ward
windows so that the men in the end beds will grumble and
blink, and mutter something resigned, familiar, and endearing,
which my ear cannot catch now.

And my memory cannot invent it. In leaving the hospital one
leaves the wounded; and I am now one of the tea-party women,
the hostesses who walk about on lawns, offer little cups of tea,
and make them play garden games. They will look at me as
at some comic '* foreigner," and say little stiff things to me
when they leave the garden.

Once I thought I had an immortal freemasonry. But
everything passes.

98

THE NIGHT CALL.

By JEROME K, JEROME.

Of all things under the shell-lit heavens, ihe aml^ulance driver
dreads most the night call. He has left his car ready for
starting off at a moment's notice. He has decided to risk not
emptying his radiator, trusting the Lord will temper the frost
to a poor shelterless machine. Not to seem to be asking too
much, he has wrapped the engine up in rugs, and has fixed a
lamp underneath the bonnet as far away as possible from the
carburetter, trusting that here, likewise, Providence will do its
share. He has gone over his tyres, fixed his switches, and
piled up his stretchers. Then he has groped his way through
the mud and stumbled down the steps into his dug-out. It
rather suggests a ready-made grave. The smell is decidedly
suggestive, and cases have been known He con-
cludes he will think about something else ; and with the log-fire
burning, the guttering candle shedding radiance from the neck
of an empty wine-bottle, and the eggs and bacon frizzling
cheerfully upon the Primus, his spirits rise. It might be worse.
The dug-out is quite dry in parts, and the smoke is making it
warm. He eats his supper hurriedly, his ears strained in
•anxious tension for the sound of a descending footstep. He is
determined to get that dish of eggs and bacon inside him, call
or no call. If the gods are good to him, he gets through un-
disturbed. If he is a tidy man — it cannot be said of him
always — he washes up and puts his things in order for the
morning. That done, with perhaps a glass of wine beside him
(the label on the bottle tells him it is " Medoc sup^rieur," and
he wonders what the '* inferieur " would taste like), he lights
his pipe, and stretches out his legs towards the blaze. War
has its peace ! Pierre, his aide, is certain to have found a long-
lost cousin somewhere in the trenches, and to be spending a
jovial evening among muffled song and story. There is no
need even to talk. A low, deep booming penetrates to him

THE NIGHT CALL . 99

through the six feet of earth above his head ; ceaseless, dull,
monotonous, not altogether unmusical. It might be the
ethereal drums of some Olympian concert at which the gods
sit drinking. He is used to the sound. It rather soothes him.
Also, at times, there reaches him a strange faint pattering of
feet. Patter, patter, patter it goes, with now and then a little
shuffling and rumbling as if children in an upstairs nursery
were playing some voiceless game. All night long it comes
and goes, that patter, patter, patter of the voiceless children's
feet. The candle burns low. Nothing seems to be happening.
He will go to bed. He slings his stretcher in the corner
where there seems to be least drippings, and throws a fresh
log upon the fire. He takes off his boots and leggings, puts
them where his feet will mechanically find them should he have
to fling himself from his hammock in the dark ; takes off his
tunic and hangs it on a nail and then climbs in. A prayer
escapes him as he tucks the rugs about him, that no French
soldier may suffer hurt this night — anyhow, no poor fellow
belonging to this particular detachment. Others must pray for
themselves. He blows out the candle, undoes a few buttons
and stretches himself out luxuriously. A rat drops from some-
where on to the table, and catching his eye, becomes im-
movable. By the light of the smouldering logs they look at
one another. He tries to remember whether he really did put
everything eatable into a tin with a heavy weight on top of it.
Even then they work the covers off somehow — clever little
devils. Anyhow, he is not going to get out of bed again.
Perhaps the little beggar will be satisfied with the candle. He
turns his head to the wall. Suddenly, he is up again. A foot-
step is stumbling along the wooden gangway. It is coming
nearer. He holds his breath. The gods be praised, it passes.
With a sigh of relief he lies down again and closes his eyes.

The next moment — or so it seems to him — a light is
flashing in his eyes. A bearded, blue-coated figure is speaking
to him. Ambulance to start immediately! The bearded figure
under its blue iron helmet kindly lights the candle, the rat
having providentially found something more tasty, and departs
heavily up the steps. He struggles half unconsciously into his
clothes, just remembers his electric torch, and follows two
minutes later up the steps. Pierre is already grinding away at

TOO

REVEILLE

the handle, and becoming exhausted. He brushes him aside
and takes his turn, and with the twentieth swing — there-
abouts she answers with a sudden roar as of some drowsy-
animal awakened from its slumbers. And Pierre, who has
been cursing her with all the oaths of Gascony, pats her on the
bonnet and is almost amorous. A shadowy group emerges
apparently from the ground. A shrouded figure comes
forward. Two stretchers and three assis is the tale. The
stretchers are hoisted up and fitted swiftly into their hangings.
Out of the blackness of the night Ambulance Driver, Section lo,
can easily see those white, silent faces. The three assis
mount slowly and shuffie painfully into their places. Rifles
and knapsacks are piled up beside them, and the doors are
clanged-to. Another "case " is to be picked up on the way —
at Champ Cambon. You take the first road on the left after
passing the ruins of the Ferme de Foret, and the camp is just
beyond the level crossing. It seems you cannot miss it. And
Ambulance Driver, Section lo, climbs into his seat.

Where the high dash-board ends and the night begins, he
cannot tell. It looks all one to him. Out of the trees and
upon the road it will be easier. Trusting to memory, he
gently — very gently lets in the clutch, and the ponderous car
creeps forward. Let him think : there was a bend to the right,
and then, a dozen yards further you came to the narrow —
confoundedly narrow — bridge of planks across the stream.
Was it a dozen yards ? Suppose it turns out to be only ten !
" A droite I " cries Pierre suddenly, and the car just scrapes past
an unseen tree. Pierre is standing on the step peering down
on the ground. *' Gauche, gauche ! " he cries again in an
alarmed whisper as the front wheels mount the flimsy bridge.
They seem to be finding it of their own accord. There is a
foot to spare on either side, but only a foot. They seem to
know it. Cautiously the car creeps over It. The back wheels
sink into the mud beyond. Thank the Lord, that's over !
Still he cannot see the road ; but he knows that for a couple
of kilometres it is dead straight, cutting the forest like a knife.
So long as he keeps in the centre of the strip of sky above his
head, he is safe. Unfortunately, it will wobble. Now, on one
side of him, it almost disappears. Correcting this, it widens
with alarming swiftness. The twin, and quite ridiculously

THE NIGHT CALL loi

deep ditches, that he remembers on each side of the road seem
to be calling to him as with the voice of some muddy Lorelei.
He expects every moment to find himself with Pierre either on
top of him or under him, and to hear the cries and groans oi
the heaped-up wounded behind him. ** Ar^^etez I ' cries Pierre
suddenly. He thinks he has detected something that might
be the ruins of a farm ; a dog begins to howl. In their present
frame of mind, the sound strikes them as cheerful. They
descend and grope their way up a side road, ankle deep in
slush. It certainly might have been a farm. So also it might
have been a brickfield ; but the farm is the more probable.
They decide it is the farm. Things seem to be shaping well.
Now all they have to do is to look out for a road on the left.
Yes, here is undoubtedly a road. They turn down it. The
wheels will find the railway crossing for them, in case they do
not see it. The descent appears to be steep. The car begins
to jump and jolt. " Doucefnent, camarade — doucement I "
comes an agonized cry from within. Pierre opens the little
window and explains that it cannot be helped. It is a
mauvazse route, and there is silence. The route becomes more
and more mauvaise. Is it a road, or are they lost ? And will
they ever be able to get up again ? Every minute the car
seems as if it were about to stand on its head. Ambulance
Driver, Section lo, recalls grim stories of the mess-room — of
nights spent beside a mud-locked car, of cars overturned — their
load of dying men mingled in a ghastly heap of writhing limbs.
In spite of the damp, chill night, a cold sweat breaks out all
over him. Heedless of Pierre's remonstrances, he switches on
his electric torch and flashes it downwards. Yes, it is a road,
of sorts ; chiefly of shell-holes apparently. The car crashes in
and out of them. If the axles do not break, they may get
down. They do not break, by some miracle. Pierre gives a
whoop of joy as the car straightens herself out. They have
reached the level, and the next moment they bump over the
crossing and hear the welcome voice of a sentry.

The blessd is found after some searching. It seems he
was playing icartd. They cannot help feeling indignant that
it is not a worse case, but are relieved at hearing that they
neejd not return up the hill again. There is a mist in the
valley and it will be fairly safe to take the lower road. Had

I02

REVEILLE

Ambulance Driver, Section lo, been more experienced he would
not have welcomed that mist. The road through the forest
was dark, but there was the sky to guide him. This chill
mist is like a damp sheet wrapped round his head. He strains
his eyes till they seem to be coming out of their sockets.
Shadows move towards him, and vanish ; but whether they
were men or trees or houses he cannot tell. Suddenly he
jams on his breaks and starts up. It is clear enough this time,
a huge towering shape — a munition wagon most likely — drawn
by a team of six giant horses. They are rearing and plunging
all round him. But no sound comes from them. Pierre has
sprung to the ground and is shouting. Where is their driver ?
The whole thing has vanished. They listen ; all is silence.
Pierre climbs up again and they break into a loud laugh. But
why did Pierre see it too ? They crawl along on bottom gear
and then comes a bump and a low crashing. Even the torch
is useless a yard in front of them. They find by feeling that
they are up against a door. Fortunately the back wheels
are still on the road, so that they can right themselves. But
it seems useless going on. Suddenly Pierre dives beneath
the car and emerges puffing a cigarette. He dances with
delight at his own cleverness. He holds the lighted cigarette
behind his back and walks jauntily forward, feeling the road with
his feet. Ambulance Driver, Section lo, drives on following
the tiny spark. Every now and then the invisible Pierre puffs
the cigarette, covered by his hand, and it reappears with a
brighter glow. After a tin%e the mist rises and Pierre bursts
into song and remounts. A mile or so farther on they reach
the barrier, but decide not to light up. Their eyes are in
training now, and had better not be indulged ; it will spoil
them for the journey back. They are both singing different
tunes when they arrive at the clearing hospital.

*' Have any trouble ? " asks a fellow-driver from another
sector, who has just discharged his load and is drawing on
his gloves.

••The mist was a bit trying," answers Section lo. **We
had to come round by Champ Cambon."

'•Nasty bit of road, that, down the hill," agrees the other.
*• So long ! "

I03

POIROT AND BIDAN.

A Recollection.

By JOHN GALSWORTHY.

Coming one dark December evening out of the hospital court-
yard into the corridor which led to my little workroom, I was
conscious of two new arrivals. There were several men round
the stove, but these two were sitting apart on a bench close to
my door. We used to get men in all stages of decrepitude,
but I had never seen two who looked so completely under the
weather. They were the extremes — in age, in colouring, in
figure, in everything ; and they sat there, not speaking, with
every appearance of apathy and exhaustion. The one was a
boy, perhaps nineteen, with a sunken, hairless, grey-white face
under his peaked cap — never surely was face so grey ! He sat
with his long grey-blue overcoat open at the knees, and his
long emaciated hands nervously rubbing each other between
them. Intensely forlorn he looked, and I remember thinking :
" That boy's dying ! " This was Bidan.

The other's face, in just the glimpse I had of it, was as if
carved out of wood, except for that something you see behind
the masks of driven bullocks, deeply resentful. His cap was
off, and one saw he was grey-haired ; his cheeks, stretched
over cheekbones solid as door-handles, were a purplish red,
his grey moustache was damp, his light blue eyes stared like
a codfish's. He reminded me queerly of those Parisian cocker's
one still sees under their shining hats, with an expression of
being your enemies. His short stocky figure was dumped
stolidly as if he meant never to move again ; on his thick
legs and feet he wore mufflings of cloth boot, into which his
patched and stained grey-blue trousers were tucked. One of
his gloved hands was stretched out stiff on his knee. This
was Poirot.

Two more dissimilar creatures were never blown together

I04

REVEILLE

into our haven. So far as I remember, they had both been in
hospital about six months, and their ailments were, roughly
speaking, Youth and Age. Bidan had not finished his training
when his weak constitution gave way under it ; Poirot was
a Territorial who had dug behind the Front till rheumatism
claimed him for its own. Bidan, who had fair hair and rather
beautiful brown eyes over which the lids could hardly keep up,
came from Aix-en-Provence, in the very south ; Poirot from
Nancy, in the north-east. I made their acquaintance the
next morning.

The cleaning of old Poirot took, literally speaking, days to
accomplish. Such an encrusted case we had never seen ; nor
was it possible to go, otherwise than slowly, against his
prejudices. One who, unless taken exactly the right way,
considered everyone leagued with Nature to get the better
of him, he had reached that state when the soul sticks its toes
in and refuses to budge. A coachman, in civil life — a socialist,
a freethinker, and wit, he was the apex of — shall we say ? —
determination. His moral being was encrusted with perversity,
as his poor hands and feet with dirt. Oil was the only thing
for him, and I, for one, used oil on him morally and physically,
for months. He was a ''character" ! His left hand, which he
was never tired of saying the " majors " had ruined — " Ah ! les
cochons /" — by leaving it alone, was stiff in all its joints, so that
the fingers would not bend ; and the little finger of the right
hand, '' le petit,'' '' le coquijt,'' '' Tempereur,'' as he would
severally call it, was embellished by chalky excrescences. The
old fellow had that peculiar artfulness which comes from life-
long dealing with horses, and he knew exactly how far and
how quickly it was advisable for him to mend in health.
About the third day he made up his mind that he wished to
remain with us at least until the warm weather came. For that
it would be necessary — he concluded — to make a cheering
amount of progress, but not too much. And this he set
himself to do. He was convinced, one could see, that after
Peace had been declared and compensation assured him, he
would recover the use of his hand, even if '' I'empereur''
remained stiff and chalky. As a matter of fact, I think he
was mistaken, and will never have a supple left hand again.
But his arms were so brawny, his constitution so vigorous, and

POIROT AND BIDAN 105

his legs improved so rapidly under the necessity of taking him
down into the little town for his glass, of an afternoon, that
one felt he might have been digging again sooner than he
intended.

''Ah, les coc/ions /" he would say ; " while one finger does
not move, they shall pay me ! " He was very bitter against all
''majors'' save one, who it seemed had actually sympathized
with him, and all ddputds^ who for him constituted the powers
of darkness, drawing their salaries, and sitting in their chairs.
" Ah ! les cochons f Ah ! les chameaux I "

Though he was several years younger than oneself, one
always thought of him as ** Old Poirot " ; indeed he was soon
called ^' le grand'pere'' though no more confirmed bachelor ever
inhabited the world. He was a regular " Miller of Dee,"
caring for nobody ; and yet he was likeable, that humorous old
stoic, who suffered from gall-stones, and bore horrible bouts of
pain like a hero. In spite of all his disabilities his health and
appearance soon became robust in our easy-going hospital,
where no one was harried, the food excellent, and the air good.
He would tell you that his father lived to eighty and his
grandfather to a hundred — both "strong men," though not so
strong as his old master, the squire, of whose feats in the
hunting-field he would give one staggering accounts in an
argot which could only be followed by instinct. A great
narrator, he would describe at length life in the town of
Nancy, where, when the war broke out, he was driving a
market cart, and distributing vegetables, which had made him
an authority on municipal reform. Though an incorrigible
joker, his stockfish countenance would remain perfectly grave,
except for an occasional hoarse chuckle. You would have
thought he had no more power of compassion than a cat, no
more sensibility than a Chinese idol ; but this was not so. In
his wooden, shrewd, distrustful way he responded to sympathy,
and was even sorry for others. I used to like very much his
attitude to the young *' stable-companion " who had arrived
with him ; he had no contempt, such as he might have felt for
so weakly a creature, but rather a real indulgence towards his
feebleness. "Ah!" he would say at first, "he won't make
old bones — that one ! " But he seemed extremely pleased
when, in a fortnight or so, he had to modify that view, for

«

io6 • REVEILLE

Bidan (Prosper), progressed more rapidly even than himself.
That grey look was out of the boy's face within three weeks.
It was wonderful to watch him come back to life, till at last he
could say, with his dreadful Provencal twang, that he felt ''ires
biang!' A most amiable youth ; he had been a cook, and his
chief ambition was to travel till he had attained the summit of
mortal hopes, and was cooking at the Ritz in London. When
he came to us his limbs seemed almost to have lost their joints,
they wambled so. He had no muscle at all. Utter anaemia
had hold of all his body, and all but a corner of his French
spirit. Round that unquenchable gleam of gaiety the rest of
him slowly rallied. With proper food and air and freedom, he
began to have a faint pink flush in his china-white cheeks ;
his lids no longer drooped, his limbs seemed to regain their
joints, his hands ceased to swell, he complained less and less
of the pains about his heart. When, of a morning, he was
finished with, and '' le grand-pere'' was having his hands done,
they would engage in lively repartee — oblivious of one's
presence. We began to feel that this grey ghost of a youth
had been well named, after all, when they called him Prosper,
so lyrical would he wax over the constitution and cooking of
** bouillabaisse," over the South, and the buildings of his native
Aix-en-Provence. In all France you could not have found a
greater contrast than those two who had come to us so under
the weather ; nor in all France two better instances of the
way men can regain health of body and spirit in the right
surroundings.

We had a tremendous fall of sriow that winter, and had to
dig ourselves out of it. Poirot and Bidan were of those who
dug. It was amusing to watch them. Bidan dug easily,
without afterthought. '' Le grand-pere " dug, with half an eye
at least on his future ; in spite of those stiff fingers he shifted a
lot of snow, but he rested on his shovel whenever he thought
you could see him — for he was full of human nature.

To see him and Bidan set off for town together ! Bidan
pale, and wambling a little still, but gay, with a kind of bird-
like detachment ; '' le grand-pere " stocky, wooden, planting his
huge feet rather wide apart and regarding his companion, the
frosted trees, and the whole wide world, with his humorous
stare.

POIROT AND BIDAN 107

Once, I regret to say, when spring was beginning to come,
Bidan-Prosper returned on '*/? grand-{>ere s " arm with the
utmost difficulty, owing to the presence within him of a liquid
<:alled Clairette de Die, no amount of which could subdue
** /e grand per e' s " power of planting one foot before the other.
Bidan-Prosper arrived hilarious, revealing to the world
unsuspected passions ; he awoke next morning sad, pale,
penitent. Poirot, au contraire^ was morose the whole evening,
and awoke next morning exactly the same as usual. In such
different ways does the gift of the gods affect us.

They had their habits, so diverse, their constitutions, and
their dreams — alas ! not yet realized. I know not where they
may be now ; but Bidan-Prosper cannot yet be cooking at the
Ritz in London town; nor '' grand- per e'' Poirot distributing
again his vegetables in the streets of Nancy, driving his two
good little horses — des gaillards — with the reins hooked round
^' Teinpereurr Good friends — good luck I

io8

EXPERIENCES.

(I) Where Blind Soldiers Learn to See.

I FIRST heard of St. Dunstan's when crossing the North Sea
in a hospital ship, after my release from captivity in Germany.

I had been given a champagne supper on board to celebrate
my release — the first time that I ever remember having drunk
champagne in bed.

A R.A.M.C. Sergeant came to my bedside with the
inevitable form to fill up, and I am afraid I did not answer
his interrogations with that solemn dignity which his official
tone seemed to expect.

" Your name, sir ^ "

" So and so."

** Regiment, sir } *'

** So and so.'

" Rank, sir } "

" So and so."

** Nature of wound, sir ? "

" Bullet through my head.*'

*• Gunshot wound through head."

"Same thing. Sergeant."

" Any operations performed, sir 1 "

" I have had my right eye taken out."

** Right eye excised. Any disability, sir t "

" Blind in one eye."

" Then you can see with the other, sir .^ "

"No."

** Then you must be blind in both eyes, sir ? "

" No, I'm only blind in one eye."

"How can that be, sir? "

" Sergeant, I have only got one eye ! "

Then he became human.

"You fairly caught me there, sir. I'm very sorry you've

EXPERIENCES 109

lost your sight, sir. You ought to try and get sent to
St. Dunstan's."

'•Why, what kind of a place is St. Dunstan's, Sergeant ?"

" Don't know, sir, but Tve heard they do wonderful things
there. I've even heard them say they make the blind see."

That was how I first got to know of St. Dunstan's. But
I did not have to put in any application to be sent there, for
Sir Arthur Pearson himself came to see me directly I arrived
home.

I make a confession. Before I met Sir Arthur I had
a notion in my head that St. Dunstan's was a sort of blind
asylum where blind people sat miserably in corners and made
baskets, while idle visitors murmured '* Poor fellow ! " and left
tracts on the blind man whose soul must be saved.

Whatever ideas I had of that kind were quickly dispelled
by Sir Arthurs visit. I told him I wasn't going to be a blind
man — I was going back to my business, to carry on as though
nothing had happened.

•' Good! " said he. ** That's just what I've done, but you
must first learn to read and write, so as to get a feeling of
independence in your work. Come along to St. Dunstan's and
I'll show you how."

And I went, still a little sceptical.

The sergeant must surely have been right when he said
they taught the blind to see.

When I entered the front door and went down the
corridor there were a lot of fellows walking about whistling
and making fun of each other ; one came towards me
singing " Tipperary " at the top of his voice and turned off
to the right up a passage. Something touched my shoulder
ever so lightly. I asked my escort what it was. *' Oh, it's
one of the blind soldiers carrying a plank of wood on his
shoulder to the carpentering room." They were all blinded
soldiers. I was no longer sceptical. If one could learn to see
to do that in a crowded passage without one's sight, I also could
learn to see.

That is how I come to be tapping these lines on the type-
writer to-day, and it does not occur to me that I cannot see
the keys as I write.

H. Gilbert Nobbs (Captain).

no

REVEILLE

(II) In HospitaL

When first I lay in hospital there were long periods when I
could hardly determine that I had feelings. I had a pretty
severe wound, and, as often happens, the shock acted as an
anesthetic, both physically and mentally. Though always
conscious, and only slightly delirious at rare intervals, I existed
much of the time in a dull and not discontented state of mind,
incapable of receiving acute impressions, at any rate, for long.

One worried but little. There was the feeling that one had
come to a full stop for the present, and that the future was a
long way off. That future could be thought about when it got
a little nearer ; as for the present, one had made some sort of
a try at doing what one had set out to do, and there was
nothing but just to take things as they came. Though
nothing much mattered.

These were the things which worried me when I did have
worries : I had believed I was doing the only possible thing in
joining up — it had seemed an absolutely clear case, and nothing
that happened to oneself would matter, if, before that happen-
ing, one had taken some part in putting things right. Well,
I had been knocked out inside of a month, without sharing in
anything which seemed to lead anywhere. That worried me.
I hated leaving the battalion, and all my friends, too — felt like
a deserter, in fact. Then I began to wonder if I had been
quietly "shelved" as being unfit to take part in a fight for such
a cause. I was quite unhappy about this, at intervals. But
later, this mood alternated with one of strong personal resent-
ment against whomsoever had ordained that I should be put
out of action, before I had had a chance to try and "make
good." Yet more often again I felt there was a good reason
at the back of things, and that it would appear later. For I
was quite sure that I was meant to stop that bullet.

By the accident of a wrong address, I did not hear from
my people ; that worried me a lot. I began to feel very left
indeed. The people round were ready to do everything in
their power for one ; my fellow-patients were friendly, though
mosdy too badly knocked about to talk much — (there was no
complaining) — but I had lost my regiment, and belonged
nowhere as a thing of use, and was lonely.

EXPERIENCES 1 1 1

Then came the time for another operation, and I was rather
flat by then. I didn't really care whether I pulled throug^h or
not. But I took the sudden notion that I had to make a will,
and leave the two or three personal trifles I had stuck to,
which were on a shelf by my bed.

I had little pain for several weeks, till complications set in,
though in common with everyone else I didn't look forward to
hearing the "dressings" table start to roll round the ward.
The idea came at times that I was pretty much in the position
of an animal in a steel trap, with a broken leg ; and I had set
many traps in the old days. Decided that I would trap no
more, if those were the sensations.

We used to take a certain amount of interest in the news,
but I don't think many worried about the final outcome of the
war, or doubted what it would be — whatever setbacks might
happen first.

One found out sometimes that so-and-so was troubled about
his family and what would happen to them, but he would not
complain on his own account. Self-pity was not apparent, but
one heard badly damaged men speak sympathetically of
another whom they considered worse than themselves. And
sometimes he whom they were pitying was feeling these to
be much worse than himself all the time, and being sorry for
them.

Most men, whether they would have to start entirely afresh
in life or not, were evidendy made up to make the best of
things, and at any rate did not mean to show the white feather.

In the hospital in France one seldom heard much talk
about experiences at the Front. Later, in England, when
pebple felt better and were more inclined to talk, one heard a
little, but not much. One man would tell another what had
happened in some sector they both knew, since his hearer had
left,, or might tell in a few words what he had seen in such and
such an action, but there was seldom any general discussion.
One man, about the only one who talked "war " to any extent,
was looked on as a nuisance, and "taken off" as soon as he
opened his mouth.

A good many people think that the average soldier is
inclined to pose a bit ; he is almost forced to sometimes, usually
against his will. But if they heard him in the ward, mimicking

112

REVEILLE

his well-meaning admirers on the '* wounded 'ero " topic, they
might change their minds.

The worst times were at night. During the day, though
sleeping a little by fits and starts, one took a good deal of dull
interest in what went on around — the work of the ward, the
new arrivals of the night before, the latest improvisation of one
of the doctors (who were sometimes short of proper appliances),
the man a few beds off, who had been made a " monkey on a
stick " (given a Balkan splint) and was performing on it, and
occasional visitors. There was the gramophone — much
beloved by those who did not want to sleep — and once or
twice a visitor would bring in a violin. And that visitor
could play !

But at night, when the lights were down, and one couldn't
sleep, or between sleeping and waking watched curious and
impossible things happening in the ward, it was different.
One didn't want to disturb the others, but the temptation to
call the Orderly or Night Sister to bring a drink, chiefly for
the sake of having a word with someone, was pretty strong.

And the convoys used to come in at night. The ward
might be almost empty for days, and then in one night every
bed would fill up, and there would be men lying in the
corridors, and sitting by twos or threes on the beds, waiting
for their turn to be dressed, and sent on elsewhere. Those
were not good nights. The noise of ambulances rolling up
outside, and stretcher parties tramping in, seemed endless.
And the almost soundless bustle that went on for hours after
the new men had come in and the noise had stopped, was
almost as bad.

The staff were splendid. Often worked to the limit of
endurance, they practically never showed a sign of irritation —
just did what they could for everyone, and never fussed. In
the General Hospital to which I went later, though there was
little to complain of, there was a certain amount of unnecessary
red tape, and a man was made to feel rather more of a '* case."
In the Military Hospital in France red tape was conspicuous
by its absence, though things were in order, just the same, and
one felt human all the time. No fuss, but straightforward
friendliness and common-sense. Everyone was a friend, from
the Major who operated on one to the Orderly who scrubbed

EXPERIENCES 113

the floor. One couldn't be there many days before feeling
more or less at home. The German prisoners felt it too.
They were all together, at my end of the ward ; at first very
suspicious of everyone, and not a little scared. But they soon
found they were treated no worse than anyone else — if some
of us were not exactly cordial, none were actively hostile — and
they cheered up no end. My next neighbour, at any rate, was
sorry when the time came to be moved on elsewhere, and quite
hurt when a Sister refused his one remaining valuable, a ring,
which he offered as a ** souvenir." He used to want to share
any extra delicacy that came his way with me, I think because
I used to wish him " Guten Moro-en " — about all the German
1 knew. If a German prisoner was put in a ward with our
wounded nowadays he might perhaps *' feel a draught " ;
people are less inclined to consider them human than they
were. But our fellows are still poor haters.

Most men look forward intensely to getting back to
*' Blighty," but I can't say I did, very much. I had been out
of England many years, and was neither glad nor sorry to go.
Everything that had happened since 1 got my knock-out
seemed inevitable. It was long before that feeling weakened
at all, and it has not died yet. The loss of the leg seemed
quite in the natural course of things, rather a nuisance, but
not worth bothering about. After my third time '*on the
table " the Major came and sat on the end of my bed and
began to break the news of the condition my leg was in, as
gently as a man well could. I interrupted, and said I knew
what he was driving at, and why hadn't he gone ahead, and
taken the leg off, without asking me? He was a man one
could absolutely trust, and if I had come out of the anaesthetic
and found the leg gone, I should never have questioned his
decision. I do not think I should have felt it as a shock at all;
it would just have seemed the inevitable.

The convalescent period is the worst part of hospital life to
a good many, though others succeed apparently in putting off
the bad time till they're discharged ; but neither kind talks
about it, as a rule. It begins to dawn on one clearly that life
has to be>faced under entirely new conditions, and that personal
freedom and independence are things of the past to a great
extent. One doesn't grudge this — i have never regretted the

8

114 REVEILLE

initial step that led to hospitals, &c., but periods of depression
are inevitable, with the majority, at any rate. No one that I
have had as a ward mate has owned to funking the future, and
very many really did not, I am sure. Some would own to
difficulties' ahead, but they meant to make the best of things,
and most — even the amputation cases — had a post reserved
for them, or the promise of help to get them a suitable post,
not always kept. Double amputation cases were usually
together, needing more personal attention than the others.
The general impression among '' single " amputation cases was
that a " double " was pretty well *' napooed." One woke in
the early morning and heard them discussing it, and I have
had people come and tell me so — by way of something cheerful
to say, I suppose. I did not agree with them, having not the
slightest intention of consigning myself to the dust-bin, but it
was a bit oppressive. And well-meaning people would come
along and say : " You had better do this or that," as if it was
the most natural thing in the world to take to the bench,
after being condemned to the galleys for life ; they jarred on
fellows whose sense of proportion and whose balance were
still the worse for wear.

Those were the sort of thoughts we had when we were
'* blue " ; but at the best of times it was difficult to look ahead,
and the best I could do was to tackle the present, and things
as they came (which still seemed inevitable, as at first), with
as good a heart as possible. I hoped to get some work or
other in connection with the war ; not much caring what the
work might be. But I did not seem able to look beyond that.

Enough! All we crocks are rather sensitive about our
physical deformities and scars, and want to cover them up, and
it is the same with our mental ones. But I will say this :
Army and hospital life have been revelations. Of my fellows
I have not met more than two — and they had their good
points — who really jarred on me. There were all sorts and
conditions, but I've come away with better faith in human
nature than I had before, and a Jot of conceit knocked out.

Nil Desperandum.

EXPERIENCES 115

(III) Re-training Crippled Men.

After nearly two years workinor amongst mutilated ex-service
men, the following remarks embody some lessons I have learnt,
in helping them to train for their future.

What the men require themselves is not always what others
wish for them. Re-training for those who cannot follow their
old occupation is not compulsory, and I am convinced that if
men are to accept re-training voluntarily their own point of view
must have the first claim to consideration.

At one time I did not favour compulsory training for our
men, but I have now formed the opinion that once a man has
undertaken training, he should — after a period of practical test —
sign a contract to complete his course, provided his physical
condition permits.

Many assert that the men are unwilling to undertake train-
ing. I have found no such disinclination. They do require
at first much encouragement and persuasion, but the uprooting
they have been subjected to quite accounts for this temporary
indecision. If advised kindly and firmly, with no glossing over
what awaits them in the future, they will undertake training and
continue it gladly. But it must be worth while^ in no hole-and-
corner make-believe fashion, and definite prospects put before
them, and no time should transpire betiveen their beginning
training and conti7itiing it to its next stage.

In our hospital the patients are all of them men who have
lost limbs and are sent for necessary operations and con-
valescence. The sooner they are tackled about their future the
better. Hospitals such as this afford many forms of pleasure,
and so much is done for the men that they are liable to postpone
serious thought of the future until they are discharged. Army
life has made many of them very idle, and they require much
rousing out of themselves, especially if they have spent a long
time in hospital, and become "hospitalized." Card playing is
the most formidable hindrance ; once a man has got into a
group of gamblers, he can only be got out of it by fatherly
kindness and firmness.

Well-paid employment, too, can be almost certainly found
now, and one needs to be a good advocate to make them

ii6 REVEILLE

realize that it's only temporary, especially when they hear
from former hospital mates of the wages being paid.

I strongly approve of the establishment of national work-
shops run entirely on a commercial basis. I am certain scores
of these men will not be able to follow a trade in competition
with men who are not handicapped ; for they are easily made
to feel their disability, more especially those with double or
high amputations, and they readily get discouraged. In con-
nection with such national workshops, provision should also be
made for giving the men comfortable homes. I am confident
they will not accept any kind of institutional treatment in their
non-working hours.

There has always been a great demand for such training
as would enable them to live outdoor lives. But I fear they
will not take to small holdings. Small holdings mean very
hard work early and late. A good-sized garden to their house
will give these men quite as much to do as they will feel disposed
to undertake.

For those interesting themselves in this work I describe my
method of procedure. As soon as the man arrives I visit him
and get to know his position and what he hopes to do. If he
can follow his former occupation I do not take any further
action. In other cases, so soon as the doctors have decided
upon his medical requirements, we go into details. A knowledge
of character reading is very helpful at this stage. We mutually
agree on a class, and the man is expected to make a weekly
attendance of eighteen hours out of a possible twenty-two.

The first few days are the most trying ; if he gets through
these we usually succeed in keeping him in training for the
whole time he is in the hospital. Allowance must be made for
the many calls on his time by doctors, nurses, &c. It is impos-
sible to follow a set syllabus at this stage, since most of his
medical requirements have to be attended to in class hours.
This period is really a trial stage, saving valuable time, after
the fitting of the limb, in training for the trade he has
decided on.

He next passes from here to Roehampton to be fitted with
a mechanical limb, and if time permits continues the training
there. On discharge from Roehampton, final arrangements are
made for him with his Local War Pensions Committee for

\

EXPERIENCES 117

the return to civil life and the continuance of his training under
more stringent conditions.

This is the psychological moment, and // is of the utmost
importance that he should be able to take up his next course at
once under very favourable conditions. If allowed to drift at
this point it is so easy for him to fall back into idle habits
and all the former part of the training is lost.

Unbounded enthusiasm is needed here to keep up this
partial training of men, since they are passing on at the rate ot
about twenty per week from the classes, and new men fill their
places.

A very large proportion of men choose the Commercial
Training Section, and I always encourage this when there is
an obvious disadvantage to their taking up a technical trade.
We do not seek to create cheap clerks, but any man, whatever
form of occupation he finally decides on, is the better for such
knowledge as can be gained here. We endeavour, in fact, to
give them a higher form of education than they previously had.

The course embraces book-keeping, accountancy, speech
culture, and a detailed knowledge of things that matter in
business life. Those men formerly employed as grocers or
ironmongers' assistants serving behind the counter, have gained
a practical knowledge of these trades, and been trained — even
if they have lost an arm — to creditably fill the posts of
travellers or secretaries in these same trades.

Undeveloped talent is frequently coming to light, and
in some cases a short course brings out latent quality to a
remarkable degree. Instructors, however, require to be
specially fitted for this work. They must have ability to
lecture as well as to -instruct. Healthy sympathy expressed
with firm purpose is a great help in maintaining interest, but
on no account any show of patronage — it will be resented.

I have recently sent a letter to 200 men (addressed to their
own homes) who commenced their training here, asking for
information on the following questions : —

(i) The firm you are now working for.

(2) The position you hold with the firm.

(3) Your remuneration.

Over 100 replies have been received to date, and these in
every case give great cause for encouragement, and will help
us to keep up the necessary enthusiasm.

ii8 REVEILLE

The trades we specialize in here are : Commercial subjects,
motor mechanics, metal fitting and turning, electrical engi-
neering, cinema operating, cabinet making, turnery and joinery,
boot and shoe repairing and making, tailoring, mechanical
draughtsmanship, carving and letter cutting, stained-glass work,
designing, and others.

In dealing very intimately with i,ioo men I am proud to
state that on no single occasion has there been any necessity
to rebuke one of them. I have never had an unkind word said
to me, and any advice I have tried to give has been thankfully
acted on. It is a great privilege t6 be associated with such
men.

A. G. Baker

(Superintendent of Queen Mary's
Workshops, Brighton).

119

THE TASK OF A LOCAL WAR
PENSIONS COMMITTEE.

By ALFRED SEYMOUR JONES, J.P., F.R.M.S.

(Chairman, -Denbighshire War Pensions Finance Committee.)

In the Training Section Meeting of the Inter-allied Conference
on the Disabled, held this year in London, I spoke on the
problem of the psychology of the disabled men in the war, and
outlined the experience gained in this direction by the
Denbighshire Local War Pensions Committee. The Editor
of Reveille has invited me to express my views in writing.

I feel strongly that the difficulties confronting many other
Local War Pensions Committees would be overcome if there
was the universal endeavour to appreciate the psychology of
the disabled man who appears before them. It should be
realized that the man's pre-war mentality has undergone a
revolutionary change. He has laboured long in the trenches
and been subjected to the most terrible explosions, to gas, wet,
and what not else. He traversed daily the ** valley of the shadow
of death " until the hour came when he sustained his injury.
The horrors of that moment and the loss of his chums who
went " down the vale ' will always be a present memory. He
remembers the hell, the carnage, and the cruel wounds inflicted
on others, the casualty clearing station, the journey to
*' Blighty," the weary months in military hospitals, and through
all blesses the devotion of his nurses. Then a medical
board discharges him — still far from being cured — to the
charge of the Ministry of Pensions. From the time he
sustained his wound until he is finally discharged he has known
little human sympathy and kindness save from the devoted and
over-worked army of doctors and nurses. He leaves the
Service with queer feelings as to the soullessness of the life
therein. It may be he feels friendless, with his old occupation
gone and the future full of forebodings. His nerves are

I20 REVEILLE

wrecked. His mind thinks down instead of up hill. His
imagination is beyond his control and persists in conjuring up
delusions which depress and distort the true position. He
may be a married man with a family ; his health and vigour
are gone ; he has possibly an inadequate pension, all allow-
ances have been stopped ; he turns as his last hope to his
Local War Pensions Committee.

This is the average difficult subject with whom we have
to deal. And if I oudine our methods of handling the more
serious cases, it may serve as a guide.

The Denbighshire Local War Pensions Committee office
staff is a paid service, except in a few cases where men have
been ordered by a tribunal to put in so many hours per week
National Service with us.

The success of every Committee lies in securing a Secretary
full of enthusiasm for the work ; sympathetic^ hard working,
not sparing himself ; well versed in the regulations, with good
knowledge and experience of administrative work, and plenty of
initiative, and constructive, ability. That type of man we are
most fortunate in having.

Under him are a paid staff of experienced men and women
who interview every discharged man, disabled or not, and the
wives, mothers, and other female dependants. The mornings
are set aside for interviewing. Every discharged man is
invited, either by a visitor or a friendly letter, to call and see
us unless he has already done so. This also applies to the
dependants. The invitation is always couched in a friendly
manner.

It is the fjrst call which creates the favourable or unfavour-
able impression on the man. We lay ourselves out to impress
on him that we are his friends and out to fight for *' his rights ''
.as vigorously as he fought for ours. The bulk of cases offer
no difficulty, but approximately lo per cent, do test our abilities.
It is to such I wish to refer.

Let me take, for instance, the case of a man passed out
from an orthopaedic hospital with instructions as to further
treatment. Orthopaedic surgery is one of the greatest dis-
coveries in this war, and we are proud of the fact that its
present position is mainly due to a Denbighshire man, Sir
Robert Jones, who defines the science of " orthopaedics in

TASK OF A WAR PENSIONS COMMITTEE 12 c

relation to military surgery " as ** the treatment by operation,
by manipulation, by reconstruction, and by re-education of
disabilities to arms and legs arising from injury or disease."
Orthopaedic treatment, therefore, may involve months or years
before the man is restored. It is a science where Art and
Nature work together for the good of the man. It calls for
unlimited patience, and confidence on the man's part in the
orthopaedic surgeon. The man before us has his own tale of
suffering and troubles to tell. We interview him in a private
room, with a stenographer present who takes down his story,
and all his replies to questions. The man is comfortably
seated and made to feel he is talking- to his best friend. He
may be a difficult case, with nerves and will power shattered,
inclined to be distrustful and suspicious. The interviewer
must aim steadily at gauging the man's nature and directing
his vision from despair to hope. He must keep a smiling,
cheerful temper until he has mastered the situation. He may
fail at the first interview, but there are other forces which may
be employed ; the man's wife, his pals, his minister, all are
ready to help, and their aid should be enlisted to make the
second interview a greater success.

If the man complains of his disablement paining him, or
his medical sheet states that he requires further operative
treatment, he is seen by the medical referee, who probably
decides that the man must see an orthopaedic surgeon. With
all the orthopaedic hospitals in the hands of the War Office a
difficulty at once arises. This difficulty we have succeeded in
overcoming in Wales by having a ward of forty beds placed
under our control by the War Office, at Croesnewydd
Auxiliary Military Hospital, Wrexham, which has a complete
orthopaedic installation. This War Office concession, I believe
the first of its kind, has been a blessing to the men.

One word as to medical referees. It seems to me un-
fortunate that the choice of these referees has not, in all cases,
fallen on men who have had sufficient experience in dealing
with disabled cases. The choice in our case, however, has
been most fortunate.

The man usually consents to seeing our consulting ortho-
paedic surgeon, of whom and whose work one cannot speak
too highly. He has the happy knack of seeing into the man

122

REVEILLE

at once and gaining his confidence. He is a mighty factor in
our work for which we are deeply grateful. To those who
have not witnessed the miracles of orthopaedics, for a layman
to attempt any description would be an act of presumption.
Our duty is to employ every means in our power to restore the
disabled man to his normal pre-war state of health, and in this
work the orthopaedic surgeon plays a noble part.

Or take the case of a neurasthenic — a truly tragic and
difficult problem. The interviewer's efforts should be directed
to inducing the man to face another Medical Board, which
deals exclusively with such cases. If it is carefully explained
to him that it is not a Military Medical Board, but one composed
of specialists who will advise as to the nature of the case, the
man rarely refuses. In our case the Board meets at Berrington
Auxiliary Military Hospital, thirty-five miles away. The men
are motored to Berrington voluntarily. With the man we
send the '' case file " which we have built up dealing with his
case, so that the Board may be posted before seeing the man.
This greatly aids the Board in arriving at the best possible
diagnosis. I have taken men before such Boards and can
speak in the highest terms of their work. Here, again, we
co-operate with a special agency. Our sole idea is the restora-
tion of the man ; never mind the labour or cost. It is the
cheapest method for the nation in the long run.

A difficult and, too frequently, hard case, with which we are
all, from time to time, face to face, is the case unprovided for by
the Royal Warrant. The man has a real or imaginary grievance.
Our procedure is to compile a complete case file, beginning as
far back in the man's life as possible, with medical and other
evidence bearing on his ailment, health insurance, club (if a
member), Army medical records. Army records, the man's own
statement, the evidence of friends, relatives, employers, &c.,
then send him and the case file before the Medical Referee ;
and finally he appears before an Emergency Committee of the
Local War Pensions Committee, who adjudicate and formulate
a written opinion. The whole case is then submitted to the
Ministry. Should the case, in our opinion, be proven and of
urgent distressing hardship, we read into the Royal Warrant
the common-sense view and act accordingly.

Our view has always been that only by dealing with such
cases on judicial lines, preparing all the evidence and sub-

• TASK OF A WAR PENSIONS COMMITTEE 123

mitting it to the Minister of Pensions, can we expect the
Ministry to create future Royal Warrants to provide against
recurrence of similar cases. From the Minister of Pensions
downwards we are all builders of a great new Christian
Pensions Scheme, and it behoves all of us to give of our best
to the building of the finest of all war memorials — a perfect
Pension, Restoration, Re-education, and Repatriation Scheme.
The Ministry is doing its best to grapple with the thousand
and one problems and are always grateful to Local Committees
who do not *' let them down," and though Local Committees
may sometimes make mistakes — and who does not ? — the
Ministry will not "let down" those Committees who prepare,
act on, and submit the evidence in genuine cases.

The placing of disabled men in employment suitable to
their disablement is a matter of considerable concern and
difficulty. It is, unfortunately, only too true that Labour
Exchanges have not always proved a success in placing such
men. The Exchanges can show large figures of employment
reported to have been found for disabled soldiers, but we all
know that many of those men are attracted by large wages to
unsuitable employment ; consequently they break down and
drift back once more to the protection of their Local War
Pensions Committee. In our opinion and experience, the
causes for the failures are to be found in the inadequate staffing
of the Labour Exchanges, in the consequent lack of personal
interest and of co-operation with the War Pensions Committees.

For some time we in Denbighshire formed our own
Employment Branch but recently, at the instigation of the
Government, we have formed a Joint Sub-Commitee, of
the Denbighshire Local War Pensions Committee and the
Wrexham Local Advisory Committee (Labour Exchange), on
which body all classes are represented. We have a separate
office in the Labour Exchange, separately staffed, with an
officer who devotes his whole time and personal attention to
each case. The Local War Pensions Office is in intimate
touch through a liaison officer with the Exchange. The
Exchange officer is guided in his course of action by the
Medical Referee's report. Each man is interviewed and
the personal element brought in. The man having been
placed, a letter is written covering the man's case to the
employer, who is asked to play his part. We do not let go of

124

REVEILLE

the case until we know the man is in employment suitable to
his disablement.

At the monthly meetincrs of the Committee every case is
reviewed, and if men desire to appear before the Committee
they are invited to do so. Recalcitrant men we bring before
the Committee ; or we appoint persons of influence to see
them. There are, and always will be, cases of almost
insuperable difficulty ; such can only be dealt with by super
means.

In concluding this inadequate article on the task of a Local
War Pensions Committee I cannot press home too strongly
the view that, if our work is to be successful, we must interview
each man, not send him a> form filled with questions which
bewilder him, and which he answers (if at all) most
inadequately. The latter is a lazy, unworthy way of dealing
with a man whom it is our bounden duty to help to the limit
of our power. Interviewing, when efficiently performed, is an
exhausting occupation, requiring immense tact and patience.
Look upon each interview as a battle, in which you manoeuvre
for position ; keep your eye on victory for the sake of the man,
his wife and children. Each time you succeed in sounding
the depths of the man's nature you have won a victory for the
man and the nation.

It is our sacred privilege to be allowed to care for the
disabled soldier, to care for the dependants of those who will
never return. They have given their best for us : can we do
less than give our best for them ? It is up to us to play our
part with all our hearts in this work. Never leave hold of the
man until he can plough his own furrow of life in complete
independence. Let our work be a living, breathing memorial
of those who sacrificed so much for us. Let us show that we
too are prepared to make a supreme sacrifice, if necessary, to
protect those who so nobly offered their lives and health for us.
Make a close study of your work and its problems, em^ploy
every agency you can think of to help you, join up such
agencies, co-operate with them, and put your whole soul into
your job — at the risk of your health even — then victory will be
yours.

*• Life is eternal, and love is immortal, and death is only
an horizon, and an horizon is nothing but the limit of our
sight."

125

PHYSICAL EDUCATION,

By Colonel NETTERVILLE BARRON

(Army Medical Service),

A voice in the night heard crying,
" Ye have trod on the steep descent,

Beauty and grace denying,

And the world's first Sacrament,

That body and soul have bonded

Ye have shattered and broken and rent."

A. Stodart Walker.

P.T., as it is called in the Army, is but one of the many
sections into which Physical Education should be divided.

P.T., that is, Physical Training, is just a system of exercise,
usually of the Swedish variety, given under the guidance of an
instructor, with the object of improving the physique or
restoring the health of soldiers.

Physical Training in Different Countries.

The Swedish system differs from the German in that it is
not customary for the instructor himself to lead the exercises.
Moreover, little or no apparatus is required.

It differs altogether from the British system, the latter
being chiefly an affair of games, whether organized or, as is
generally the case, disorganized.

The growth of professionalism has, while enlarging the
audiences, diminished the number of game players. Betting
has still further reduced the moral value of many games,
endowing them with an unhealthy interest which is replacing
the normal desire of a young man to take an active part in
them. But, after all, P.T., be it Swedish or German or
British games, is, as I have said, only a very small part of
Physical Education.

126 REVEILLE

The Care of the Body.

Only by physical education properly given can a child's
mind and soul be effectually reached. During early life the
care of the body is infinitely more important than the care of
the mind. As we grow older this relativity scarcely alters — not,
at any rate, until we have reached some way beyond our
coming of age. We must have ceased to grow before we can
cease our physical education, and even then we must continue
to practise its tenets. Perhaps when we understand how much
should be included in physical education these heresies may
appear less gross.

Physical education is the teaching of the body. But the
body includes those ** material " things, brain and the organs of
sense, without which we are in no better case than the lowest
forms of life. It is therefore no light matter to teach that on
which and by which our humanity is maintained, nor can it be
done by exercise alone.

The body has to be fed, housed, clad and cleansed. At
present we spend often enough more money on ministering to
a horse than we do on many a child made after God's image.
Is it any wonder that whereas we have a beautiful breed of
horses, a very indifferently developed manhood exists to
straddle them ? We have not yet appreciated the disgrace
which should attach to each of us on seeing a miserable ill-fed
youth in rags issuing from a hovel.

The Degradation of the Body.

The initial error arose away back in the dark ages, back
indeed before the Christian era, when some misguided philo-
sopher " discovered " that by scourging his body he could the
more easily cultivate his soul. The flesh is weak, therefore
make it weaker. Make it so weak that short of leaving its
earthly home altogether the soul may develop untrammelled by
bodily lusts and greeds. Gradually, this pernicious doctrine
spread until, disappointed with the results of flagellation, its
devotees came to denounce suitable and sufficient food as
gluttony, fine houses as temples of vice, appropriate and
beautiful garments as vanity, and cleanliness as an insult to
vermin.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 127

In time we arrive at the Separatists, those who insist that
the body is, or should be, completely divorced from the soul:
a delusion which, I regret to say, has permeated society and
religion, and is still with us. In truth, that which is purely
physical in the human body is hard to cut adrift from that
which is spiritual, or from that which is mental.

Regard some of our own modern mortifiers of the flesh.
We all know the sort I mean. His hair is long, his skin is
yellow and lustreless, his muscles are a farce, he is dirty and
he is fanatical. He breathes " Religion " and *' Temperance "
and " Damnation." But he has a beautiful soul ! Ah ! There
are many people, especially among women, who will tell you
how at some gathering his words burned into their poor brains,
how through him they have at last found salvation. Neverthe-
less, this man is neither religious nor temperate nor just. He is
without any sense of rhythm, without balance, without love.
By his door pass the poor in all their dirt, because they have
not the wherewithal to make them clean. By his door pass
the ragged and the hungry, yet he gives them neither raiment
nor food. He gives them instead words and phrases — lovely,
may be, as the sound of distant bells, and like bells, hollow.

Next door, perhaps, lives an educationalist, a learned
man — a prophet of the technical, large and Germanic. He
thinks that somewhere beyond mathematics, if there be such
a beyond, is the summuni bonum. Meanwhile, mathematics
are good enough for him. He can, and does, discourse on
calories and food values. He can tell you the percentages of
your material composition. He looks upon a blackboard with
reverence, since it is a stepping-stone to culture. But the
crowds pass unheeded, save when their laughter or curses
disturb his mental calisthenics. Then, indeed, he writes letters
to the press, inquiring with some acerbity what is going to be
done about it. He need not worry. The trumpet is sounding.
There will be a great awakening, for him and for his neighbour.

A Ministry of Health.

Soon it will be realized that the body of man is of tremendous
spiritual import. Even now we are beginning to hear more
and more of a Ministry of Health. They are calling in the
doctors. Alas ! that the doctors are themselves not always too

128 REVEILLE

intimately acquainted with the malady they have to treat. We
are beginning to understand that as a nation v/e are physically
uneducated. Compulsory Military Service with its medical
categories has proved beyond any doubt that there are living
and breeding in England to-day a huge number of physical
degenerates. There is no doubt whatever, none.

My first practical suggestion would be to appoint a Royal
Commission with power to inquire fully into the whole question
of Physical Education. The subject is too vast for any one
brain. Advice must be sought from many experts, and students
must be placed in responsible positions to carry out further
investigations.

Meanwhile a certain amount has been accomplished. The
Army's imperious demand for men who are physically fit has
been the means of teaching thousands the value of P.T. If
men have learned for the first time what it is to be wounded,
they have also learned what it is to be really well.

The Cry of the People.

Much still remains to be done. There must be an aristo-
cracy of health, into whose ranks shall be admitted viscount
and tailor alike. The nation must become physically sane
before any permanent progress can be made towards the
eradication of our moral perverts.

It is with the hope of stimulating general interest that
this article is written. The people cry out for assistance. They
feel in their hearts that the existence in our midst of the
squalid, the underfed, and the degenerate is all wrong.

Four Plays.

Blind and groping in the darkness,
Reaching out our hands for guidance,
Calling to the silent places :
'* Did He in His image make us,
Did He give us souls and with it
Nothing but is sin or shameful ?

Is there no one who can help us ? "
From the awful, silent places
Comes an answer sure and ringing.
Calling to all men and women :

*• Lo ! the clay of which I made you

Is the temple that I gave you.'*

'-" . -^iiiiir.r.**'- "*»mrnnmi^"'' '<^miv^-*'

•••' r . ^ • ' r . Vf ^P^ U tf *** 1

^^^Hr '^ y-^

i mi I ^l^^^^^^^^l

^H

^^^^^m

(1) TELEMARCHE. — The arrival of a Stranger causes consternation among
the drunken Students. Telemarche is crouching in the foreground with his
hat on. The actions represent surprise and dread; those of the Stranger,
deternnination.

fe

(2) THE DEATH OF TELEMARCHE.— The Stranger has disappeared.
Telemarche lies dead on the table. The actions represent horror ; note the
extended fingers with hooked tips.

(3) The Students are turned to stone. Telemarche is in the act of falling,
all muscles apparently limp but balance perfect. The awakening follows this
scene. The Stranger stands in the act of causing the transformation.

(4) Taken during a rhythmic exercise expressive first of despair, then
of repentance and hope. The feet are in the position "7, open." The most
correct position of the feet is shown by the second man from the left (front
row) of ihe picture.

(

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 129

So runs a song taken from my play, ** The Soul of the
Fiddler," produced in Blackpool in March, 191 7. It was a
play acted entirely by wounded soldiers during their term of
convalescence. With the exception of three songs the play
was wordless. There were nearly forty performers, hardly any
of whom had had any experience of the stage. Yet I cannot
imagine any play being attended by a more rapt audience.
*' The Soul of the Fiddler," although a play, was chiefly a form
of physical education. It is perhaps the best example of the
method I advocate, if by no means the first effort of its kind.

The very first was presented at the Windsor Forest Institute
for Physical Training before the War. The second, of which
some photographs are here given, was called " Telemarche."
It, too, was produced in Blackpool by patients of the King's
Lancashire Military Convalescent Hospital (October, 191 6).
A third, " The Beggarman and the Pilgrim," was also staged
in Blackpool in December of the same year. All four plays
had the same purpose running through them. They were
designed to emphasize the oneness of body, mind, and soul.

The Relationship of Movement to Body,
Mind, and Soul.

Movement, rest, and pose have effect both on pupil and
observer. In the case of dramatic productions this effect is of
course specially intentional. The effect on the pupil can be
exactly what one chooses to make it, and, furthermore, the
effect is not confined to his body, but penetrates to his mind
and soul.

Movements depend for their mental effect on a number of
widely different things — pace, force, and repetition ; balance and
tension ; rhythm and time ; on whether movements are bilateral
or unilateral; the pupil right or left handed. Reaction, accuracy,
and co-ordination are important factors. But ihe essential factor
is meaning, because movements which express ideas or emotions
can be used to an almost unlimited extent in physical education.
Under their influence the backward becomes bright and recep-
tive, memory is improved, and the moral sense is quickened.

An unbalanced body means an unbalanced mind, a shuffling
gait a shuffling soul. It would be a mistake to make our

9

I30 REVEILLE

claims too wide. There are numerous and complicated matters
to consider. It is, for example, a grave error to begin too
young; neither can miracles be expected after the bodily form
has become fixed. Within reason, however, the basis of all
education should be *' physical," since through the body alone
can we arrive at a real racial progress.

The above statements express the reverse of a materialistic
idea. It is the essential spirituality of the human body which
I wish to impress on all my feaders, and more particularly on
those who are now engaged on the great problem of recon-
struction after the war. Let us have done once and for all
with mortification of the flesh ; let us instead glorify it, correct-
ing the errors, accentuating the beauties. Let us concentrate
on physical perfection, knowing full well that in order to attain
it spiritual education must inform our whole scheme.

SoxME Details of Physical Training.

Returning to detail : Swedish exercises are frequently per-
formed to music. The music chosen has to have a marked
tempo. In the system I adopt for advanced work, and which
I recommend for children, there are no regular pauses ; the
movements flow on with the music as do the movements of a
dance in a Russian ballet. Select good music. Wagner
appears to have composed some of the most suitable, but at
the K.L.M.C.H. we borrowed freely from Liszt, Schumann,
St. Saens, Chopin, and Handel.

The movements should be undulating rather than abrupt,
and over any one series should vary greatly in pace. Balance
and tension must be ensured by careful attention to respiration
and to the position of the feet. Diana Watts, in her book,
" The Renaissance of the Greek Ideal," explains fully the
position for the feet during exercise. When not resting be-
tween exercises, the feet should be close together, heel to heel
and toe to toe. It is a position we call " Mark." The heels
should be almost clear of the ground, with the weight carried
on the front of the arch of the foot. Note here that the military
position of " attention " is inaccurate and mistaken, as are also
the directions parents so often give their children to turn their
toes out.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 131

It would take too much valuable space to explain in detail
the meaning of movements. Briefly, flexion movements are de-
pressing, ''negative," as we call them. Extension movements
are exhilarating, or ''positive." For example, bend your head,
flex your arms and your fingers, bend your trunk forward, bend
your knees. You are now in a negative position, sorrowful, or
actually afraid, according to the degree of flexion. Do precisely
the reverse, extending the head backwards, the arms upwards,
throw back your trunk and extend the right leg backwards,
extend the feet by rising on the toes. You are now in a
position of exaltation. Repeat this exercise several times and
you will find your depression gradually vanishing.

Movement with meaning — such is the essence of the system.
Instead of an exercise devoid of any interest except its diffi-
culty or the fatigue it engenders, we have a series of exercises,
lasting perhaps two hours, which do not fatigue, yet are so
strenuous that free sweating is a usual accompaniment.

Before aspiring to stage displays, a good many hours must
be ^' spent on teaching balance, tension, and rhythm. The
class should then proceed to the quickening of reaction time,
and the preservation of balance when caught in a disadvan-
tageous position. We arrive at this by means of a game
called "Gusto." The rules and apparatus can be obtained from
Messrs. Slazenger. "Gusto," commonly known among the
patients as " Bailee," is a game specially invented for use in the
Windsor Forest Institute, and is now adoptedat theK.L.M.C.H.
It resembles somewhat " Basket" or " Handball," but is faster
and more scientific. Its chief feature is, however, the held posi-
tion which every player has to adopt whenever the referee blows
his whistle. No matter what you may be doing at that moment,
you must fall at once into a correct balance and remain there
until the whistle blows again. This can be practised by making
a class run in single file while chairs, over which they jump, are
placed in the way. On the whistle blowing all must stand
rigid. A man may be in the air at the time. In that case
he holds the position he is in when his foot retouches the
ground. Care should be taken to blow the whistle at very
irregular intervals.

Pupils should be practised in the movements of different
limbs at different rates. This should always be done when

132 REVEILLE

teaching children. It is apt to take up too much time when we
are teaching adults. Marching should be done with the ball of
the foot touching the ground before the heel, and one foot
should fall into position immediately in front of the other, not
to one side as in ordinary walking.

Ambidexterity should always be aimed at, however im-
possible it may appear to attain it. On the other hand, the
movements of the ** natural " hand should not be restricted in
order to develop the movements of the ** unnatural " hand.

Orthodox Swedish movements must by no means be
neglected. They have been carefully thought out and are
particularly suitable for Army work. They are not so suitable
for work in classes made up of soldiers suffering from 'the
various affections of the heart or from neurasthenia (shell-
shock). The sharp, clipped word of command peculiar to
P.T. instructors should be modified for cases of shell-shock,
and undulating movements give better results than staccato
Swedish exercises.

In the treatment of diseases and deformities, all exercises,
whether Swedish or undulating, have to be nicely graded. It
is unnecessary to give details, which already exist in many
admirable text-books.

Finally, may I say that the system of physical education
I advocate has no relationship whatever to a certain Bohemian
cult of so-called beauty, which like a noisome weed obtrudes
itself whenever bodily perfection comes under discussion.

A Parson's Opinion.

Perhaps if I close by quoting from a sermon preached by
the Vicar of Blackpool after seeing '' The Beggarman and the
Pilgrim," it will be made sufficiently clear why I attach so
much importance to physical education, and why I am above
all things anxious to have its tremendous significance brought
before the public : —

" .... I have been privileged to see the play, * The Beggarman
and the Pilgrim.' It placed before me in a most wonderful manner

the great truths of the relationship of body, mind and soul

I would beg of you for your own soul's sake, and for the great
purposes which we have in front of us as a nation, to go willing to be

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

U3

taught, for I am perfectly certain that so long as we persist in our
present attitude towards physical training we have a great deal to

learn The body is not the mere passive instrument of

man's spirit, which shines through it as through uncoloured glass.
The body gives colour, strong and definite to every ray of light which
passes into and out of it. It is not like a harp which answers to the
touch of a musician ; not like the clay in the hands of the potter ; not
like the pencil in the hand of the limner, nor the chisel in the hand
of the sculptor. It is an instrument, animated and active, exercising
a power over the spirit which wields and uses it "

I hope the good Vicar will pardon my introduction of his
words, but they do seem to me to express very accurately what
many are feeling in their hearts ; nor can I be accused of
advertising my own goods, because " The Beggarman and the
Pilgrim " was a wordless play, and has already passed into the
realm of the forgotten.

134

ON CONVOY.

By C. S. EVANS.

The other day there was an empty ambulance train at a certain
railway terminus, and people were paying sixpence, with two-
pence extra as ^'entertainment tax," to go in and see it. I stood
and watched them buy their tickets, but I did not go in with
them because I had often helped to unload one of those
ambulance trains, and I had no curiosity. They were just
ordinary people ; City men chiefly, and well-dressed women,
with, strangely enough, a sprinkling of young soldiers. They
went solemnly to the spectacle and I could not help wondering
what fascination drew them all. Was it that obscure emotion
which makes most of us willing to have our imagination stirred
by horrors, crudely or otherwise — through the pictures of
Wiertz and the tales of Poe, or by the photographs in the
popular journals which show ''the spot where the body was
found " ? Vaguely, at first, I disapproved of these people, and
especially disliked an old gentleman with white whiskers who
handed out his money saying : " It's for a good cause ! " I felt
that no one had any right to want to go to see that ambulance
train ; that if the imagination of these people had not been
sluggish they could not bear to go and see it ; but presently I
felt kindlier towards them because I remembered how, at the
beginning of the war, I used to be fascinated by the pictures of
stricken fields in the illustrated papers, and particularly by the
pictures of trenches with dead men. It was not merely a morbid
curiosity, neither theirs nor mine, but rather a subconscious
desire to realize a terrible thing concretely. Those visitors to
the empty ambulance train wanted to be brought close up
against realities, and I knew as I watched them that even the
most imaginative would come away with a sense of disappoint-
ment. Even when the white-painted bunks were filled and
cars rolled into the station with their load of pain, they would
be to an observer nothing more than a partly comprehended
symbol. Only by an act of pure intuition can any non-

ON CONVOY 135

combatant realize the war. Mere imagination, however, well
fed by concrete eights and sounds, helps but little.

Thoughts such as these brought to my mind the memory of
my first convoy call, and the vague sense of excitement with
which I received it. Several months' training had prepared
me for it. My V.A.D. Battalion had developed from a local
company of the St. John's Ambulance, and at the time I joined
had only recently been promoted to the dignity of a khaki
uniform with the Red Cross on the sleeve. The men were
of all sorts and sizes — gas-workers, railway porters, bakers,
chemists' assistants, clerks, and there was at least one keeper
of a fried-fish shop. The CO. was a commercial traveller and
the quartermaster a cashier ; wonderful men both of them,
fathers of grown-up families, who since the first days of the
war had given up goodness knows how many hours a week to
the task of transporting the wounded from ambulance trains
to hospital. If that had not been done by voluntary effort at the
beginning of the war it is difficult to know how it would have
been done at all. Even to-day the greater part of this trans-
port is carried out by the various volunteer ambulance convoys
which have developed from such small beginnings, and the men
who form the original companies have in most cases received the
King's commission. In those early days they wore a kind of
travesty of an officer's uniform and fulfilled a score of functions
at once. They drilled us, they lectured us on First-aid, they
taught our clumsy fingers deftly to tie bandages, and when they
were not engaged in licking us into shape or attending convoys,
sometimes waiting with their men five or six hours a night, two
or three times a week, on cold and draughty platforms for
hospital trains that were delayed, they were stimulating public
interest in the work, canvassing for recruits and organizing
appeals for money to buy motor ambulances and equipment.

No man was allowed to go ** on convoy " until he had passed
an examination in First-aid and had attended thirty drills,
which usually meant a preliminary training of two or three
months. After that his name was entered as "efficient," and
he was liable to be called at any hour of the day or night. My
call came unexpectedly in an unfamiliar voice on the telephone.

** Convoy this afternoon at Station. Parade at Head-
quarters 3.15., station 3.30."

136 REVEILLE

" Right ! ril be there. A big one ? "
•' About 200 cases. They're clearing up Vimy Ridge."
Two hours to get to my home, change into uniform and
reach an outlying northern suburb. I went, thinking with
misgiving of this new experience. Suppose something went
wrong! Suppose my foot slipped on the polished hospital
floor. Would my N.C.O. remember that I was only detailed
for *' side-bearer " work ? If he forgot, dare I remind him ?

Outside headquarters the motor ambulances were being
gaped at by a curious crowd watching with tense interest the
loading up of the stretchers, blankets, pillows. I travelled to
the station in one of the ambulances with five other men, all
old hands at convoy work.

"This your first convoy? Take my tip and get a job as
ambulance orderly. Nothing to do but tuck up the feet and
see the 'bus doesn't run away."

" Heart case, aren't you ? Mind you don't faint when you
get a sixteen stoner. Have to carry 'em up six flights of
stairs sometimes. The adjutant gets angry when patients are
dropped."

But I was taking the whole thing seriously. Flippancy
seemed to me a little out of place. How could anyone joke
going to such a task ? We drew up before the station with the
rest of the convoy. Four or five different companies were
represented — altogether about 1 70 men. We were formed up,
numbered and detailed to various tasks. I was attached to the
"hospital party," and sent off in the ambulance to the hospital^
where once again we were paraded, numbered, and detailed. A
dozen of us were lined up against the wall of a corridor opposite
an entrance door under the cold and disapproving eye of an
R.A.M.C. sergeant-major. Our job was to step forward two
at a time as the stretcher-bearers entered with the patients and
take each a part of the weight at the side.

And now, while waiting for the first ambulance to roll in, a
new apprehension seized me, not concerning my efficiency, but
my relationship to those poor battered men. Could I look
them in the face ? Suppose one of them were to ask me :
•* Why am I on this stretcher and you standing there ? Why
am I not carrying you ? Why should fit men go into hell and
the weakling stay out ? " And when, presently, the first came

ON CONVOY 137

in, I felt as if I must beg his pardon for not being where
he was.

I saw the head of him first when the stretcher halted for
the M.O. to tick off his name in the book and assign him to
his special ward — a head glowing with a mass of auburn hair,
and I stared at it fascinated. As the stretcher swung level and
I stepped into my place, I looked down at him, a boy about
nineteen, and to my surprise he smiled up at me. '* What's
this place, chum ? " I told him. '* Anywhere near London ? "
"Yes," and, in my confusion, added: "Glad to be back?"
He was kind to me, that boy ; he grinned. A little bit of
paper pinned to his cap bore the word "Amputation." We
took his blankets off and saw he had lost his right arm at the
shoulder ; and his leg on the same side was bandaged from foot
to thigh. As we went down the ward to his bed I almost
envied him. Eyes from all the other beds seemed to be
summing me up. He was of their brotherhood, but I was an
intruder. What was behind their straight, incurious, stolid stare?

Doubling back to my position opposite the door I was
conscious of a shooting pain in my hand, and remembered
suddenly that I had run a splinter into my finger a day or two
before while cutting roses — cutting roses ! — and the place had
festered ; I asked my companion to change sides with me so
that I could use my other hand. He assented, and we changed.
But then a feeling of shame came over me that I should bother
about such a thing at such a time. I looked at my companion
to see if he were sneering at me, but he was not, and I said :
" I think I'll manage with this finger after all. Let's get as
we were." '

Then happened one of those things I had feared. In
carrying the next case to his ward I took a position too close
to the head of the stretcher, and my elbow projecting inwards
brushed against the wounded side of the patient and made him
give a little cry of pain. The R.A.M.C. sergeant-major heard
it, stepped up and reprimanded me curtly, but the man on the
stretcher said: " It's all right, old chap, don't worry about it.''
I wanted to say : "I wouldn't have done it for the world," but
somehow I couldn't speak. He, too, was an amputation case.
He had to put his arm round my neck when I helped him
into bed.

138 REVEILLE

The rest of that day of my first convoy comes to me in a
series of pictures, all dream-like and unreal, with flitting figures
like shadows moving. There's a vision of blue sky and sun-
shine seen through the hospital windows as one walked past,
a vision which always seems to mean something immensely
significant but never yields its mystery. There's the picture
of the hospital courtyard seen through the open door, with a
big, grey-painted ambulance swinging round a curve, and ranks
of men four by four, with empty stretchers, waiting to be filled.
There's a glimpse of the cool hospital corridor, with nurses
walking arm-in-arm, and groups of men in blue clustered round
open doors, who turn and look at us over their shoulders as we
pass, hushing down their talk. There's something terrible in
that picture, and I can't tell why. Then there are the faces I
saw but once, young faces for the most part, and deathly pale.
They come out of darkness and they shine.

These things are symbols which neither I nor any other
man can clearly read, for if we could there would be an end of
war. Disturbed by them, the mind trembles on the brink of
an amazing intuition, from which it yet draws back shuddering.
Let the imagination play, fed by objective impressions, and the
result is merely a multiplication sum — so many hospitals, so
very many loaded ambulances, so many figures like my own in
ill-fitting uniforms carrying stretchers. And away in France
and Belgium the First-aid stations and the casualty clearing
stations and the base hospitals, and on the sea the hospital
ships. And even if we set ourselves to work out that sum,
there is in th^ accumulation no instant or vital appeal to the
consciousness. Wonder, not emotion, is stirred. In the face
of this mass of human misery we are like children to whom one
talks of the immensities of space. And so it is that we obey
that inward call to get into close touch with the realities of war ;
and some of us go to see empty ambulance trains, and some
ride down to the scenes of Zeppelin raids, and men and women
in trains feel vaguely disappointed when their newspapers do not
give them the expected thrills. But such real comprehension
as any individual of us can obtain comes to us from accidental
things, and I think to no man or woman except through sacrifice
and service.

139

NOTES.

By the EDITOR.

There took place recently in London the Second Inter- Allied
Conference on the Disabled. It was opened in the Central
Hall, Westminster, on May 20, by His Royal Highness the
Duke of Connaught, and the King and Queen visited the
Exhibition on the first day.

Not present at the First Inter-Allied Conference in Paris
last year, I cannot compare the two, but our London Con-
ference seemed on the whole successful. Except perhaps at
the banquets — what did our foreign guests think of " Grace "
and a "Loving-cup"? — there was pleasant lack of mutual
admiration and of discord. The delegates, who came from
France and Italy, from Belgium, Portugal, and Serbia, from
the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South
Africa, and Slam, arrived in an air-raid, and were left through-
out but little time for rumination.

Some very interesting papers were read, and a demonstra-
tion given by Professor PuttI, Bologna University, of the
important development of surgery alluded to by our own great
orthopsedlst. Sir Robert Jones, in this number of Reveille.

It was Interesting at the Conference to mark the difference
between the Latin and the Anorlo-Saxon deleg^ates — how the

o o

former dwelt without self-consciousness on theoretic, scientific,
and psychological aspects, while nearly all the Anglo-Saxon
delegates shunned long words like the plague, and were severely
matter of fact. Thus was the object of the Conference achieved,
and the nations learned from one another,

Unglfted with the power of being in three places at once,
one was only able to attend the Conferences on Training.

Dr. Bourrlllon, French delegate and learned head of the
great establishment for re-education at St. Maurice, near Paris —
which I had the pleasure of going over in March, 19 17 — spoke
of the advantao-e of a few lar^e tralnlnor schools as ao^alnst
many small ; of the need for advanced schools ; and of the

T40

REVEILLE

hoped-for Introduction of Inter-Allied schools, to link up the
methods employed.

Dr. Mario Gusmitta, from Italy, furnished a most interesting
paper on the agricultural re-education of the disabled.

Dr. Costa Ferreira, from Portugal, dwelt on the proved
inter-action between physical and mental injury, and the need
for both direct and indirect means of evoking mental restoration.

Dr. Le Brun and Monsieur Alleman spoke of Belgian
re-education, and the latter insisted on the need for teaching the
men to be productive, rather than of merely educating them.

Mr. J. Gustav White detailed the work of the American
Y.M.C.A.

Major McKeen described, to the admiration of all, the
Canadian arrangements for the return to civil life of the dis-
abled, and quoted figures from which it appears that just half
their disabled men have been, or are being trained. Surgeon-
General Fetherson, from Australia, pleaded that all information
on developments in treatment and training should be sent to
the Ministry of Repatriation at Melbourne — a request which
our Departments have no doubt noted.

The South African delegate, Lieutenant-Colonel Thornton
— their problem of course is small, and the conditions are
perhaps exceptionally favourable — told the story of the methods
they pursue. They insist that physical recovery and re-training
for civil life should go hand in hand from the beginning.
Vocational training is actually begun at the bedside ; classes
follow in hospital ; the men then go into hostels, and are
treated as out-patients, but continue their studies in the hospital
workshops ; and, finally, still in-^khaki, they go into factories.
Ninety per cent, of their disabled are voluntarily taking train-
ing. ** Such a satisfactory result is due to the facilities for
early training, which enable patients to become interested in
work in the early days of their illness, and before they have
become thoroughly hospitalized." Verbiim sapienti!

For Britain, Major Robert Mitchell gave a detailed account
of the measures we have adopted.

The Conferences on Training disclosed the need of a Home
Conference on that subject. In fact, it was a pity we had not
held one before the Allied Conference came on.

Many points of domestic importance were brought out by
the various home speakers. A Birmingham delegate asked

b

NOTES 141

that hicrher allowances should be made to the men taking train-
ing ; the competition, he said, of highly paid work, such as
munitions, was too great at present. (To this point our Ministry-
promised to give attention.) He spoke, too, of the resentment
felt by many men at the kind of question put to them by persons
trying to induce them to take training. He said most truly
that ** the disabled fuan is the concern not only of the Government,
but of the Public''

He was supported substantially by delegates from South
Wales.

Some delegates spoke of the advisability of nationally
reserving certain occupations, such as switchboard work, and
jewellery, entirely for the disabled. On that I have a remark
to make later on.

Some very interesting comments were offered by Dr.
Walmsley, from Clerkenwell. He pleaded for identity of
control, under a single Department fused of the Pensions and
Labour Ministries. Also of the necessity for securing for the
disabled man definite and permanent employment, and not
turning him out a mere handyman, to try and compete with
low-paid labour. The outlets for men, he said, must be found
while they are training ; and the syllabuses were not yet satis-
factory. He deprecated blind-alley occupations ; and finally,
for training in special small trades, he advocated a limited
number of large establishments.

Mr. Wilson, of Birmingham, put in an earnest plea for arts
and crafts, and the need for *' quality work." " Quality," he
said, " is the only thing which pays, and pays all the time."
He asked for a Central Committee to foster the training of
men in the arts and crafts.

Mr. Dudley Myers, the Director of Training at Roehampton,
advocated centralization of control ; co-ordination of effort ;
and the collective handling of men. He spoke about the need
of convalescent hospitals for those about to be discharged, terri-
torially placed, with workshops attached.

Dr. Holland, of the Newport Technical School, drew atten-
tion to the fact that there was as yet no adequate provision for
disabled members of the learned professions, such as architects,
accountants, lawyers, teachers ; and to the problem of men
disabled not by wounds or sickness, but by mere length of

,42 REVEILLE

service. He asked for unity of control, reservation oi certain
occupations, and the compulsory notification of vacancies.

Mr. Butcher, a Lancashire delegate, lamented the mental
apathy of the disabled men and the way they were going
straight Into blind-alley occupations at high wages, without
any thought of their future. He advocated the starting of
training in hospital.

Mr. Mawson made a strong appeal for handlcraftsmanship,
and for specialization in super-industries.

Sir William Younger complained of the very small number
of men who in his district (Dumfries) were coming forward
for training, especially in agriculture. He put in a plea for
the teaching of afforestation In combination with small holdings.

The Rothband scheme was warmly advocated by Colonel
Bowden, M.P.

Mr. Seymour Jones pleaded for the personal touch, and the
closest study of each individual case by every Local War
Pensions Committee.

Another delegate from Birmingham complained that men
were sent out from Labour Exchanges to work for which they
were not fitted. He also pleaded for the close study of each
case. ** A lot of pressure," he said, ** Is necessary to Induce a
man to take training, and the monetary allowances are not
sufficient."

Miss Heyneman, the only lady speaker, described the work
of Kitchener House, and emphasized the great Importance and
need of such educational clubs, where wounded soldiers and
sailors still in hospital can go In their hours of leave, and
receive Instruction in languages and useful occupations, to keep
their faculties alert and their minds from rusting.

Sir Charles Nicholson presided over the Trainings Section.

The Conferences on Treatment were presided over by
Lord Charnwood, and the Conference on Pensions by Sir
Arthur Griffith- Boscawen.

A volume containing the Reports (523 pages) was devotedly
edited by Lord Charnwood under great difficulties, and not —
as might be supposed, owing to a printer's error — by him who
writes these words. This volume, which contains much valuable
matter, can be obtained from His Majesty's Stationery Office,
Westminster, price 5s.

NOTES 143

In a paper contained in that volume, by Mrs. Wood of the
London Local Pensions Committee, I find the pregnant sayings :
" A pensioned man has, in the eyes of the Labour world, the
same ominous possibilities as female labour, child labour, or
alien labour." And : " It is up to the Pensions Committee to
see . . . that the whole question of training is considered
in conjunction with that of employment." But I find also one
saying which gives me pause: "It should, it seems to me,
therefore be accepted . . . that a man having a skilled
trade he can return to should not be considered eligible for
training." Certainly not, if his working value at that trade is
100 per cent, or 90, or even, perhaps, 80 per cent, of what
it was. But in so many cases a disabled man can go back
now to his skilled trade with only from 50 to 75 per cent, of
the working power he formerly had. This is all very well
while the war lasts. But — afterwards ? Such a man emphati-
cally needs re-training for something at which he is nearly or
quite the equal of an able man. It transpired in the course of
the Conference that about 32 per cent, of discharged men have
gone back to their old employment. How many of these will
be able to keep that employment when the full pinch of
industrial competition comes once more ? Mrs. Wood said very
truly that the real problems of training will not arise until after
the conclusion of war conditions.

On May 28 there was a debate in the House of Commons
on Pensions administration. If the attendance — some fifty
members — shows the measure of interest in the disabled as
yet felt by the country at large, one can only say it is not
extravagant. Though much appreciation was shown of the
recent efforts of the Pensions Ministry, there was a good deal
of criticism, led by Mr. Hogge. Perhaps the chief point, of
many in his able speech, was the unfair position of the mothers
and dependants of boy apprentices, who in the early days of
the war volunteered, compared with the position of mothers
and dependants of youths who waited for conscription. Feeling
on this point appears universal, and remedy will no doubt be
found. Legislation was spoken of to prevent the exploitation
of disability by employers ; and to remove the reluctance to

144 REVEILLE

employ caused by the Employers' Liability Act. As Sir
Howell Davies put it, a disabled man should be able to say
to his would-be employer : " If an accident arises through my
incapacity or disability you are not going to lose by it, because
the Government will stand behind me."

The more one thinks over this whole matter the more one
is driven to the conclusion that very special occupations alone
will meet the case of a great number of the disabled, if they are
not to be thrown out of work in normal times. And the plea
that certain occupations should be nationally reserved for them
has much surface attraction. Against it there are two factors,
which I think outweigh the advantages. Will public opinion a
few years hence, when the war is a stale memory, uphold such
reservations ? I more than doubt it. Further : Is it not an
inorganic, unnatural way out ? The way of vigour and perfec-
tion clearly lies in discovering for these men jobs which they
can take and hold without protection. Our minds and con-
sciences will only be at rest when every disabled man is in
work at which he is worth as much as the able man. For then
only will pensions be what they ought to be — true rewards
and compensations for injury received in the service of the
country. But, sooner than reserve certain occupations, I think
we should foster the handicrafts, and train more of the disabled
in the arts of the smith and founder, terra-cotta worker,
modeller, plasterer, carver, metal-worker, potter, glass-worker,
chair and furniture maker, hand-loom weaver, and other crafts
now but meagrely pursued. The Government would, I think,
be well advised, as urged by Mr. Wilson, to encourage the
formation of a central organizing committee of craftsmen, and
work in with them.

The presence in the community a few years hence of
numbers of men living, or rather half-alive, on their pensions,
charity and odd jobs, will be a national disgrace. And it is
certain that, whatever success the Government schemes for
treatment and training have, there will still be a residue of
disabled men unfitted with permanent jobs, of disabled men
continually losing their work, and of disabled men who will not
work. To deal with all these there will, I doubt not, have to

NOTES 145

be national provision of some sort — possibly a development of
the Lord Roberts' Memorial Workshops for townsmen, and of
complementary land settlements for countrymen. Workshops
and settlements self-supporting so far as possible, but State-
guaranteed on condition that they refused no man disabled by
the war, and made the best they could of him while he was
there. Some last line of defence, some last resort will, I am
sure, turn out to be necessary, so that the country may be able
to lay its hand on its heart and reply to any disabled man
unabsorbed in industry : " There is always a place for you, and
a good place, even if you have failed to hold your own in
normal industry. You can go there to-morrow."

A MATTER which I am sure is extremely important, if it is
not already being attended to, is the continual up-to-date supply
to all Local War Pensions Committees of the " demand "
figures for special industries, so far as they can be obtained.
And speaking of these Local Committees, one cannot too often
express the conviction that on the way they handle the dis-
charged men who come to them, on their sympathy and tact
and energy and personal touch the success of the Government
schemes now hang. On that and on the support they receive
from the public. I hope everybody will read Mr. Seymour
Jones's little article. People whose hearts are not in the work
have no business on Local War Pensions Committees. Every
suspicion of patronage, charity, and grudgery — to coin a word —
must be rooted out, or w^e shall see but the mirage of success.

I WANT to direct public attention to the sentence be-
ginning : " Their number is comparatively small," near the end
of the article in this number of Reveille called '' The Return
of the Officer." An influential committee has been formed to
help officers to settle on the land, and any offers of assistance
will be acknowledged, and all information forwarded by the
Hon. Secretary, Officers' Fund, Barclay's Bank, 25B, Old Broad
Street, London.

On p. 360 of the last number of Recalled to Life,
the ^Manor House Orthopaedic Hospital at Hampstead was
mentioned as being associated with the Military Orthopaedic
Hospital at Shepherd's Bush. I am asked to say that this is

10

146 REVEILLE

no longer the case. This excellent hospital has now been
placed, by agreement with the War Office, under the aegis of
the Pensions Ministry, and only takes discharged men, who
are sent to them through the various Local War Pensions
Committees.

It is now nearly two years since I had the delight of
watching- Colonel Netterville Barron's Musical Drill (described
in his article " Physical Education," in this number) at King-
Edward's Lancashire Convalescent Hospital near Blackpool.
A little mime play was performed to music — each motion of the
actors being carefully studied to improve their strength and
balance. It struck one as a kind of white magic, emotionalizing
to watch, and quite obviously absorbing to the men taking part
in it. Its introduction into other convalescent hospitals would
be a splendid thing.

Remarkably ingenious devices for the aid of mutilated and
injured men are conjured out of women's brains at the Surgical
Requisites Association, 17, Mulberry Walk, Chelsea. They
must be seen to be believed in, and yet are, some of them, so
simple. And the queer thing is that the people making them
never dreamed of such things before the war.

I WENT the other day to a very wonderful place. When
things are lovely as well as useful, when a house of work is
wrapped in garments of happiness, in sum, where beauty walks
— then, I suppose, we are inclined to give higher marks of
appreciation than we do to the "plain-stuff" institution. And
so we should — far higher — for beauty and happiness are no
less the prizes of life for being rare these days. If, then, you
want to see use, beauty, and happiness, you will find them
at the Heritage Craft Schools, Chailey, Sussex. They
perform there three kinds of restoration, I know not which
the more necessary and fine. They educate crippled children,
they restore air-raid children to health, they care for and train
crippled soldiers from the Shepherd's Bush Military Hospital.
They took their first crippled soldiers for re-training from the
London Hospital in January, 191 5. But the place must be
seen ; it is an authentic miracle. A good place and a beautiful
in every sense. Their founder and Hon. Secretary is Mrs.

NOTES 147

C. W. Kimmins Old Heritage, Chailey, Sussex ; their chief
Patroness, H.R.H. Princess Louise. Bricks are not made
without straw, nor miracles wrought without money in these
days. The wise and beneficent will inquire further.

If readers will study Sir John Collie's article, *' Restorative
Treatment," and the Appendix thereof, they will realize some-
thing of the problem which continued physical treatment of
the discharged man means. To deal with it in the present
shortage of doctors and accommodation is like trying to
enlarge a garment without cloth. But they will be struck, too,
by the vast expansion of the arrangements in the last few
months. The number of men being treated under the Ministry
of Pensions has increased since January i this year from 4,297
to 19,684 on June 5. And up to that date the total number
who have been given treatment under the Ministry is 38,480 ;
36 to 2)7 P^f cent, of them for wounds or injuries.

The recent extensions are very cheering ; but a glance at
Table A will show how many tens of thousands there must
be in our midst who still really need further physical treatment,
even though for one reason or another they are not claiming it.

Of the 358,160 officers and men pensioned for disability
up to May 31 this year, 43 per cent, were discharged for
wounds and injuries, and 57 per cent, for disease and illness ;
this estimate counts shell-shock as a nervous disease.

By common consent, especially when it is known that a
man cannot be returned to the Army, his physical restoration
ought to go hand in hand with re-education for civil life. I
hope it will be found possible to introduce bedside occupations,
such as Lieut-Col. Goldthwait, of the American Army Medical
Service, describes in this number of Reveille ; but I am told
that to continue instruction when men are " up " is impossible
for lack of space and other reasons, in most of our military
hospitals. There is very great need, therefore, for Educational
Clubs (such as Kitchener House, 8, Cambridge Gate, Regent's
Park) where men, still in hospital, can go for occupation and
education in their leave hours. The more attention hospital
authorities and the benevolent public give to this vital matter,
the simpler and more hopeful the whole problem of refitting
a man for civil life will become.

148 REVEILLE

Anyone who knows a disabled man going on the wrong
tack should read Major Mitchell's article, and consult Tables B
and C. He will find in Table B occupations suitable to the
man's disability, and will discover from Table C where those
occupations are being taught.

Wide and generous plans, much zeal and effort, official and
private, are now being devoted to this great question of our
disabled. Nobody pretends that the scheme is perfect, nobody
I am sure blinks the difficulties. The obstacles have been, and
are, many and great, and we have got to effective work all too
late in the day. Tens of thousands of discharged men have
stepped back into industry before all was done that could have
been done for them by way of physical treatment ; that is the
first danger. Tens of thousands have taken, and are still
taking, jobs which they will have no chance of keeping ; that
is the second danger. There is still a miasma of suspicion to
be cleared away, and a bank of apathy to be broken through.
Tell me, do you see any chance whatever of retrieving these
men, of still giving them the needed physical treatment, and
the needed vocational training, so that they fit into secure and
permanent niches in the social structure, and become happy,
useful citizens — unless the Public, the g^^eat Public, comes to
the rescue, and by exerting the gradual pressure of its goodwill
and effort and opinion on every such man, induces him to
take the chances offered ? Frankly, I do not. Nothing is
harder than to persuade men to be wise about themselves.
The men who have slipped away — who knows how many i* —
and the men who are still slipping all the time, will plaster this
country a few years hence with human wreckage, unless they
can be induced to take all necessary physical treatment and
training to fit themselves for jobs which they can keep. And
each of us who has benefited by these men's sacrifices, each
of us who has a chance now to influence some one of them,
commits a little crime when he or she lets the chance go by.

A HEARTY word of thanks to all who have helped to bring
out this number.

All letters to : The Editor of ** Reveille,"

2 1, Bedford Street, London, W.C.2.

THE HAPPY WARRIOR.

< Taken in the Courtyard of the Old Heritage Craft Schools, Chailey, Sussex.)

Laetus sorte mea."

149

THE NEW ROYAL WARRANT.

The principal provisions of the Royal Warrant of April 17,
1 91 8, regulating the pensions of soldiers disabled, and of the
families and dependants of soldiers deceased, in consequence of
the present war, are set forth below in a summarized and
explanatory form.

Temporary Allowance pending Award of Pension.

A soldier discharged as medically unfit for further service,
or while suffering impairment, may be granted a temporary
allowance of 27s. 6d. a week, together with children's allow-
ances at the full rate, until his pension is fixed. If, by reason
of his disablement, he needs hospital treatment he may receive
it gratis.

Men "suffering impairment" are men who being of low
health category and having been discharged as surplus to
requirements in that category, are found to have suffered
impairment.

Pensions and Allowances to Disabled Men.^

Conditions entitling Men to Pension. — (i) The man must
be discharged as medically unfit for further service or while
suffering impairment ; (2) his unfitness or impairment must be
certified as either attributable to or aggravated by military
service during the present war ; and (3) the disablement must
not be less than 20 per cent, of total disability.

Gratuity or Te7nporary Allowance. — If the first two of the
above conditions are complied with, but the man's disablement
is less than 20 per cent, of total disability, he may receive a
gratuity or temporary allowance, the grant not to exceed ^200.

^ A man whose disability is due to his serious negligence or misconduct will be
regarded as ineligible for pension or allowance, and his family or dependants will
also be regarded as ineligible.

ISO

REVEILLE

SCALE OF PENSIONS THAT MAY BE GRANTED FOR SPECIFIC

INJURIES.

Specific injury

Loss of two or more limbs

Loss of an arm and an eye

Loss of a leg and an eye

Loss of both hands or of all
fingers and thumbs

Loss of both feet

Loss of a hand and a foot

Total loss of sight

Total paralysis

Lunacy

Wounds, injuries or disease
resulting in disabled man

being permanently bedridden
Wounds of or injuries to inter-
nal, thoracic or abdominal
organs, involving total per-
mai^ent disabling effects ...

Wounds of or injuries to head
or br«in involving total per-
manent disabling eflfects, or
Jacksonian epilepsy

Very severe facial disfigure-
ment

Advanced cases of incurable
disease

Amputation of right arm at
shoulder joint

Amputation of leg at hip or
left arm at shoulder joint

Severe facial disfigurement

Total loss of speech

Short thigh .amputation of
leg or of right arm above
or through elbow

Total deafness

Amputation of leg above knee
(other than 4) and through
knee or of left arm above or
through elbow, or of right
arm below elbow

Amputation of leg below
knee (including Symes' and
Chopart's amputation) or
of left arm below elbow

Loss of vision of one eye

Loss of thumb or of four
fingers of right hand

Loss of thumb or of four
fingers of left hand, or of
three fingers of right hand

Loss of two fingers of either
hand

C tos

O V t)

0-0 g

Per
cent.
100

90
80

Disablement Pensions

If not entitled to a Service Pension

IE-.
O „

s. d.
42 6

383
34 o

70 29 9

60

SO

40
30

25 6

21 3

17 o
12 9

8 6

o uji

s. d.
37 6

33 9
30 o

26 3

22 6

18 9

15 o
II 3

7 6

O <«

s. d.

35 o

31 6
28 o

24 6

21 o

17 6

14 o
10 6

7 o

OS

s. d.
32 6

29 3
26 o

22 9

19 6

163

13 o
9 9

6 6

O <n
in

s. d.
30 O

27 o
24 o

21 O

18 O
15 o

12 O

9 o
6 o

«.2

^o'

s. d.
27 6

24 9
22 o

19 3
16 6

13 9

II o
83

56

•^^ -a

Note. — In the case of left-handed men, certified to be such, the compensation in respect
of the left arm, hand, &c., will be the same as for a right arm, hand, &c.

THE NEW ROYAL WARRANT 151

Amount of Pension, — A man may be granted either a dis-
ablement pension or an alternative pension. A disablement
pension is ordinarily temporary at first and it continues to be
renewed until the man's disability becomes fixed or disappears,
when the pension is made permanent or ceases. This pension
is fixed in accordance with the scale on the opposite page.
If the disablement is not in this list the pension is assessed at
the degree in the list most applicable.

In addition to his disablement pension a man is granted
children's allowances as shown below.

A man who already has a disablement pension may apply
for an alternative pension in lieu of his disablement pension
and children's allowances if the total of (i) his disablement
pension //^^^ (2) his children's allowances (if ^.ny), plus (3) the
average earnings of which he remains capable, are less than his
pre-war earnings. The aim is to make the man's post-war
income as nearly as possible equal to his pre-war earnings, and
if the pre-war earnings did not exceed 50s. a week this aim is
actually accomplished and the post-war income is brought up
to the pre-war earnings. If, however, the pre-war earnings
were over 50s. a week, the result aimed at can but partially be
obtained, as only the pre-war earnings up to £^ are taken into
consideration and only half the excess of the pre-war earnings
over 50s. is allowed for.

Example, where the pre-war earnings did not exceed 50s.
a week : —

A man now capable of earning ... ... 20s. a week

and before the war earning ... ... ... 45s. ,,

would have up to ... ... ... ... ... 45s. „

less what he is capable of earning ... ... 20s. ,,

which gives as his alternative pension ... 25s. ,,

This 25s. with his earnings of 20s. makes up the 45s. he

was earning before the war.

Example, where the pre-war earnings exceeded 50s. a

week : —

A man now capable of earning... 20s. a week

before the war earning ... 80s. ,,

would have up to ... ... ... ... ... 50s. ,,

and half the excess of 80s. over 50s. ... ... 15s. ,,

making 65s. „

less what he is capable of earning ... ... 20s. „

leaving as alternative pension ... ... ... 45s. „

152

REVEILLE

The highest alternative pension a man can obtain, if for
instance his pre-war earnings were ;^5 a week or over and his
earning capacity was ml, would be 75s a week.
* The earnings of a man who has lost both legs, both arms,
or the sight of both eyes are regarded as nil.

Pensio7is on Re'eniisifnent. — A disabled pensioner who re-
enlists receives his appropriate disablement pension just as if
he had not re-enlisted, but he does not get children's allowances
in addition as they are entitled to separation allowance.

Service Pensions, — A Private receives any service pension
in addition to his pension. It is otherwise with Warrant or
Non-com. Officers who receive either their service pension
plus the Private's rate of pension, or their full rate of pension
according to their rank as shown in the scale given without
the service pension.

Miscellaneous Provisions. — Paid acting rank at the time of
disablement or of removal from duty by reason of the disable-
ment carries with it the pension corresponding to that rank.

If a temporary disablement pension does not continue more
than a year a gratuity of £^ may be granted to the pensioner.

Where a pension is made permanent it cannot be decreased
on account of a man's earning capacity ; but it may be increased
if his disablement has substantially increased.

Where a man requires constant attendance he may be
allowed an additional pension not exceeding 20s. a week.

A man's pension and allowance may be reduced one half if
he refuses to undergo treatment certified to be necessary in his
interests.

Where the disablement does not show until after a man's
discharge he may claim a pension as though he had been
discharged as medically unfit for service, such pension to date
from the establishment of his claim.

Non-attributable Cases. — Men whose unfitness is not due
to Military Service may be granted a gratuity or temporary
pension which may amount to ;^i50 according to length and
character of service. This may be paid out in weekly sums.

Children's Allowances and Pensions.

To be entitled to a children's allowance a child must have
been born before or within nine months of the father's

THE NEW ROYAL WARRANT 153

discharge, except in the case of children's allowances to a man
under treatment or training.

Children's allowances are 6s. 8d. for the first child, 5s. for
the second, and 4s. 2d. for each child after the second.

The allowance is granted for each child under 16, but it
may be continued beyond that age where the child is only
receiving a nominal wage, or is being educated, or is incapable
through physical or mental infirmity of earning a living.

A man drawing a disablement pension has, in addition to
that pension, children's allowances corresponding to his degree
of disability. For example, if half disabled he gets half the
children's allowance for each child, if one-fifth disabled he gets
one-fifth of the children's allowance. There is no difference
between the allowance for the child of a Private and for that of
a Warrant or Non-commissioned Officer.

A widow who draws a "widow's" pension gets the full
allowance for each child, so do the " separated wife " and the
" unmarried wife " as long as the children are with her.
Children's allowances continue after their mother's re-marriage.

Motherless children and children removed from the control
of their mother may be granted a pension not exceeding los. a
week ; where two or more are with the same person the
pension will be reduced to 9s. 2d. for each child after the first.
Illegitimate children of men who have died may be granted a
pension not exceeding 6s. 8d. a week.

Treatment and Training.

Treatment. — Treatment may be granted free in the case of
any man who in consequence of his disablement is certified to
need medical treatment, whether such disablement is due to
military service or not. Where the' disablement is due to
military service there is no time limit, and not only his family,
but the man may be granted an allowance. Where the dis-
ablement is not due to military service treatment is limited to
the duration of the war and one year afterwards, and no allow-
ance is paid to the man (other than any temporary allowance
that may be due to him), but his family may be granted the
usual allowances.

Training. — Training will be granted free in the case of any

154

REVEILLE

man whose disablement is due to military service and as to
whom it is decided that he should, in consequence of his dis-
ablement, receive training. At the termination of training a
bonus equivalent to 5s. for every week of training may be
awarded and a sum not exceeding ;^io may be granted for the
purchase of tools if required to be provided by the man in the
trade in which he has been trained.

Allowances for Treatment and T7^aining. — During treat-
ment (except as above stated in the case of non-attributable
men) and training, an allowance equal to the highest disable-
ment pension, according to his rank, is given to the man, and
he is given, in addition, the full children's allowance. If the
treatment or training necessitates his living away from home
his wife receives an amount equivalent to a '' widow's" pension,
or a dependant supported by him up to the time when his
treatment or training began may be granted such support up
to I OS. a week. If, however, it would be to his advantage a
man may have instead an allowance equal to his alternative
pension on the basis that his earning capacity is nil, and in
such case there would be no additional allowance to wife, child,
or dependant.

From the allowance 7s. a week is deducted in respect of a
man's maintenance in an institution.

Widows' Pensions, &c.

The term '' widow " does not include a widow whose
marriage took place after the termination of the war, or after
the discharge of the soldier, or after the receipt of the wound
or injury which caused his death ; nor does it include a widow
who was separated from her husband at the time of his death.

On the death of her husband a widow receives £^, and £\
for each child, to meet expenses consequent on her husband's
death.

The Minister is empowered to terminate or suspend the
pension of a widow for misconduct, and also to provide for the
administration of a pension on behalf of a widow and her
children.

Widow whose Husbands Death is due to Military Service. —
The widow of a soldier who is killed in military service or

THE NEW ROYAL WARRANT 155

who dies within seven years as a result of wounds or injuries
received in, or of disease contracted on, or aggravated by,
active service, receives a " widow s" pension equal to half what
would have been her husband's disablement pension at the
highest rate ; she also receives full children's allowances ; and
on reaching the age of forty-five is. 3d. a week is added to her
'* widow's " pension. If, however, she was married to the
soldier prior to the commencement of the war (or enlistment),
and she can show that her "widow's" pension together with
any children's allowances is less than two-thirds of any alterna-
tive pension that might have been awarded to her husband had
he survived and been incapable of earning anything, she may
be granted an alternative pension equal to two-thirds of what
would have been her husband's alternative pension, as com-
puted above, instead of her " widow's " pension and children's
allowances. The highest amount which a widow could obtain
as alternative pension would be 50s.

A widow undergoing a course of training may be allowed
I2S. 6d. a week for thirteen weeks, and her training fees may
be paid.

A w^idow's pension ceases on re-marriage, but she may then
be given a gratuity equal to one year's ** widow's " pension.

The widow oi 2, pensioner, who at the time of his death was
drawing a pension of not less than los. a week, may, if not
otherwise qualified for pension by reason of the death being
due to the pensioner's former military service, receive a pension
of not more than half her husband's pension, but it must not
exceed what would have been her '* widow's " pension and it
ceases on re-marriage.

Widow whose Husbands Death is not due to Military
Service, — Such a widow may be granted a temporary pension
of 15s. a week for the period of the war and twelve months
afterwards.

Dependants.

Separated Wives, — The separated wife of a soldier who has
died in consequence of military service, may be granted the
amount her husband contributed to her support up to 13s. Qd.
a week ; if the support was less than 3s. 6d. the pension will be
made up to that sum. The usual allowances will be made for

156 REVEILLE

the children if maintained by her, even though the man did not
contribute to her support.

Unmarried Wives. — \i a woman has lived as his wife with
a soldier who has died in consequence of military duty, and
has been substantially dependent upon him, and has drawn
separation allowance, or was entitled to it, she may receive
los. a week for the period of the war and twelve months after-
wards. If she has children for the soldier in her charge she
orets the usual allowances for them and her los. a week con-
tinues until twelve months after the last child has gone or
has ceased to have pension. If she is too old and infirm to
support herself the los. a week may be continued.

Parents : Depende7icy Pensions. — The parent (or parents)
of a soldier who has died in consequence of military service
may get a pension equal to the weekly value of the assistance
they may have had from the soldier before the war (or enlist-
ment), up to 15s, a week; but the pension will not be less
than 3s. 6d. a week, although the assistance may have been
less. In reckoning the assistance given the cost of the soldier's
keep when he lived at home is deducted.

Pensions may be granted in respect of two or more sons
who assisted the parents before the war (or enlistment), but
the total coming to each parent must not exceed 1 5s. a week.
Earnings do not affect these dependency pensions.

Parents : Special Pensions. — Parents whose son has died
in consequence of his military service, and who are too old or
infirm to support themselves, and are in need, and have no
other children who can support them, may be granted a pension
not exceeding 15s. a week. This pension may be given even
though they had had no help from their son.

Parents : Special Gratuity. — If the soldier died from causes
not due to the war, his parents may be given a gratuity if they
were dependent upon him, or if they are too old or infirm to
support themselves and are in need.

Minor Provisions. — There are also provisions with respect
to other dependants, re-marriage, interpretation, &c.

Sailors and Marines.

The Order in Cpuncil regulating the pensions and allowances
of Sailors and Marines disabled and the pensions and allowances

THE NEW ROYAL WARRANT

157

to the families of Sailors and Marines deceased, during the
present war is practically identical with the Soldiers' Warrant,
except that the disablement pension scale is the same for all
ratings, additions to pension being made, in accordance with
existing regulations, for the possession of good-conduct badges
or medal for long service and for petty time or N.C.O. time.
Further additions to pension are made in respect of service at
the following rates : —

-

Weekly
s. d.

Men of 6

years' service

and under

12 ^

years'

10

» 12

»»

n

18

>»

20

„ 18

n

»>

21

11

30

„ 21

»»

n

25

>>

40

,, 25

}>

and over

...

50

158

REVEILLE

TABLE A.

RETURN OF OFFICERS AND MEN PENSIONED FOR DISABILITY
FROM OUTBREAK OF WAR TO MAY 31, 1918.

Warrant Officers,

Ofkickrs

Petty Officers,

Non-commissioned

Officers and Meh

Total

Army

Navy

'Army

Navy

Eyesight cases ...

97

46

8,911

1,141

10,195

Wounds and injuries to leg (necessitating

amputation) ...

lOI

4

9,120

223

9,448

Wounds and injuries to arms (necessitating

amputation) ...

46

I

4,880

116

5,043

Wounds and injuries to leg (not necessitating

amputation) ...

374

16

41,992

444

42,826

Wounds and injuries to arms (not necessitating

amputation) ...

US

I

30,961

382

31,489

Wounds and injuries to hands (not necessi-

tating amputation)

31

4

15,382

300

15,717

Wounds and injuries to head

178

7

13,447

558

14,190

Hernia

35

5

2,740

149

2,929

Miscellaneous wounds and injuries ...

392

6

19,007

581

19.986

Chest complaints
Tuberculosis

311
251

58)
56 1

37,494

2,985

41,15s

Rheumatism

248

38

22,265

1,017

23,568

Heart disease

429

57

34.408

1,675

36,569

Epilepsy

57

6

3.403

231

3,697

Nervous diseases —

Shell-shock

170

3

Neurasthenia

706

116 ■

18,468

1,432

21,283

Miscellaneous

308

80

Insanity

107

26

2.107

576

2,816

Deafness

57

15

6,549

426

7,047

Frost-bite (including cases of amputation of

feet or legs) ...

4

—

3,139

—

3,143

Misrpllaneous disabilities—

Bright's disease

lOI

20 \

Debility

201

6

Ulcer of stomach

69

14

Varicocele ...
Enteric and malaria ...

41
217

J

62,959

2,245

66,351

Spinal

29

13

Appendicitis

55

4

Other disabilities

283

69/

Not classified (awards made by War Office

and Admiralty which have lapsed or not

come up for renewal by Ministry of Pensions)

693

15

—

—

708

5.736

711

337,232

14,481

358,160

From this table, which only comprises men and officers finally discharged and pensioned,
some conception of the size of the task before us may be gained. — Editor.

TABLE B

159

•^ to
c/515

2 I

^ o

I 2

o

S 1/: 3 ^ ~
^ J3 JU *^ o

• (X) i^. ^ tJ

c^ I d 2-

O o I -"«

i-5 I ^

c/5:/5 ^

60

I i

w ow

3 OJ

a.—

C/3 g -

.S -C .S2

.2 S o

|c 2 ^
82-g g

•zj • s > _,

I 1^-

i^

^a -

.5/5 9 S

^..

C/3 o(/2!

u

.2*

u

I
•a

OS «

I I
If ^s

CO ^

o

o t; 3 «

4-> T^ ^"^

^1

O

"CJO

J; "^

:§ I

1 rr rt ^ O

•t; Q .2 " t:

i »^' 'n »" 4^

Hr: - -5 « "

£fij I

E 4, cc >, o

2 a^. I 5
^S|25i

10 .1: o

M^ .'2 I
•"^ ^^ 2 rt
:£ OCO Ci!^

3 -= J= ii

E « C^ 3 .

c £

P3eQe<

«3 «-5 »

eS fc. o -^^JC

i6o

REVEILLE

I J Li

S rt — rt

f . c 5

I E.e S

iqll

o • ^

lo cJ o w
«n I O ^

rt rt 52 w

.W3

6
I

o

.2 .- rt ts

og
6

L

! ^ 2 ^-4 o £ jj .-H "JS

0/3 =?

ag Tsui's ~

^TS'S JJ ^ Qi ^

c-^-c

■^ B I ^ i^ o 3 c

bJD.

--■^^^sl

J.-^.l

_ o

biO .
*.£ . o.'S o ji w (J -

f ^-o o S 3^^^J2^ I
I^S.iS -.SSI aj«32

3 O J- M-^ 3 C >^ . ^^ rt

2^:5 .^^i

^0*5 i

ll9l'S-^Td-3 = .'^-

S S.2

:^-^ 5

I I

i-*- w i; /-\ -^ "^ ••-i ■"

U3 w rt

.-fi

">.£f^ 2-::

•»^ P- _e I _C -^

3 tJ3.

is c « y

■ «l 3"-
(U ■<-> •

OfiCO

•^T^.S^ 3 S T 25^.

< 6 iJ 26

C/3

6
I

I 6 I 4> OT

^ 3

tfl

^ -i

12

^ I I o

n< L< O

"S-S," OJ <u «

a (u 3 0) .5 S

« ^ '-g I 'S ii J,

o ^

.rs S

'- iJ bx) .~ c p- «
'O -wiJx: Or/ =

<T3 J3 .J5 ■" "JJ «^ I ^^

^2':5:5 s.H^oi §

= rt ^ o .:i c ^ I is -^^
o.iuav'cs^ 't. «<*

'O o *^ ^ "' '^

f> 5 1:^ 2 2 c o 2 -n ;>• .a

4J O C v5 I O --• O

C
6

^W

a.

^ S
bi)«

*Ja I

(U ^

do

be -3

</5

^ biO

be I

! C
bJO rt

O

A

c

c »*»

o

2 f^

B

fci o

vo

'«a-*'

•^ ■)->

a o

o o

B S

VOVO

CO

c c
o o
B S

1 .^

111

Q

: h)

c <

I '? ^

td rt cj

r) <u 5

H iS S

: .J :

<

C O ^

2S «

es PS o

2 Z ^

I

(/} c
c ««

b£ >-

2 o

b£ B

: : 'o

o

tuB O

S B ° I rt

D <u^ o<'-■
t: .£ ^ w o

Z-S § H =

S CJ w "^ et

(3^ )-]

TABLE B

i6i

: U)
• a

•c

U

■n s^.s.

a.

C5 . .

: i : i i : gIS

1 i >, ^-1

C/3

I

CO

(<
D
f_, - • . . -

u : : : : .

<

I I

< 5

a c c »,.S

J O tX 4) > —

H

I >

H'S

z o

i E

•^ a
'•2 So

•31

o S Q

w
? 2 I

S « a
"2 3 5

^ (« c«

3 o S
rt « c

5 B f
'3 w o

n-. = ^

-Bis §

g 3 M

g S! S

°-- s

^ '5 "S

O 3 O
^ "^ .H

.2 §S
« " -

> c 2

C c h.

8 -5 .a"

^ -a -•
2 «5 o

8 S ^

l62

REVEILLE

TABLE C.

COURSES OF TRAINING UNDER THE MINISTRY OF

PENSIONS.

NORTHERN AREA.

Superintending Inspector— CoXonel C. B. Little, Lloyd's Bank Chambers, Newcastle-on-Tyne
Secretary of Joint Disablememt Committee — A. M. Oliver, Esq., Town Clerk's Office

Newcaslle-on-Tyne.

Local Committee Process Where held

Darlington Commercial

Durham

Newcastle-on-Tyne ..

Northumberland
South Shields

Boot making and repairing ..

Retail tailoring

Mechanical drawing ...
Dental mechanics
Boot making ...

Boot repairing

Cinematography

Electrical work

Switchboard work

Wireless telegraphy ...

Clerical work...

Motor engineering ...

Carpentry

Dental mechanics

Tailoring

Watch and clock repairing ..

Motor tractor work ...

Poultry farming

Motor mechanics

Darlington Technical College and Dar-
lington Central Commercial School
Technical College, Darlington

»» »»

)i I*

Consett Technical School, Durham
Cowen Home, Newcastle-on-Tyne

Rutherford College, Newcastle-on-Tyne

Messrs. George and Jobling, Newcastle-
on-Tyne

Messrs. Sinclair, Ltd., Benton, New-
castle-on-Tyne

Motor Sup. Co. s Works, Newcastle-
on-Tyne

YORKSHIRE AREA.

Superintcftding Inspector — E. A. Westaway, Esq.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — Captain R. G. Angus, Education Offices, Leeds..

Local Committee
Barnsley

Batley

Bradford
Huddersfield

Process

Tailoring

Boot repairing

Mine deputy work ...

Watch and clock repairing ...

Commercial ...

Electrical engineering

Basket making

Hand and power loom weaving

Colliery sieam tender

Surveyors, store-keepers, time-
keepers and lampmen, &c.

Motor mechanics

Dye works' chemists

Boot and shoe making and
repairing

Electrical work

Higher commercial work ...

Chemistry

Tailoring

Textile processes and power
loom weaving

Where held
Barnsley Technical School

Technical School

»»
Pindor Oaks Hotel, Barnsley^
Technical School, Batley

Technical College, Bradford

»» >>

Technical College, Huddersfield

TABLE C

163

Local Committee
Leeds

Sheffield
Wakefield

Process
Boot repairing and making ...
Tailoring

Motor engineering and driving
Leather work...
Cinematography
Chemical work
Tram car driving
Sanitary inspector ...
Commercial ...
Electrical engineering
Oil-can makers

Where held
Central Technical School, Leeds

Maintenance and

typewriters
Lettering for printing trades

Stencil plate cutting

Ticket writing
Woodcarving and modelling

... Leeds City Council

... Leeds Central Technical School

... Northern Institute, Leeds

... Central Technical School, Leeds

... T. Webster and Sons, Ltd., Kirkstall,
Leeds

repairs of Remington Co., Ltd., Leeds

Market gardening,

breeding, &c.
Glass and lamp blowing
Silver smithing ....

Commercial ...

Sign writing ... .«

stock

Leeds School of Art

Leeds Central Technical School and

School of Art
Leeds University Ex. Farm, Garforth

Department of Glass Technology, Leeds
Technical Art School and, later, Work-
shops, Sheffield
Wakefield Technical College
,, School

NORTH-WESTERN AREA.

Superintending Inspector — The Hon. E. Cozens-Hardy, The Hollies, Woolton, Liverpool.
Secretaries— {a) Lancashire and Westmoreland: Sir Harcourt Clare, Council Offices,

Preston ; {b)
Stockport.

Blackburn ...

Bolton

Bootle
Burnley

Cheshire

Chester

Crewe
Lancashire ...

Liverpool

Cheshire : T. W. Potts, Esq., Queen's Buildings, S. Peter's Square,

Manchester

Motor mechanics and driving

Clerical work...

Boot making and repairing ...
Motor mechanics
Textile (all processes)
Electrical wiring
Commercial subjects...
Textile commercial subjects
Commercial ...
Engineering drawing and
tracing

Switchboard work

Commercial

Motor tractor work ...

Motor mechanics

Agriculture

Poultry keeping

Dairy farming

Clerical work...

Boot repairing and making ...

Electrical work

Cinema operating

Building

Dental mechanics

Drawing and design ...

Carving and inlay

Cabinet making

Clerical work ..

Cinematography

Sub-station attendants

Tailoring

Boot making and repairing...

Furniture

Blackburn Technical School

Workshops in Blackburn
Technical School, Bolton

Bootle Electrical Works
Technical College, Burnley

>» t»

Verdin Technical Institute, Northwich

Electricity Works, Chester

Miss Davies, Business Training College,

Chester
Crewe Technical Institute

»» »»

County Council Farm,Hutton,nr.Preston

Moseley Street School, Liverpool
Friends* Institute, Islington, Liverpool
Central Technical School, Liverpool

" ." "

Liverpool Technical School

City School of Art, Liverpool

»» »f >f

»» >» >i

Moseley Street School, Manchester
School of Technology, Manchester

»» »»

Mill Street School, Ancoats, Manchester

)> >> >f

College of Technology, Manchester

164

REVEILLE

I>oc.-i! Committee

Nelson
Preston

Salford

Stockport
St. Helens

Westmoreland
Wigan

Process

Watch and clock repairing ...

Jewellery making and re-
pairing

Dental mechanics

Wireless telegraphy

Painting and decorating

Assistant designers and clerks
(textile)

Clerical work

Elementary woodwork

Boot and shoe making and
repairing

Bespoke tailoring

Boot repairing and making ...

Motor driving and repairing...

Plumbing

Steam tractor driving

Painting and decorating

Basket making

Boot repairing

Tram caf^ riving

Motor driving

Boot making and repairing ...

Bespoke tailoring

Motor mechanics and driving

Coalmining

Clogging

Where held
Mill Street School, Ancoats
Messrs. Pendlebury's, Ltd., Manchester

Dental Hospital of Manchester
City School of Wireless, Manchester
Municipal School of Art, Manchester
Municipal Textile School, Nelson

Preston Technical School

Hostel Local Technical School, Preston

Victoria Technical School, Preston

Race Course, Cromwell Road, Salford

»» >> >>

Technical Institute and Local Work-
shops

Garage lent by Bleachers' Association,
Salford

Royal Technical Institute, Salford
»» >> >>

Old Grammar School, Stockport

The New St. Helens and District
Tramway Co.

Blake School of Motoring, St. Helens

Allen Technical School, Kendal

.". " . "

Mining and Technical College, Wigan

Mining College, Wigan

Workshops of Master Cloggers, Wigan

EAST MIDLANDS AREA.

Superintending Inspector — W. E. Hincks, Esq., 8, Highcross Street, Leicester.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — F. W. Brooke, Milton Chambers, Milton Street,

Nottingham.

Derbyshire

Leicestershire

Lficetter

Lindsey

Northamptoii
Nottingham .

Boot and shoe

repairing
Agriculture, and

cottage produce
Acetylene welding ...
Commercial subjects...
Electrical work
Painting and decorating
Light gardening and

work
Basket work ...

making and
home and

dairy

Mechanical engineering

Printing

Carpentry

Bookbinding

Comptometer operating
Boot making and repairing ...
Hosiery manufacture
Hosiery salesmanship
Electrical work
Boot and shoe machinery ...
Ticket writing

Cabinet making

Sign writing

Tailoring

Motor tractor work

Commercial subjects...
Chemistry and dispensing ...
Mechanical engineering

Derbyshire Workshops

Midland Agricultural and Dairy College
and Farms, Kingston-on-Soar

Loughborough Technical School
>) »>

»> »»

Loughborough Institute

Midland Agricultural and Dairy College
and Farms, Kingston-on-Soar

Messrs. Peach and Pick, Dryad Lane
Works and Tech. College, Leicester

Municipal Tech. Art School, Leicester

Comptometer Training School, Leicester
Municipal Technical School, Leicester

The Garage, Newland, Lincoln
Northampton Technical School
University College, Nottingham

TABLE C

165

Local Committee

Nottinghamshire
Soke of Peterboro'

Process
Fancy leather work

Circular latch needle web

knitting
Cabinet making
Boot making and repairing ...

Making of fruit baskets
Basket making
Gardening

Furniture

Commercial subjects...

Where held
Boulevard Manufacturing Co. . 1 1 , Byard

Lane, Nottingham
Messrs. J. B. Lewis and Co., Haydn

Road, Nottingham
University College, Nottingham
Technical School, Nottingham, to

arrange premises
Horace Mills, Newark-on-Trent
Trent Basket Co., Newark-on-Trent
Local Gardeners, Soke of Peterboro'
Mr. J. W. Williamson, Peterboro'
Commercial School, Peterboro'

WEST MIDLANDS AREA.

Superintending Inspector — B. Plummer, Esq., 17, New Street, Leicester.

Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — Major T. J. Richardson, Council House,

Birmingham.

Birmingham

Dudley
Smethwick ...

StafiFordshire...
Stoke-on-Trent
Walsall

Warwickshire
West Bromwich

Wolverhampton

Motor work ...
Mechanical engineering
Attendants at Poor Law

Institutes
Making of artificial limbs
Commercial ...
Jewellery and silversmithing
Boot repairing

Art metal work
Furniture
Clerical work...
Electrical work
Cinematography
Dental mechanics
Diamond cutting
Golf club making

Leather work..;
Pen grinding ...
Piano tuning ...
Boot repairing
Lamp work ...
Electrical wiring
General office work ...
Signwriting and lettering
Mechanical engineering
Market gardening
Box making ...
Sub-station attendants

Leather

Boot repairing

Tailoring

Boot making and repairing

Brush making

Village saddlery

Cabinet making

Chair making...

Upholstery

Tailoring

Motor engineering ...

Electrical engineering

General iron work, sheet

metal work
Motor tractor work ...
Comm^cial

Garages in City of Birmingham
Technical Institute, Birmingham
Monyhull Colony, Birmingham

Outside firms under Local Committee
Lawrence's College, Birmingham
Vittoria Street School, Birmingham
Birmingham District Bootmakers'

Association, Birmingham
Technical Institute, Birmingham

>> »»

Municipal Tech. School, Birmingham

jj »» >>

Various Local Cinemas
Army Dental Workshops, Birmingham
Ginder and Ginder, Birmingham
County Chemical Co., Bradford Street,

Birmingham
Municipal Tech. School, Birmingham
Marrian's, Gt. Barr Street, Birmingham
Riley's, Constitutional Hill, Birmingham
Messrs. Little, at Netherton
Thomson Glass Co., Dudley
Smethwick Technical Institute

County Met. and Eng. In., Wednesbury

Mr. T. B. Kay, Trentham

Messrs. Nicholson and Lord, Walsall

Various firms in Walsall
Local factories in Walsall
Messrs. T. Shannon, Walsall
Midland Counties' Institute, Knowle

Various village saddlers in County
Messrs. A. G. Turley, West Bromwich

Messrs. Morrisand Dixon, W. Bromwich
Technical Institute, Wolverhampton

School of Commerce, Wolverhampton

1 66

REVEILLE

Committee
Worcestcrthire

Worcester

Process
Boot repairing
Basket making
Motor mechanics
Glass work
Boot making and repairing

Where held
Workshops in County
Local workshops in County

,, garages in County
Messrs. Webb and Corbett, Stourbidge
Local workshops in Worcester

SOUTH MIDLANDS AREA.

Superintending Inspector — Wills Taylor, Esq.

Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee-^C. R. Hoare, Esq., Pinner's Hall, London, E.G. 2.

Hertfordshire ... Market gardening

Huntingdon... ... Basket making

Luton ... ... Straw hat making

Watford Electrical work

Light bench fitting work and
brass finishing

The Floral Farm, London Colony,

St. Albans
Earith

Factory in Clarendon Road, Luton
Watford Electric Manufacturing Co.

EAST ANGLIA AREA.

Superintending /«j/«<:^<;r— Brigadier-General T. B. Ternan, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee— <), Petty Cury Chambers, Cambridge.

Cambs.

East Suflfolk...

Ipswich

Isle of Ely

Norfolk

Norwich

Retail bespoke tailoring

Fruit and vegetable culture ...

Sign and ticket writing

Furniture making

Light metal work

Jewellery

Fruit gardening, flowers and

vegetable
Motor engineering

Forestry

Small holders' course
Boot making and repairing ...
Metal work ...
Engraving

Commercial

Agricultural motor tractor ...
Engineering (electrical)

School of Art, Cambridge
HoUesey Farm Colony, East Suffolk
Under Local Education Authority

»> f»

Municipal School of Art, Ipswich

>» »> »»

Twelve fruit growers in the Isle of Ely

Messrs. Mann, Egerton and Co., Bury

St. Edmunds
Earl of Leicester, Holkham
Colonel Petre, Westwick
Wiveton Hall, Norfolk
Technical Institute, Norvich
School of Art, Norwich

Technical Institute, Norwich

HOME COUNTIES (NORTH) AREA.

Superintending Inspector — Wills Taylor, Esq., 19, Abingdon Street, S.W. i.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee— 'W . P. Harding, Esq., Town Hall, Wood Green.

Colchester
Edmonton
Middlesex

Tottenham
West Ham

Willesden

Tailoring
Bask^'t making
Boot repairing

Dental mechanics

Motor engineering ...

Coach painting

Basket making

Glass drawing from furnaces

Commercial

Electrical engineering
Ace'ylene welding ...
Boot and shoe repairing
Biscuit making
Market gardening
Pig and poultry keeping

Premises of Crowther Bros., Colchester

Technical Institute, Edmonton

G. Thackeray, Ealing

G. H. Standen, Southall

Mr. Summers, Hounslow

Central Engineering Works, Northwood

Mr. Dunkley, Ealing

Hounslow Polytechnic

Messrs. R. Johnston, Yiewsley

Tottenham Polytechnic «

Technical Institute, West Ham

»» »» >»

Willesden Polytechnic

McVitie and Price, Ltd., Willesden

Church Army Gardens, Willesden

TABLE C

167

SOUTH-EASTERN COUNTIES AREA.

Superintending Inspector — Brigadier-General D. G. Ptinsep, 19, Abingdon Street, S.W.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — 9, Pembroke Avenue, Hove.

Local Committee

(«) Kent ...

\V\ Surrey...

Croydon
Wimbledon

(f) West Sussex
Worthing

(<jO East Sussex
Brighton

Process
Fruitgrowing
Agriculture ...
Boot repairing
Boot making and repairing.
Electrical wiring
Trunk making
Basket making

Agriculture ...

Mechanical drawing and

tracing

Electrical work „

Art metal and metal plate The Limes, Luton

work
Whitesmith and tinsmith's „ „

work
Brush making
Cabinet making
Commercial subjects...
Surveying

Cricket-ball making ...
Dispensing
Photography ...
Fruit-basket making...

Where held
Fruit farms in Kent
Wye College, Kent
Factories and workshops in Kent
Messrs. Randall and Co., Maidston*
Chatham Dockyard
Tunbridge Wells Technical Institute
Messrs. J. Farman, Langley, near

Maidstone
Hurst Place, Sidcup
Erith Technical Institute

Messrs. Conchman, Maidstone
S. P. Saunders, Maidstone
Maidstone Technical Institute
Rochester Technical Institute
Messrs. T. Ives, Tonbridge
Tunbridge Technical Institute

Cricket and hockey ball

making
Motor tractor work and market

gardening
Estate work ...
Commercial subjects

Boot repairing

Commercial classes ...

Electrical work

Brass engraving

Builders' drawing and tracing

Electrical work

Engineer's drawing and

tracing
French polishing and cabinet

making
Letter writing and illuminating
Motor engineering ...

Pottery design

Stained glass work ...

Tailoring

Photography ...
Motor tractor work ...
Carpentry and Joining
Commercial work

Horticulture

Handy men's class ...

Fruitgrowing...

Agriculture ...

Fruit growing under glass ...

Watch and clock repairing ...

Boot repairing

Gardening and estate work...

Boot repairing

Commercial design work

Commercial subjects...

Confectionery

Otford Co-operative Trading

ciation
Messrs. A. Reader and Co., Teston,

near Maidstone
Woldingham

Ockham Park, Ripley
Kingston-on-Thames Technical

Institute
Woking Technical Institute
Central Polytechnic, Croydon

>» >i j>

Wimbledon Technical Institute

Local firms, Wimbledon

Technical Institute, Wimbledon

Barnham Nurseries

160 farms, &c., in Sussex

Local fruit growers

Mr. Alfred Tames, Worthing

Mr. T. Bailey, Crowboro'

Eridge Castle, East Sussex

Municipal Technical College, Brighton

1 68

REVEILLE

Local Committee Process

Diamond cutting and polishing
Diamond cutting engineers...
Dispensing
Electrical work

Electrical wiring

Furniture trade

Letter cutting

Mechanical drawing and

tracing
Sign writing and lettering ...

Surveying

Tailoring

Metal turning and fitting ...

Hairdressing

Where held
Municipal Technical College, Brighton

Eastbourne

... Boot repairing

Hastings

... Baking and confectionery ...

Horsham

... Motor tractor work

Hove ...

... Ladies' tailoring

Bread baking

Storekeepers, packers, sales-

man

Storekeepers and clerks (two

schemes)

Engine and boiler fitters

Technical Institute and local hair-
dressers, Brighton

Caddies' Workshop, Royal Eastbourne
Golf Club

Private firms, local

Rice Bros., Horsham

Mr. William Hill, Hove

Clarke's Bread Co. , Hove

Automobile Accessory Co., Hove

Automobile Accessory Co., and

Brighton Gas Co.
Brighton and Hove General Gas Co.

SOUTHERN AREA.

Superintending Inspector — Brig. -Gen. Phipps Hornby, V.C, C.B., C.M.G., The Cedars,

London Road, Reading.

Secretary of Joint Disablement Cammittee—YL. C. Pratt, Esq., Mayor's Office, Town Hall,

Portsmouth.

Local Committee

(a) Berkshire

Reading

(^) Hampshire

Bournemouth

Portsmouth

Process
Horticulture ...
Agriculture ...

Estate work

General farm work ...

Saw milling

Motor tractor work ...

Electric lighting

General estate engine work ...
Dairy work (co wkeeping) . . .
Butter making
Poultry keeping

Horticulture

Market gardening

Steam tractor work ...
Motor tractor driving and
repairing

Market gardening

Fruit growing under glass ...
Drilling

Drilling and milling ...
Fitting, turning, and
finishing

Art pottery

Boot repairing

Fancy leather work ...

Tailoring

Clerical work

Electrical engineering
General engineering ...
Motor tractor work ...

brass

Where held
Royal Gardens, Windsor
Col. Morrison's Estate, Basildon

College Farm, Shinfield
British Dairy Institute, Reading
College Farm Institute, ,,
»» »» >,

Messrs. W. H. Rogers & Sons, Bassett
Messrs. Tasker, Andover cv^;ro;i^

Messrs. Collis & Tilling, Andover

T. Smith, Wych Lane, FarehamM
Messrs. J. B. Groom & Son, Gosf)ort
Messrs. White Bros., Itchen, South-
ampton
Messrs. Dixon
Messrs. White and Thornycroft (see

above)
Art Pottery Works, Poole
Boj^rnemouth Municipal College

Portsmouth Municipal College

TABLE C

169

Local Commttee

Southampton

(c) Buckingham-
shire
{d) Oxfordshire
Oxford

Process
Boot making and repairing

j» »» _ »i »»
Brush making
Motor driving
Cinemas

Electrical engineering
Commercial ...
Minor machine operators
Furniture

Boot repairing

Tailoring

Electrical engineering

Boot making and repairing

Where held
Portsmouth Municipal College
Technical College, Portsmouth
John Palmer, Ltd., Portsmouth
R.N. A., Eastney Barracks, Portsmouth
Theatres of Cinema Exhib. Association
Hartley University Coll., Southampton

>> >> »>

Messrs. Thornycroft & Co., ,,
Local factories and workshops in

county
Local county workshops in Oxfordshire
Local county workshops
Works of the Burford, &c., Electric

Light and Power Co. , Ltd., and other

centres
Workshops under Local Committees

and Technical School

SOUTH-WESTERN AREA.

Superintending Inspector — ^J. RadclifFe, Esq., 8, The Close, Exeter.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee— H. W. Wood, 8, The Qose, Exeter.

(a) Gloucester-
shire

Bath
Bristol

Gloucester
Swindon

(i) Wiltshire

Agriculture

Hand-loom weaving ...

Ticket writing

Lettering for commercial art

purposes
Basket making
Commercial ...
Commercial ...
Boot repairing and making ...
Clerical work...
Electrical handymen...
Tailoring
Tailoring
Toymaking ...
Clerical work...

Ticket writing

Engineer's tracers

Builders' draughtsmen

Designers

Manual instruction ...

Furniture

Brass work
Brush making
Carpentry
Cabinet work...
Jewellery
Silver work ...

Pottery

Printing

Estate carpentry

Basket making

Fruit culture ...

Painting and decorating

Writing and illuminating ...

Chemical work

Commercial work

Jewellery and enamelling ...

Light woodwork

French polishing

Engineers' tracers

Mechanical drawing

Metal plate work

Lettering and signwriting ...

Gloucestershire Farmers' Union

Humphreys and Co., Stroud

School of Arts and Crafts, Gloucester

Mr. Henry Finch, Gloucester
Technical School

Technical School, Guildhall, Bath
Merchant Venturers College, Bristol

Messrs. Ridingberry and Co., Bristol

Clark's College

Municipal School of Art, Bristol

Municipal Sch, of Industrial Art, Bristol
Royal Blind Asylum, Bristol

»> >»

Municipal Sch. of Industrial Art, Bristol

Technical School, Bristol
Technical Institute, Gloucester
Technical Institute, Swindon

170

REVEILLE

Lacal Committee

{c) Devonshire

Process
Pottery design
Poultry keeping and gardening

Stained glass work

Woodcarving ...

Motor tractor work

Motor repair work ...
Power loom weaving...
Painting of agricultural imple-
ments and road vehicles
Painting leading to lining ...
Boot making and repairing . . .

Where held
Technical Institute, Swindon

Messrs. Skurray's Works, Swindon
Royal Carpet Factory Co. , Wilton
E. W. Maundrell, Colne, Wilts

E. C. Chequers, Chippenham, Wilts
Messr. Ford and Penny, Ilfracombe

NORTH WALES AREA.

Superintending Inspector — W. Lewis, Esq., Ministry of Pensions, Bangor.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — G. Lerry, Esq., 4, Overton Arcade, Wrexham.

Denbighshire

Flintshire ...
Carnarvonshire

Market gardening ...

Electrical wiring and fitting...

Repairers to gas and electri-
cal plant

Repair and maintenance of
public lamps

Electrical wiring

Blacksmithing

Cabinet-making

Clogging

Coach painting and wheel-
wrighting

Painting and paperhanging ...

Toy-making ...

Electrical work

Clerical work

Toy-making ...

Watch repairing

Boot repairing

Wrexham Garden Village

,, Corporation Elec. Dept.
Colwyn Bay Urban District Council

Broughton Plas Power Colliery Co.
Messrs. Francis and Sons, Colwyn Bay
Messrs. W. Aston and Sons, Johnstown
Messrs. Fletcher, Wrexham
Messrs. Fletcher and Sons, Colwyn Bay

Inspector of

measures
Automatic machine work ...
Switchboard work ...
Cable jointer and meter fixer

Agriculture

Forestry

Mr. E. Jones, Wrexham
North Wales Toy Factory, Colwyn Bay
Messrs. H. D. Carter. Colwyn Bay
Education Offices, Ruthin
Vale of Clwyd Toy Workshop
Messrs. Butt and Co., Wrexham
Messrs. Fletcher, Wrexhaip
Mr. W. Dodman ,,

weights and County Inspector „

Phoenix Works, Rhuddlan
Rhyl Electricity Works
Rhyl Urban District Council
Madryn Castle Farm School
Gwydyr Ucht, Rhydyeran, Penrhyn

SOUTH WALES AREA.

Superintending Inspector — T. L
Secretary of Joint

Local Committee
Cardifif

Glamorgan

Jenkins, Esq., Rooms 6 and 7
Castle Square, Swansea.

Disablement Committee — S. Auckland, Esq
Chambers, Cardiff.

Metropolitan Bank Buildings,
28-30, Western Mail

Process

Horticulture

Boot-making and repairing ..

Commercial

Tailoring
Cinema work...
Electrical work (mining)
Mechanical work (mining) ..
Chemical work (mining)
Surveyors and tracers
Magneto works

Where held
Green Farm Colony, Ely, Cardift
Technical Institute, Cardiff

Penylan Cinema, Cardiff
Treforest School of Mines

TABLE C

171

Local Committee

Process

Newport

... Clerical work

Jewellery

Architectural Draughtsman-
ship
Cabinet-making

Upholstery

Rhondda

Boot repairing

Swansea

... Dental mechanics

Motor mechanics

Engineering draughtsmanship

Cleaning and making of

jewellery

Watch and clock repairing ...

Motor tractor work

Radnorshire . . .

... Massage and electro-medical

treatment

Llanelly ...

.. Commercial ».

Where held
Technical College, Newport

>>^ »» ff

Technical Institute, ,,

Council School, Llwynypia
Technical College, Swansea

School of Arts and Crafts, Swansea

Technical Institute, Rock Spa

Rock Spa Institute, Llandrindod

Wells
Higher Elementary School, Llanelly

NORTH SCOTLAND AREA.

Suptrintmding Inspector — Major Sir John Sinclair, Bt., D.S.O., 10, Allyn Terrace, Aberdeen.
tertiary of Joint Disablement Contmittte — W. Murison, Esq., County Buildings, Aberdeen.

Aberdeen

Architecture

Electrical work
Cookery (nautical) ...
Artistic wood and metal work
Stonecutters and masons
Boot repairing
Wireless telegraphy ...
Commercial work

Agriculture ...
Mechanical engineering
Languages
Hand work ...

Robert Gordon Tech. College, Aberdeen

Scottish Wireless College, Aberdeen
Under School Board and at Laurence's

School of Shorthand, Aberdeen
Agricultural College, Craibstone
Robert Gordon Tech. College, Aberdeen

♦f »» »>

School Board of Aberdeen

CENTRAL SCOTLAND AREA.

Superintending Inspector — W. B. Sievwright

Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — F. L.

Dundee.
Dundee ... ... Agriculture ...

Boot making and repairing ...

Cinematography

Motor tractor work ...

Clerical work...

Gardening

Cabinet making
Flfeshire Mining

Electrical engineering

Mechanical engineering

Recording
Perthshire ... ... Forestry ... *

Gardening

, 6, Rutland Square, Edinburgh.
Humphrey, Esq.,, 30, Whitehall Street

Technical Collie, Dundee

St. Andrew's Provincial College, Dundee
Messrs. Justice and Sons, Dundee
School of Mining, Cowdenbeath
Fife Mining School, Cowdenbeath

Keir, Dunblane

SOUTH-EAST SCOTLAND AREA.

Superintending Inspector — W. B. Sievwiight, Esq., 6, Rutland Square, Edinburgh.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — Sir Thomas Hunter, City Chambers, Edinburgh.

Edinburgh Furniture Tynecastle School and Workshops,

Edinburgh
Boot-making and repairing ... West Founiainbridge School, Edinburgh
Commercial ... ... ... Edinburgh School Board

Dental mechanics Dental Hospital and School, Edinburgh

172

REVEILLE

Local Committee

Galashiels

Haddington ..
Hawick

Process
Engineering drawing
Engineering, motor ...
Motor tractor work ...

Sub-station work
Tailoring

Electrical work
Woollen manufacturers

Agriculture

Tweed and hosiery manu-
facture

Where held
Hejriot Watt College, Edinburgh

>> a

Tynecastle School and Workshops,

&c., Edinburgh
Heriot Watt College, Edinburgh
Tynecastle School and Workshops,

&c., Edinburgh
Heriot Watt College, Edinburgh
South Scotland Technical Ccjllege,

Galashiels
Ground of Scot. Vets., Longniddry
Technical Institute and local factories

SOUTH-WEST SCOTLAND AREA.

Superintending Inspector— ]. F. Shillaker, Esq., 38, Bath Street, Glasgow.

Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee— Yi. R. S. Wood, Esq., 48, West Nile Street

Glasgow
(a) Ayrshire ... Fancy box making ...
Beekeeping

Glasgow

{b) Lanarkshire ..
(4 Dumfriesshire

Renfrewshire

Poultry keeping

Gardening

Hand tailoring
Mine firemen ...
Wireless telegraphy ...
Boot making and repairing
Cinematography
Commercial classes ...
Furniture
Motor mechanics
Hair dressing,,.

Box making ..,

Saw milling ...

Toy making

Tweed weaving
Mechanical draughtsmen
Architectural drawing
Commercial classes ...

Woodwork

Woodcarving and toymaking

Art

Hand loom weaving ...

Chemistry

Electrical work
Motor car management

Ships' cooks

Tweed mending
Farming
Gardening
French polishing

Machinery

Upholstery

Cabinet making
Chair making.,.

NORTH IRELAND AREA.

W. A. Smith, Ltd., Mauchline

West of Scotland Agricultural College,

Kilmarnock
West of Scotland Agricultural College,

Kilmarnock
West of Scotland Agricultural College,

Kilmarnock
Technical College, Glasgow

Messrs. R. and J. Allen, Glasgow
B.B. Cinemas, Glasgow
Athenaeum, Glasgow

Apex Motor Engineering Co., Glasgow
Mr. Jones' Workrooms, 61, Park Road,

Glasgow
Messrs. Anderson and Henderson,

Kinning Park Saw Mills

Messrs. A. and J. MacNab, Strathaven
Dumfries Academy

Crichton Royal Institution, Dumfries

»> »» It

Messrs. J. McGregor, Peterfield,
Renfrew

Superintending Inspector— H. G. Stevenson, Esq., 24, Mayfair, Belfast.
Secretary of /oint Disablement Committee— 2^, Wellington Street, Belfast.

Belfast

Commercial work
Boot repairing
Tailoring

Skerry's College, Belfast
Technical School, ,,

TABLE C

173

Local Conunittcft

Portadown ..
Londonderry
Co. Armagh*.

Process
Trunk and bag making
Jewellery
Hair dressing
Hotel servants
Cloth passers...

Commercial

Clog making and boot
repairing

Where held
Messrs. Erskine & Sons, Ltd., Belfast
Messrs. McDowell, High Street, Belfast
Technical School, Belfast
Various hotels

Technical School, Portadown
Hughes Academy, Foyle Street
Jos. Hoy, Armagh

MIDLAND IRELAND AREA.

Superintending Inspector— C A. Pim, Esq., 42, York Street, Dublin.
Secretary of /oint Disablement Committee— /^2, York Street, Dublin.

Dublin

King's County

Basket making

Furniture making ...
Toy making ...
Care of horses

Optical instruments

Motor mechanics

Boot repairing

Manufacture of artificial limbs

Carpentry

Clerical

Cutlery repairing

Hotel servants
Tailors' cutters
Watch and clock jobbing ...

Forestry

Rough gardening

Toy making ...

Soldiers' and Sailors* Help Society,
Dublin

Riding Academy, Dublin

Sir Howard Grubb & Sons, Dublin

Dublin Technical School

Grendon & Sons, Kingstown

Messrs. Smith & Sheppard, Dublin

Disabled Soldiers Workshops, Dublin

Ross's College, Mr. Sparkwell Brown,

Dublin
Messrs. Thoman, Read & Co., Dublin
Various hotels, Dublin
Messrs. Horan's Workshops, Dublin
Messrs. West, Weir, and Chancellor &

Sons, Dublin
Department of Agriculture and Techni-
cal Instruction for Ireland
Albert Agric. Coll., Glasnevin
Messrs. Alesbury, Edenderry

SOUTH IRELAND AREA.

Superintending Inspector — C. A. Pim, Esq., 42, York Street, Dublin.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — City Hall, Cork,

County Cork ... Gardening Castle Martyr, Co. Cork

Tool and implement handle ,, ,,

maker «

Tipperary Boot and shoe repairing ... Training Centre in Tipperary

Harness repairing „ ,,

Waterford Commercial Technical Institute, Waterford'

Basket and hamper making —

LONDON AREA.

Superintending Inspector — Wills Taylor, Esq., 19, Abingdon Street, S.W.i
Secretary — Mrs. Wood, 43, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.i.

London

Cinema work ...
Tailoring
Electrical work
Commercial work
Architectural draughtsman-
ship
Boot repairing and making ..
Leather goods
Motor mechanics

Dental mechanics

Furniture

Regent Street Polytechnic

Cordwainers' College
Workshops
Battersea Polytechnic
Borough Polytechnic
Shoreditch Technical Institute

174

REVEILLE

Local Committee

Process

Chairmaking

Cutting of precious stones
Military embroidery ...
Press and tool making
Baking and confectionery
Cigar making...
Scientific glass blowing
Leather work...

Lip reading

Nautical cookery

Printing

Scientific instrument making
Gold and silver smiths' work
Watch and clock repairing ..

Cabinet making

Furniture : drawing and design
,, machine work ...

,, upholstery

,, wood carving

Where held

Shoreditch Technical Institute

Workshops

Miss Symonds, 399, Oxford Street

Metalcrafts Trainmg Institute

Borough Polytechnic

Workshops

Muller, Orme and Co., Holbom

Cordwainers' Technical College

Fitzroy Lip Reading College

Sailors's Home School

St. Bride's Institute

Various Workshops

School of Arts and Crafts

Northampton Polytechnic and Horo-

logical Institute
Shoreditch Technical Institute

School of Art, Kensington, and Work-
shops

John Bale, Sows awp Dakielssok, Ltd., 83-91, Great Titchfield Street, London, W. i.

Advertisements xxtU

COTTRELL'S

IMPROVED ASEPTIC NEEDLES.

(INTERCHANGEABLE)
Made in two sizes ^ f inch and f inch.

LONG AND SHORT POINTS.

Special points and lengths made to special order.

^ These Needles are made from the finest tempered steel,
the flexibility is such that they will not break nor crumple
up when injecting the fluid into tjfie tissues.

^ The heads are made from a special metal (gilded) which
will not spread unduly. They form a sufficiently flexible
cushion in the nozzle for the head of the syringe to embed
itself in, thus preventing leakage.

Having laid down extensive machinery we are in a
position to manufacture at very short notice all styles of :

SURGICAL ASEPTIC NEEDLES.

Samples and prices submitted on application.

THE APTUS SUCTION DISC

is the only disc made carrying a self-clearing aluminium

or gold stud.

^ It is designed so as to make
artificial plates adhere to
flat mouths.

^ It is most efficacious, and
will hold a denture in place
when all other means feul.

^ It is quickly adapted.

THE STUD WITH RUBBER IN POSITION

ON VULCANITE PLATE. PRICES ON APPLICATION.

Pr\TTT?l?T T fir C\(\ Manufacturers and Dezilers in
UliXXI\£iljlu CX V>V/«, Dental Material and Appliances.

15-17, CHARLOTTE STREET, LONDON, W.

ZZTlll

Advertisements

C. E. GALE ARTIFICIAL LIMB CO., LTD.,

153, Hammersmith Road, West Kensington,

LONDON, 1S'.14.

The Celebrated American
Limbs and Instruments.

Advantages of Gale's Patents and Improvennents : —
THE STANDARD NON-CHAFING
ADJUSTABLE SOCKETS.

THE LIGHTEST AND STRONGEST LIMBS

MADE.

THE MOST DURABLE.

THE MOST COMFORTABLE TO WEAR.

PERFECT ARTICULATION AND NATURAL.
ACTION IN ALL JOINTS.

PERFECT FIT GUARANTEED BY OUR
METHODS.

We cordially extend an invitation to investigate and

convince yourself of the merit of our production over

ail other makes.

Telephone: 4780 Central. Established 1852.

BILLIARDS is the Finest Indoor Game

GEORGE EDWARDS, Ltd.

Make the FINEST BILLIARD TABLES.

Billiard and Bagatelle
Table Manufacturers,

KINQSLAND BILLIARD WORKS

KINQSLAND ROAD, LONDON, N.E,

Prices on application.
Contractors to the War Office.

Advertisements

ZXIX

Automatic Electric

STERILISER

(PATENT)

Automatic tray,
which withdraws
from, and drains
the water in the
one operation of
lifting the lid.

Showing the removable
Hotpoint Electric Unit
fully guaranteed.

The " Omega " Steriliser Heater can be re-
paired or replaced by any inexperienced worker.

Electric Immersion
Heater for ' sterilising
or the heating of liquids.

21/.

Electric Hotpad, con-
structed of flexible metal.
Maintained temperatures
of 100 or 200^ F.

Supplied also for wet-pack
application.

30/ -

G. HAWKINS & COMPANY,

38, POLAND STREET, LONDON, W. 1.

Crrard 6r21

Advertisements

The Albee Electro-Operative Bone Set.

LET NATURE'S OWN MATERIAL MEND UNUNITED FRACTURES.

By using Dr. Fred H. Albee's technique and the Genuine Albee Electro- Operative
Surgery Outfit you are sure of success. It is the only one in which the automatic
chuck is bound to be sterilized with the shell. Ask your Dealer for detailed
information and price list.

New Fracture and Orthopaedic Table

(Designed by Dr. Geo. W. Hawley, Assistant Surgeon at the Hospital for Kuptured
and Crippled, New York.)

This table was designed to provide for the suspension and immobilization of the
extremities and trunk without lifting or disturbing the patient. The flat table top is
made so that the large section drops, leaving a hip rest and back rest projecting.

The head end moves on rollers so that it can be adjusted to fit different subjects*

The table can also be used for the application of jackets (recumbent position),
spica after excision of the breast, also in hernia work.

Manufactured by

THE KNY-SCHEEKER CORPOBATION,

404-10, West 27th Street, NEW YORK CITY.

Sole British Agents : —

M. FAVARQER & CO., 34, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.i.

To be obtained through High-class Surgical Instrument Houses.

GOLD MEDAL. DIPLOMA OF HONOUR. GRAND PRIX.

Member of the Jury and Hors Concours at International Exhibition.

AMYCAINE

(Bi-Hydrochloride of Amyleine and Novocain).

The New French Anaesthetic. A substitute seven times less Toxic than Cocain.
Non-irritant, powerfully Haemostatic. It is antiseptic and unaffected either
by heat or light, while its action is rapid and lasting.

AMYCAINE

Is the finest Anaesthetic for both General and Local Ancesthesia, supporting the
heart and preventing the collapse of the patient owing to its powerful
H/EMOSTATIC PROPERTIES. It has none of the disadvantages of Cocain or
Chloroform. No unpleasant'.after effects occur In the employment of AMYCAINE.

Opinion of a Public Health Officer :—

"I liave usedjyour AMYCAINE and find it very satisfactory."

M.D., D.P.H.

SAMPLE AND LITERATURE ON APPLICATION.

Sole Agents for Great Britain, Colonies, Dominions and U.S.A. :

45, WOOL EXCHANGE,
LONDON, E.G. 2.

'Phone : Central 8502. ' Inland Telegravis : " Abrezical, 'Phone, London.

A. BREZET & CO., '

Advertisements xxxi

IMPORTANT MEDICAL BOOKS.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

ARCHIVES OF RADIOLOGY AND ELECTROTHERAPY

(ARCHIVES OF THE ROENTGEN RAY).

The Official Organ of the British Association of Radiology and Physiotherapy.

Tlie origiyial and leading journal in the English language devoted to the stiidy and
practice of Roentgenology and Electrotherapeutics.

Annual Subscription, payable in advance, SOs. n. Single Copies, 3s.

MALINGERING OR THE SIMULATION OF DISEASE. By

A. Bassett Jones, M.B., etc., and Llewellyn J. Llewellyn, M.B., etc.
Royal 8vo. 708 pages. 258. n.

British Medical JoMmal.—" The work is practical and very comprehensive. We believe this will come
to be regarded as a standard medico-legal text-book on the subject of malingering."

Lancet— "An encyclopaedia of differential diagnosis. This genuine achievement deservts the widest
recognition and appreciation."

FIBROSITIS (GOUTY, INFECTIVE, TRAUMATIC), SO-

CALLED CHRONIC RHEUMATISM. By Ll. Jones Llewellyn, M.B.Lond.,
Senior Physician, Royal Mineral Water Hospital, Bath, etc., and A. Bassett
Jones, M.B.Lond., Late Senior Surgeon, Cardiganshire General Hospital, etc.
Royal Svo. 6 Coloured Plates, 136 Illustrations. 25s. n.

. British Medical Journal.— The book should be widely read, not only for the good sense and novelty
of its contents, but also because it contains a mine of information on the cause, diagnosis and treatment
of a group of painful affections so common as to be commonplace — and therefore perhaps unduly
neglected — in general medical practice."

Lawc«(.— "The volume is well printed and illustrated with some good coloured prints and photographs.
It is a thorough and searching study of one of the most difficult spheres of clinical medicine."

WAR SHOCK. THE PSYCHONEUROSES IN WAR;

PSYCHOLOGY AND TREATMENT. By U. D. Eder, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.
Crown Svo. 5s. n.

Britith Medical Journal.— '^ A very readable book."

Medical Times. — "Dr. Eder's contribution to the study of war shock is most practical. The book should
be widely read and should be in the hands of every Officer of the R.A.M.C.

MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS FOR THE STUDENT AND

PRACTITIONER. By Charles Lyman Grebne, M.D., etc. 14 Coloured Plates
and 548 other Illustrations. Royal Svo. 1,302 pages. 42s. n.

British Journal of Tuberculosis.— " An wp-to-diLte all-embracing, scientific and practical exposition of all
that is of proven value in modern diagnostic methods. It is written by a long experienced teacher of medical
students, and affords just the guidance and enlightenment which the student and practitioner of to-day
stands in need ox."

ELEMENTS OF FIELD HYGIENE AND SANITATION.

By Joseph H. Ford, B.S., etc., Colonel Medical Corps, U.S. Army. Approved for
publication by the Surgeon General, U.S. Army. Crown Svo. 248 pages, with
152 Illustrations. 6s. net.

Disease has killed more soldiers than powder and shot, and has occasioned the defeat of many armies
But when so much other military knowledge must be acquired, a description of how troops are kept healthy
should be brief. This work, therefore, considers only those points that are of proven value.

EMERGENCY SURGERY. By John W. Sluss. Fourth

Edition. Large Crown 8vo. 848 pages, 685 Illustrations. 17s. 6d. n.

British Medical Journal.— "The work appears fully to carry out what is intended. The various surgical
operations and manipulations are clearly described, and the text is well illustrated."

Lantet.—* 'This edition maintains the excellence of the earlier issues, and the additions made by the
author have brought it up to the level of the recent advance of surgery."

WILLIAM HEINEMANN (Medical Books Limited),
20, BEDFORD STREET, W.C. 2.

xxxii Advertisements

MR. WILLIAM HEINEMAHM'S WS BOOKS.

GENTLEMEN-AT-ARMS. By " Centurion " of Land and Water. 6s. n.
" Centurion " is the pen-name of an officer who has served on the staS in France.
His stories are based partly on personal experiences and partly on the experiences
of fellow officers with whom he was brought into contact. The author has been
acclaimed by competent critics as a new master of the short story,

OUTWITTING THE HUN. By Lieut. Pat O'Brien, R.F.C. 6s. n.

One of the strangest and most thrilling narratives told since the outbreak of war.
Lieutenant O'Brien was shot down from a height of 8,000 feet and taken prisoce* by
the Germans. The story of his escape, with its almost incredible adventures, is one
that no reader can put down until the last page has been turned.

A DIARY WITHOUT DATES. {Third Large Impression),

By Enid Bagnold. F'cap 8vo. 2s. 6d. n.

"A book that will live on."— Morning Post.

"Subtly, but in an unmi.-ttakable manner, she reveals not only the life of the hospital and the doctora
and nurses who staff it, but also of the soldier-patients themselves, aad her own ' soul ' as well." — The Tatler,

ENGLISHMAN, KAMESAD. By Captain Gilbert Nobbs. 3s. 6d. n.

" It is a remarkable book. It is vivid, biting at times, but full of clear-cut pictures of life at the basei
in the fightinjj line, in the German prison camps, poignant at times, but nownere more flaming than whe^|^
he tells of liis swift ascent out of the valley of the Shadow back to li'e. He has also the dramatic touch.
He has the gift, and we should like to read moie from him."— Yorkshire Observer.

Mr. GALSWORTHY'S NEW BOOK.
FIVE TALES. By John Galsworthy. 6s. n.

A new book by Mr, Galsworthy needs no introduction. This volume will probably
be one of the most popular amongst his works. The titles of the stories included
are "The First and the Last," "A Stoic," "The Apple-Tree," "The Juryman,"
and "An Indian Summer of a Forsyte."

BY THE AUTHOR OF "UNOENSORED LETTERS FROM THE DARDANELLES."

A ROMANCE OF THE WESTERN FRONT. A Novel.

By Gabrielle Vassall. 6s. n.

A powerful story of love and war, full of adventure and romance, describing the
most thrilling experiences which the English heroine went through in order to meet
her French soldier-lover behind and in the lines.

• THE SEQUEL TO "THE DOP DOCTOR."

THAT WHICH HATH WINGS. By Eichard Dehan. 7s. d.

" Has all the excitement which the war, and love, and thrilling adventure by land and tea tan
give it." — IV estmi aster Gazette.

NOTE.— A cheap edition of " The Dop Doctor " is now on sale. Price Ss. 6d. n.

WASTRALLS.

By 0. A. Dawson Scott, author of " Treasure Trove," etc. 6s. n.

" It is a powerful novel which sees life clearly and sanely."— Scotiman.

FIRST THE BLADE. By Clemence Dane. 6s. n.

'*"'' "For'here, believe me, is a little gem of a book. It's the kind of book, in short, that makes a jaded
reviewer, freshened by the first twenty pages of it, promptly write his ' Ex libris' on the fly-leaf and settle
down to enjoy himself immensely. Her penetnition is uncanny, disquieting. The best bit of work that'*
come my way for many a long week. There must be a sequel, please Miss D&ne. "—Punch,

THE WAR - WORKERS. By E. M. Delafield. 6s. n.

- • " Amusement, tinsted with light malice, is what we get out of this, and with some thankfulness, for
a little amusement is necessary in this pres<^nt state of affairs. The skill of the book lies in its satire
comedy, a little cold, a little malicious, distinctly onioy a.ble."— Manchester Guardian.

London: WILLIAM HEINEMANN, 20&21, Bedford St., W.C.2

* John Bale, Sous and Danielsson, Ltd., 83-91, Great Titchfield Street, London, W.l.

Advertisements

"YADIL

99

A
N
T

\

OINTMENT.

LIQUID.

For use ia skin complaints.

For use in all diseases of
micro -organic origin.

i INDIGATIONS:-

I

INTERNAL. :-

1 ACNE,

COLITIS, CYCLITIS,

1 BOILS, BURNS,

S

DIPHTHERIA,

1 ECZEMA, ERYSIPELAS,

FURUNCULOSIS.

i HiCMORRHOIDS,

E

GASTRIC ULCERS,

IMPETIGO,

MEASLES, MUMPS,

i LUPUS VULGARIS.

,P

SCARLET FEVER,

PRURITUS,

TUBERCULOSIS,

PSORIASIS.

T

TYPHOID, &c.

SCABIES.

EXTERN AL:-

Simultaneous internal

I

Septic Wounds, Vene-

Dosage will invariably

real Sores, Vaginal

hasten results.

C

Douching, Operation, &c

1 Sizes— 1 oz.. 8 oz., 16 oz.

Sizes— 2, 6, 20 and 40 oz.

! J

ELL

Y.

A preparation of " Yadil " in a most agreeable form,
well suited for infants and children, has proved of
extreme value in treatment of Diphtheria, Septic
Throats, Pneumonia, Measles, Mumps, Typhoid,
Intestinal Infection, Influenza, and is useful as a
prophylactic. Some success has also been achieved
from its use in Tuberculosis, especially in cases in
which Bronchial trouble is associated.
Sizes— 8 oz., i6 oz.

The «orcl'*TADIL"tB re^sUred as a TRADE MARK.

MANUFACTURERS.

CLEMENT & JOHNSON,

LONDON, W.C. 1.

Telegrams :
"CLEMALEXA, LOHDOH.

Telephone:
CUT 4373.

Advertisements

GOLD MEDAL
XVUth International Congress of Medicine, I9I3.

THE NON-IRRITANT

LOCAL ANESTHETIC

'* Novocain possesses advantages unequalled by any other
local atujesthetic, being absolutely non-irritant and six to
seven times less toxic than cocaine, and, when in com-
bination with adrenalin, producing an anaesthesia that for
intensity and duration equals that obtained by any other
agent." — ("Local Anaesthesia," Carroll W. Allen, M.D.)

NOVOCAIN

DOES NOT CONTAIN COOAINE.

The original preparations of NOVOCAIN
as supplied for the past 10 years at
- - pre*-\srar prices. - -

Powder . . 1-gramme bottles, 1/6 ; 5-gramme bottles, 7/-

Tablets (Medical and Dental) . . in tubes, 1/6 and 8/-

Literature on Application.

THE SACCHARIN CORPORATION LTD.,

Pharmaceutical Department,
36, 37, Queen Street, Cheapside, London, E.C.4.

Dublin Depot: The Pharmacy, Glasnevin (Mr. B. R. Allshire, M.P.S.I.).

War Oflfice,

India Office,

Crown Agents for the
Colonies,

Canadian Government,

New Zealand Govern-
ment,

CONTRACTORS TO

French Government, \ Portuguese Govern-

London County Council, i „ T?"*» „ . ^

Metropolitan Asylums j ^^^*ciety, '"'°''

^°^'"*'' ! French Red Cross

Belgian Government, Society,

Italian Government, | &c., &c.

Advertisements

vn

Fop the Tr©atmont of

NEURASTHENIA, CONYALESCENCE, PHYSICAL AND NERYOUS

EXHAUSTION, &c.

Indent for

PHYTIN

The vegetable phosphorus principle isolated from plant seeds. A Nerve food and
general tonic containing 22 % of phosphorus in completely assimilable and non-toxic

form.
Phytin produces a rapid increase of the appetite, will-power, body-weight, and
muscular energy. It is six times as active as Lecithin.

As supplitd to —

The Home of Recovery, Golders I Alexandra Military Hospital, I Hospital for Epilepsy and Paraly-

Green l^ondDn sis. Loudon

The Military Ho>pital, Weymouth I Military Hospital, Preston I City or London Infirmary

No. 5 Cminiy 9f Durham V.A, j Richmond Military Hospital I Ko. 1 Miliiaiy Hospital, Canter-

Hospital * I i bury

Sherburn Hospital, Durham, etc.

In 25 gramme and 2 oz. bottles, and in boxes of 40 capsules, each capsule containing 4 grains.
Dose : 4 to 8 grains twice daily.

INSOMNIA AND NERYOUS AFFECTIONS, PSYCHOSES, NERYOUS
AND POST-TRAUMATIC SHOCK, EPILEPSY, &c.

DIAL-CIBA

(Diallyl-barbituric Acid, or Diallyl-Malcnyl Urea.)
A rehable, prompt and efficient HYPNOTIC and SEDATIVE causing neither after
effects, nor accumulation. Dial acts in smaller doses than the usual hypnotics and
is consequently cheaper. Dial possesses the following advantages : Produces quiet,
refreshing, dreamless sleep, and sedation. Undergoes complete disintegration and
absorption in the system, is therefore Non-cumu ative and leaves no after etfectg
Buch as vertigo, headache, etc., even after prolonged administration.

As supplied to —

Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley
Ki)>al Marine i n ti i mary, Uosporfc
St. Thomas's Hospital
Clai-toii Mi.itaiy Husp-tal.
Spriiiuti-ld War Hos>.iUl
Croydon War Ho&pital
4ih Loiidi'u GfiMf'rdl Hospital
Lady Sst: ad moke's Hospital
Notts. County Asylum
Loudon Couuty Asylum

British Red Cross Hospital, Netley
Royal Victoria Hospital, Folke-
stone
The King George Hospital
Alexandra Military Hospital
Combe L .dgo V.A.D. H"spital
1st, L -ndon General Hospital
Military Hospital, Belmont
Middle-ex County Asylum
A nlaide Ho>pta', Dublin
Metropolitan County Asylum

Royal Naval Hospital, Haslai-
St/ Barth- loniew s Hospital
Kintr's Coilt'ne H"Spital
Hospital for Kpilep-y and

Par.ly-is
N". 3 .New Zealand Hospital
2iid LoiKion Ge-ieral H'spital
3rd Southern Geiien.1 Hospital
Kent Omntv A-yhiin
Richmond Asylum, Dublin
etc., etc.

In tubes containing 12 tablets (Scored for division) IJ grains each.
Dose : J to 1 tablet thrice daily.

SOCIETY OF CHSMiCAL INDUSTRY IN BASLE (SWITZERLAND),

Established 1864.

Pharjiiuceuticid Depfl.rtment.

Sole JLtfentE— THE SACCHARIN CORPORATION, LTD., 36-37, QUEEN STREET, LONDON, EX. f.

War Office

India Ulfice

Ciown Agents for the Colonies

Canadian G-vernment

New Zealand Government

Contractors to —
French Government
London County Council
Metropolitan Asylums Board
Belgian.Govemmeut

Italian Government
Portugue-e Government
Br tish Rnd Cro>s Society
French Red Cross Society
etc., etc.

Dablin Depot: THE PHARMACY, GLASNEVIN (Mr. B, R. Allshire, H.P.S.I.).

B

via

Advertisements

Constipation, Hsmorrlioids

AND THEIR COMPLICATIONS.

Their rational treatment by local application and re-education
of the intestine and vascular system with :

VARILAXINE

Composed of a series of five varieties,
each composed of a different vege-
table extract^ guaranteed free from
all mineral substances.

Patients do not become accustomed
to Varilaxine, which is used in the
treatment of mild, chronic, atonic
and spasmodic Constipation.

VABILAXINE is put up in boxes
of five tubes, each 10 tablets.

RECTOLINE

Special Ointment prepared with
iEsculin (extract of Horse Chestnut),
Adrenalin and Ortho-Cocain, the
excipient being a specially prepared
Lanolin fluid and free from acid.

RECTOLINE is supplied in a special
outfit containing a tube of Rectoline,
a special canula for its application
loco dolenti in the treatment of in-
ternal and external Hemorrhoids.

RECTOSOL

Stable suppositories of Rectoline

combined with Bismuth Resorcino-

siilfite.

Specially made for the treatment

of internal haemorrhoids, and their

application (one per diem) does not

interfere with the patient's usual

routine.

RECTOSOL is supplied in boxes of
10 suppositories.

SEDACRINE

Presents in a very handy and agree-
able form (drops) the whole action of
the four different herbs which have
given the best results in the treat-
ment by re-education of the vascular
system, of Haemorrhoids and ame-
lioration in Varicosa and Phlebitis.
These plants are the Horse Chest-
nut, Poenia Moutan Sims, Poly-
gonum Hydropiper, and Sedum

Acre.

Supplied in special drop bottles,

30 c.c.

Literature and Clinical Reports on application to the Sole Agents for the British
Empire, Colonies and Dominions, Russia, and America—

THE VARILAXINE LABORATORY

(PHILIPPE LETONDU & CO.),
53, CHANDOS STREET, LONDON W.C. 2.

Substantial Samples of Varilaxine are supplied at cost price— viz., Is.

We regret that owing to the cost of raw materials ive are unable to give samples of
Rectoline, Rectosol, and Sedacrine.

Telephone: Oerrard 8881.

Telegraphic Address : *' Varilaxine- Westrand-London.'

Advertisements

THE need for a reliable preparation which can be prescribed as a
diet rather than a drug, makes itself felt especially in cases of

NEURASTHENIA, HYSTERIA, EPILEPSY,
AND MENTAL DISORDERS.

Where continuous bromide treatment is necessary-, the daily use of

• Sedobrol ' combined with the withdrawal or limitation of salt, has

proved an excellent routine treatment. (Ulrich).

A Cup of Hot * SEDOBROL'

has the flavour of a savour}- bouillon, and is made in a few moments.

'Sedobrol' Roche contains 17 grs. (ii gm.) of Sod. Bromide in
combination with fat and spicy extractives of vegetable proteins.

* Sedobrol ' Roche is Palatable. Assimilable, and Safe.

Dose i One or more tablets at bedtime or whenever necessary
In tins of 10, 30, 60 & 100 tablets, of all Chemists.

Descriptive literature and spectmin from

The Hoffmann. La Roche Chemical Works, Ltd^

7-8 idol lane, LONDON, E.G.

With Headquarters in Basle, Switzerland«

Established in 1898.

A SEDATIVE DIET

Advertisements

ARTIFICIAL LIMBS.

MAKER OF

LEGS, FEET, ARMS, HANDS,

EARS, NOSES, CRUTCHES

and APPLIANCES.

7-'.^

Our "VICTOR" models are quite a
revelation in Artificial Legs. Comfortable,
silent and perfect in movement. They give an
easy supple step, with a lightness hitherto
unknown.

SOLE MAKER OF THE FAMOUS "FLEXIBLE" ARTIFICIAL NOSE

Illustrated Catalogue and Self-measurement

Forms free upon application.

HORACE V. DUNCAN,

Consulting and Kanofacturing Anatomical Mechanician,

16, YORK PLACE, BAKER STREET, LONDON, W. 1

(One minute Baker Street Station).

Why Experiment

with others when
you can obt< '

[am

Jl*

^

^

^^^

^

\

^

■V

,%v

{a>

.?.

From any First'class Dealers or the
Actual Makers,

A. C, COSSOK, Ltd.,

59-61, Clerkenwell Road,

London, E.C. 1.

First Makers of X-ray Tube«
this Country.

ADVERTISEMEiNTS

XI

The Dowsing Radiant Heat Treatment

is a method of applying luminous Radiant Heat to the limbs and
organs of the body is prescribed by the medical profession for the
relief and cure of Stiff and Painful Joints, Sprain, Arthritis, Rheu-
matism, Gout, Sciatica, Lumbago, certain forms of Paralysis,
Frost-bite , some Skin Affections, and Disorders of the D gest ve
Organs. The apparatus is invaluable when applied prior to massage,
as pain is relieved and the parts under treatment become supple.

THE DOWSING RADIANT HEAT TREATMENT is installed in Military
Hospitals or Medical Institutions at: —

Altrincham, Aberystwyth, Ashton-under-Lyne, Brighton, BomTiemouth, Bath, Birmingham,
Bromley, Buxton, Bradford, Blackheath, Belsize Park, Blackpool, Birkenhead, Bristol, Bexhill,
Croydon, Chelsea, Colne, Cork, Cheltenham, Cardiff, Colwyn Bay, Canterbury, Chatham,
Chichester, Dublin, Darlington, Dundee, Devonport,Dovercourt, Eastbourne, Ealing, Edinburgh,
Exeter, Elstree, Felixstowe, Falmouth, Feltham, Folkestone, Fowey. Glasgow, Golders Green,
Gloucester, Gravesend, Helmsley, Henley-in-Arden, Harrogate, Hastings, Hove, Hampstead,
Hindhead, Higham, Haywards Heath, Holmdene, Ilkley, Kingston Hill, London, Llandrindod
Wells, Leamington, Loughborough, Leicester, Lymington, Liverpool, Norwich, Norwood,
Nottingham, Newcastle, Newbury, Nelson, New Brighton, Manchester. Matlock, Malvern,
Pljrmouth, Peebles, Prestwich, Paignton, Plympton, Rochester, Stockport, Sunderland,
Sheffield, Southport, Shanklin, Sidmouth, Southampton, Strathpeffer, St. Leonards, Stoke,
Southall, Staines, Swindon, Torquay, Tunbridge "Wells, Tonbridge, Ventnor, West Didsbury,
Worthing, Woodhall Spa, Wimbledon, Weymouth, Weybridge, Warrington, Whalley, York,

" This treatment is very popular with the patients, and has been eraployed in combination
with massage for trench rheumatism, frost bite, stiff joints after gunshot wounds, sciatica
and lumbago. The medical staff are also satisfied with the results obtained." — " The Bbitish
Medical Joubnal," 3rd April, 1915.

" In many cases the treatment has had magical success. Stiff gnarled limbs have yielded
to the treatment." — " The Times," 30th March, 1915.

'* The Dowsing Eadiant Heat and Lierht Treatment given at the Dowsing Institution,
in York Place, Baker Street, has been used with great success in treating large numbers
of soldiers suffering fi'om stiff joints, rheumatism, sciatica, frost-bite, and the like. Direct
application is made of the luminous heat rays, which are passed into the body, the pain
is relieved and the part under treatment becomes supple and in a suitable condition for
massage and manipulation. Ordinary cases, such as stiff joints and rheumatism, are
frequently cured in a few applications, and many of the men have been sent back to the
front. Even thnse unable to continue in the Army ai-e so far relieved of their crippled
condition that they are able to earn their own living." — The " D.\ily Mail," 1st April, 1915.

" The treatment of disease by heat, under the Dowsing Radiant Heat and Light
Treatment, which has already been of material benefit to many sick and wounded ofticera
and men of the Bi-itish Army."

" The ' Bathing in Electric Light ' under the Dowsing Treatment usually lasts from
twenty to forty minutes and it is to the prolonged application of the brilliant light and
intense heat that the wonderful results of the treatment are mainlv due." — The " Daily
Express," 9th April, 1915.

Full particulars free on application to The Dowsing Radiant Heat
Company, Limited, 39-40, York Place, Baker Street, W. 1.

Zlt

Advertisements

Telephone— QERRARD 5864.

Telegrams—" E8PRINGAL, EUSTRD, LONDON."

A. E. EVANS,

38, FITZROY STREET, IW.l.

Factory-HERTFORD PLACE, WHITFIELD STREET, W. 1.

ORTHOP/EDIC APPARATUS to enable the
permanent or temporarily injured and deformed
to walk without crutches or sticks,
SPECIAL BOOTS for all feet troubles.

EVERY AID to enable war-crippled men to
resume work and become useful citizens.

CONTRACTOR TO H/S MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT.

Maker to the Roya) National Orthopaedic Hospital; Queen Mary
^ Hospital, Roehampton, &c.

^VTia-RfLTOTt^V' IMEAS»SA0JE:.

The WHITE CROSS ELECTRIC VIBRATOR,

^

Supplied in all volt-
ages Irom 100 to 250
d.c. OF a.c.

These machines ar«
extremely LIGHT
and PORTABLE
and can be used for
long periods without
tiring theloperator.

Variable Speeds.

The
WHITE CROSS
is very powerful and
thoroughly reliable
at all times. It con-
tains every scientific
improvement known
in vibrator construc-
tion.

The WHITE CROSS HOT and c0i.»# bLOWER supplied in all voltages.

J'roiMraJle through all Wholesale Depots.

Wholesale only— The DEXTER MANUFACTURING Co.,

Telephone: Rkgent 1790. 8 lo. Beak Street, LONDON, W. i.

Advertisements

Xllt

r

THE WELDON

" AUTO-MOTIVE

f»

Copy of
Instractive
Booklet
Post free
on request.

CRUTCH.

(Pat : 103,183. 1916.)

(Carriage and

Packing

2/6 extra.)

THE ordinary crutch has had its day,
and is suitable only for temporary
use. Now, however, we are called
upon to meet the requirements of the
young and active, whose physical vigour
has been enhanced by hard training gained
on active service.

Users of crutches have hitherto had little
inducement to travel further than was
absolutely necessary, but with the advent
of the " AUTO-MOTIYE " Crutch they
are enabled to take long walks without
fktigue. The ease and speed with which
the ground is covered is truly marvellous.
The reason for this improvement in loco-
motion is due to the unique construction
of the segmental base of the crutch. This
is so proportioned that the weight of the
user propels the body forward without any
exertion beyond resting his weight on the
ample handles. But this is not the only
advantage possessed by the
" AUTO - MOTIVE " Crutch, as
the head is so constructed that
it conforms to the natural oblique
direction of the axilla (arm -pit),

while the segmental bases are parallel to each other and to the line of
progression. The result of this difference from the ordinary crutch
will be found in the absence of crutch paralysis.

Phone:

Museum

S140.1.

Sole Agents for the United Kingdom :

HOSPITALS & GENERAL
CONTRACTS Co., Ltd.,

19-35, MORTIMER STREET,
LONDON, W.I.

Telegrams :
Contracting,
London."

xiv Advertisements

Fire is a good Servant but a liad Master,

An Argument Addressed to Men and Women.

PROBABLY few words in the language have been more
frequently used during the past four years than
the word fire. Fire and sword are old brothers-
in-arms, but fire is the more ancient and the more
powerful. Indeed, fire is one of the primordial things
of Nature. A most potent agent of the gods whether
for creation or destruction. And ever since Prometheus
stole it from Heaven man has tried to subdue fire to his
needs, and the efibrt has passed into the proverb which
is the subject of our argument.

Every man takes the elementary precaution of
insuring his property against fire. He realises that
although he may never have any claim against an
Insurance Office yet the danger is ever present. A
little reflection will, we think, convince him that fire
insurance, in itself most necessary, only gives partial
protection. If a man's house is burnt down the mere
monetary imbursement paid by the Insurance Company
does not compensate him for the loss he has sufi^sred.
The little household gods destroyed are often unique
and irreplaceable ; not to speak of the inevitable dis-
turbance and discomfort. Therefore, it is necessary as
a supplementary precaution to have means at hand of
dealing with outbreaks of fire whether in the home, the
hospital, the car, the yacht, &c. We make and supply
every kind of fire-extinguishing appliance, and we shall
be very pleased to send prices and to give advice to all
readers.

THE GENERAL FIRE APPLIANCE COMPANY,

II, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.4.

Advertisements

XV

FfiEDK.D.BUTT&CO.,LTD.

147, Wardour St., London, W.l

Actual Manufacturers, Designers and
Patentees of the Latest Improvements
in X-Ray and Eiectro-Medical Apparatus.

Contractors to H.M. War Office, Tlie Indian
Governmet.t, &c.

BEW COLLAPoiBLE . .
PATTERN RADlOGRAPaiC
C00C1

— Designed for use with —
Standard Service Stretcher.

Section "B" of otir

catalogue Radiological

Accessories) post free

on request.

Yitamogen (Yitamines) —

VITAMOGEN stands alone as a means of supplying the Yitamines — an entirely new food
element, the discovery of which was brought about by a pure accident as explained in
our Leaflet 1, The Yitamines — their Nature and Propertj' — copies free by request
YITA-MOGEN is useful in any form of Nervous Disease — Neurasthenia, Shell Shock,
Hysteria, immediately after operations when the stomach is in a very irritable condition
owing to the effect of the anaesthetics, &c., Anemia, Nervous Dyspepsia, and all wasting
Diseases, Influenza, and for its great tonic-effect in convalescence after severe illness,
owing to its properties of aiding the body to form fresh tissues to replace those which
have been wasted; also for Sleeplessness, Malnutrition and the effects of overwork and
nervous break-down. Manufacturers: YITAMOGEN, Ltd., 24, Holbom, London, E.G. 1.

Fne Saviphs arr mpplied to Medical Men.
Yitamogen is packed in two sizes— 21- and 4/6, or in
hulk for HospiUds. LH<>rature on the Yitamines vAll
he sent with mmph vpon application.

YITAMOGEN, Ltd., Manufacturers,
24, Holborn, London, E.C.I.

YITAMOGEN owes its origin to our Chairman —
who also invented Virou

XVI

Advertisements

W. R. GROSSMITH'S

ARTIFICIAL

LEGS. ARMS, HANDS AND EYES.

Established in Fleet Street 1760.

Prize Medals :
LONDON, PARIS, DUBLIN, AND
ROEHAMPTON EXHIBITION, 1915.

Accurate Fitting Guaranteed.

Perfect Comfort. Extreme Lightness.

World-
wide
reputation

for
excellence

of con-
■truction

NATURAL MOVEMENT.

BRITISH MANUFACTURE THROUGHOUT.

Illustrated Catalogiie Post Free of

W. R. GROSSMITH, 110, Strand, London.

Telephone: Gerrard 9;

S. MAW, SON & SONS, LTD.,

7 to 12, ALDEESGATE STREET,

LONDON, E.G. L

Manufacturers of Self Propelling and Adjustable

Wheel Chairs.

INVALID FURNITURE
A SPEOIAUTY.

THE NEW

Fore Arm lever
Walking Stick Crutch.

THE USE OF WHICH AVOIDS ALL
PRESSURE ON THE ARMPIT.

illustrations prices, and full particulars
on application.

F46/B

Advertisements

X-RAY APPARATUS

Coil Outfits,

" Snook " Interrupterless

Machines,

Couches,

Fluoroscopic Stands,

etc., etc.

Write for particulars to the Makers,

HEITONA WRIGHT,

72, WIOMORE STm LONDON, W. 1,

••IN8TANTA" INTERRUPTER.

HJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiJiiiiL^

1^ — Close to Euston Square Station (Met. Rly-X ;

I A. E. BRAID & CO., Ltd. 1

Telephone: MUSEUM 3030. (Opposite University College.) ^3-

= 30, Gowcr Place, Gow.er Street, London, W.C. I. =

Contractors to H.M. War Office, Admiralty, India Office, and Belgian Government. ^^^^

Sole Agents for the

"STERLING" Rubber Gloves =

(Manu-
factured

in
Canada)

Made of the highest grade rabber, of nniform thickness and
perfe t shape. Fully guaranteed. The results of num»'rous

te.-ts show their supeiiority after many sterilizations. PEG? trade mars,

FIRM GRIP, MEDIUM WEIGHT, 2s. 9d. per pair. x Special Terms for Quantities
SMOOTH, MEDIUM WEIGHT, is. 6d. per pair. f on Application.

Clinical Thermometers, Is. 9d. each.

Hypodermic Syringes, all metal, with 2
net-dies, in ^.P. case, each 5s. 6d. and
10s. 6d,

Hypodermic Syringes, all gla.ss, with 2
need e«, in N.P. case, 20 ra/m 3s. 9d., 2 c/c
48. 9d., 5 c/c 11.S. 6 J., 10 c/c l4s. 6d.,
20 c/c 17s.

Hypodermic Syringes, "Record," com-
plete fn case with 2 needles, 20m/m or 1 c/c
10s.. 2 c/c l2s., 5 c/c 13s., 10 c/c 18s., 20 c/c
21s. each.

Dressing Scissors,

2s. 6d. each.

Is. 6d., Is. 9d., and

Binaural Stethoscopes, each 6s. 6d. Folding
pattern, 7s. 6d. each.

Hlllll

lllllllllllllllllllllllfT^

Advertisements

SHORT

"TYCOS"

SPHYGMOMANOMETER

For deterpiining both the DIASTOLIC
and SYSTOLIC Keadings of

Arterial Blood Pressure.

The simplest and most quickly ad-
justed instrument for determining
Arterial Blood Pressure. No leather
cuff, hooks or buttons. Accuracy and
rapidity assured.

Sensitive but not delicate — soundly
constructed, not easily deranged.

CAN BE CARRIED IN THE POCKET IN ANY
POSITION, AND !S ALWAYS READY FOR USE.

Full particulars free 07i request. Instruments sent on
approval post free on receipt of card. Obtainable from
all reputable dealers.
MANUFACTURED BY

MAODONAI.D ROAD, IVALTHAMSTOW, LONDON, N.E.

LURENS
STERILE CATGUT,

Trade (Bartlett Process) Mark.

The Standard in the World's Largest Clinics

BECAUSE

It is the highest development of the catgut ligature.

it is sterile, antiseptic, supp!e, elastic, strong, easily seen,

will not untwist in using, and is more than usually

resistant to absorption.

THE ONLY IODINE CATGUT GUARANTEED AGAINST DETERIORATION.
Sizes : 00-4 Plain ; 00-4 Tanned.

Write for free sample and Catalogue to —

JOSSPKE DAVIS,

Wholesale Agent,

13, POLAND STREET, LONDON, W. 1.

Advertisements

xiz

Surgical Manufacturing Company

SURGICAL INSTRUMENT MAKERS TO THE WAR OFFICE, Etc.

EQUIPMENT FOR HOSPITALS, Etc.

x4 176.— Dressing Table.
White Enamelled Metal,
25 by 16 2Sbyl6 30 by 18

£3 lOs. £3 15s. £4 5s,

x6115.— The Hasler Couch,

on Large Rubber-Tyred Wheels,

With Cushion, £9

Without Cushion, £6 lOs.

x6137.— "HTicker Spinal Carriage,

6-ft. Complete with Mattress, etc., £18.

X6086.- Self-propelling
Chair. Adjustable, £6 10s.

Ditto, Upholstered, £8.

OXJR

COMPLETE CATALOGUE

containing 560 pages and over 3,000
illustrations of Surgical Instruments,
Hospital and Inyalid Furniture,
etc., is now ready, and we shall be
pleased to send a copy free to
Members of the Profession, Secretaries
of Hospitals, etc., on application.

83-85, MORTIMER STREET, LONDON, W.l

(Two doors from Great Portland Street, W.)

Advertisements

DEFORMITIES OF THE FEET.

UNSIGHTLY HIGH BOOTS ABOLISHED.

Booklet " Mechanical Orthopedics " free to members of the Profession.
Pamphlet " Appliances for the Lame " sent free to readers mentioning this magazine.

Appliances supplied to the War Office, Principal Hospitals, &c.
Gold Medals and Awards obtained London, Paris, Chicago, &c.

THE O'CONNOR EXTENSION CO.,

SURGICAL BOOT SPECIALISTS,

2, Bloomsbury Street, London, W.C. 1.

Telephone: 2142 MUSEUM.

Get Particulars of

THE 'KENNEY'LEG

from

THE CAMBRIAN
ARTIFICIAL LIMB CO., LTD.

45, BEDFORD ROW,
H0LBO8N, LONDON, W.C.I.

Telegrams—
*' Enneylimbsk. Holb.,' London/'

Telephone —
Holborn 4740.

IT IS THE SIMPLEST!
MOST EFFICIENT! and CHEAPEST LEG MADE,
EXTREMELY LIGHT AND

PRACTICALLY INDESTRUCTIBLE.

Advertisements

XXI

MEDICAL MEN

are asked to prescribe and order

5UBITOL

instead of the enemy-owned ICHTHYOL.

SUBITOL is therapeutically as efficient as

Ichthyol in every direction, and gives equally

good results.

CAN BE HAD FBOM ALL LEADING DRUG HOUSES.

CHAS. ZIMMERMANN & Co. (Chem.), Ltd.,

9-10, St. Mary-at-Hill, London, E.G.

THE BEST ANTISEPTIC.

The Genuine British Product is known as

«' L " BRAND. See that you get "L" BRAND

and ensure getting a product that will give

you every satisfaction.

NON-CAUSTIC. NON-IRRITATING.

From all Druggists, 9d., Is. 3d.. 2s. 3d. and 4s. per bottle.

LYSOL, Ltd., STRATFORD, LONDON, E.

Advertisements

RUBBISH

I

And "REFUSE."

The CLEAN and SANITARY method
of disposing of Refuse and Rubbish
BURNING in "Horsfall"
DESTRUCTORS.

Special small DESTRUCTORS for:—

HOSPITALS, CAM PS, WORKSHOPS,
COUNTRY HOUSES, Etc.

For particulars apply :—

The New Destructor Company, Ltd..

/ 30, WALTER HOUSE,

>"' Bedford Street, Strand, London, W.C. 2.

MECHANO-THERAPY.

THE ALL BRITISH MEDMEO APPARATUS.

Superior to the GERMAN-ZANDER type.

As supplied to The British and Australian Red Cross ; H.M. Office
of Works; H.M. India Office; H.M. War Office; principal Provincial
Hospitals— Cardiff, Sheffield, &c., &c.

The Medmec Apparatus besides carrying
out Passive, Active, and Movements of
Graduated Resistance, acts also as a reliable
method of Joint Mensuration.

Many favourable reports have been received
of its success in Drop Wrist, Drop Foot
cases, &c.

The apparatus contains many improve-
ments which have hitherto been omitted in all
existing Mechanical Apparatus.

Superior to other methods such as Bope
and Pulley devices, Curative Workshops, &c.,
of treating injured joints. The '* Medmec"
introduces the only favourable movement for
joint readjustment.

Price: Set of 8 apparatus £100.
Single apparatus supplied.

TBE LONDON MEDICO MECHANIfAL APPARATUS SUPPLY CO.,

31, Marylebone Lane, Wigmore Street, W. 1.

Phone : Mayfair 2998.

Advertisements

XZllI

The Future of the
Disabled Soldier.

By C. W. HuTT, M.A., M.D.Cantab.,
D.P.H.Oxford. Crown 8vo. With 11 full
page Illustrations. Price Gs. net, postage 6d.

The Discharged
Consumptive Soldier.

By Thomas Denman, Clerk to the Brighton

Insurance Committee. Crown 8vo. Price

Is. net, postage 2d.

Religion and Realities.

By Dr. Henby Maudsi.ey.
Cloth, gilt lettei-ed. Price
postage 4d.

Crown
8s. 6d.

8vo,
net.

Mind and the Nation.

By J. H. Pabsons. Demy Bvo. Price
7s. 6d. net, postage 6d.

Rural Water Supplies and
their Purification.

By Sir A. C. Houston, K.B.E., M.B.
Price 7s. 6d. net, postage 6d.

Cloth.

Rivers as Sources of
Water Supply.

By THE same Authob. Cloth Boards.
Price 5s. net, postage 6d.

The Problem of the Nations;

A Study in the Causes. Symptoms, and
Effects of Sexual Disease, and the
Education of the Individual

By A. Cobbett-Smith, M.A.Oxon.
Royal 8vo. Cloth. Price Is.
postage 8d.

Therein.

F.R.G.S.
6d. net,

A Lecture on Means for
the Prolongation of Life.

By Sir Heeman Webeb, M.D., F.E.C.P,

Fourth Edition. Demy 8vo, pp. 246, cloth.

Price 4s. 6d. net.

On the Influence of Muscular
Exercise on Longevity.

By Sir Heeman Webeb, M.D., F.R.C.P.
Fcap. 8vo. 6d. net, postage 2d.

A Searchlight on Germany,

Germany's Blunders, Crimes and
Punishment.

By Dr. William T. Hobnaday, Member Board

©f Trustees, American Defence Society.

Price 3d. net, postage Id.

JOHN BALE, SONS & DiNlELSSON, Ltd,,

83-91, 6t. Titchfield St., London, W. 1.
c

BLENOSAN

CAPSULES

As a routine
treatment for

6ENIT0- URINARY CONDITIONS.

BLENOSAN is a mixture of the finest
East India Santal Oil with a specially
prepared fluid extract of Kava-Kava. It
is presented in the form of accurately -
measured Capsules, and affords an ideal
medicament for the treatment of all
inflammatory conditions of the urethra.

BLENOSAN is an improvement upon
the ordinary Santal, and the full pro-
portion of the alpha resin of Kava-Kava
ensures all the aneesthetic and diuretic
properties of the root in a standtirdised
and dependable form.

BLENOSAN CAPSULES conse-
quently are indicated in all pathological
conditions which affect the genito-urinary
system, including acute Cystitis, Vagi-
nitis, and Leucorrhcea, and where intense
hypersemia and swelling of the mucous
membrane give rise to a diminution of
the urinary canal.

BLENOSAN CAPSULES are well
adapted for the continuous and system-
atic treatment of such cases, and are
being used with excellent results by
many of the most experienced and
successful Physicians.

BLENOSAN CAPSULES can be
prescribed for a course of treatment
extending o\er two or three weeks.

SPECIMENS and LITERATURE sent on APPLU
CATION to MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS and
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTS.

ROBERT FERRER, Ltd.,

Manufacturing Chemists,

98-104, Oakley Street, Westminster Bridge
Road, LONDON, S.E. 1.

Telegrams: "Ferbtsbimus^amb, London."
•Phone : Hop 1904.

Canadian Office :

Stevenson Building (Room 305),

110, Church Street, TORONTo'

ONTARIO.

XXIV

Advertisements

THE " WELBEC ' X-RAY TUBE.

TUNGSTEN TARGET.
Sizes: Six, Seven and Eight Inch Diameter.

FOR INTENSE
CURRENTS.

AND PROLONGED
EXPOSURES.

THE "WELBEC" VALVE

SUPPRESSES INVERSE CURRENT ABSOLUTELY.

Sizes: Six and Seven Inch Diameter.

THE MOST

EFFICIENT VALVE

MADE.

FOR HEAVY
OR LIGHT
CURRENT.

The repair and reconstruction of Tubes promptly carried out.

ACTUAL. MAKER.
O. C. AIIMlSIt,

Works- ~\ "

32, Mortimer Market,

Tottenham Court Road,
LONDON, W.C. 1.
Phone : 2348 MUSEUM.

BRITISH
MANUFACTURE
THROUGHOUT.

FOREIGN AND COLONIAL
ENQUIRIES SOLICITED.

CATALOGUE ON
APPLICATION.

Telegraphic Address : "■ WELTUBEC, LONDON.'

Advertisements

ZZY

i lUn^.Iodi.M.*

Literature on request.
Special Quotations for
Hospitals & Institutions.

RECALLED to LIFE.

In Therapeutics Iodine has been recalled to life in lodex.

The irritative, staining, and corrosive effects of Iodine,
banished its use in Therapeutics, and it was not until the
introduction of lodex that its universal use in Therapy was
made possible. Although lodex contains 5 % of pure
Iodine, yet it does not stain, irritate, or cause desquam-
ation. Indeed it is bland in action. It reveals the true
virtues of Iodine which were latent all the time, but '•)
masked by its vices. ^

In post-war affections of joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles,
rheumatoid conditions, ankylosis, myalgia, neuritis, sciatica,
&c., &c., we have abundant evidence of its value. Its
remarkable penetrative and absorbable properties secure
local and systemic effects without iodism. Some
idea of its penetration and absorption may be gained
by rubbing a little lodex into the jaw. ^ ithin a
few minutes the palate detects a distinct metallic
taste. As an adjunct in orthopaedic surgery it is
invaluable in pecuring mobility of ankylosed con-
ditions, reducing swellings, inflammation, &c. lodex
with Methyl Salicylate is a valuable combination in
conditions associated with pain.

Specify lodex (ung. lodi M. Si J.) and
shun irritative substitutes.

MENLEY & JAMES, Ltd., Manufacturing Chemists,

MENLEY HOUSE, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.G. 1.
Contractors to the War Office, &c.

llODEXf

(Un^.Iodi.M.>«d I

LONDON, BRUSSELS, BERNE, L&USANNE and GENEVA.

AWARDED GRAND PRIX, MED. CONGRESS, LONDON, 1913.

Contractor to the WA.R OFFICE, BELGIAN COMMISSION and leading
MILITARY ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITALS.

Maison M. Schaerer, S*' A""''

British Manager and Director, Albert Edwards,

41, Be]?n.e]?s Sti*eet, ^^. 1,

FOB THE FAMOUS AND GENUINE

ALBEE'S

BONE-GRAFTING SET.

. •

Experts in STERILIZATION, OPERATING TABLES,
and HOSPITAL FURNITURE, &c.

Write for Particulars. 'Phone : Museum 1719.

xxvi Advertisements

If you want vulcanite teeth which
have not been exposed to the danger
of cracking during manufacture by
the baking in of platinum pins, you
should order

ANATOFORM TEETH

AND

SOLILA TEETH

They have platinum anchorages
baked in the teeth and large, strong
pins soldered to the anchorages after
baking of the porcelain is complete.

4;

de TREY & Co., Ltd..
13, 13, 14, Denman Street,

LONDON, W. I.

Advertisements

CORY BROTHERS ^^^,:''^^7:^l

SUPPLY- (Established Eight Years.)

HOSPITAL SURGICAL ENAMELLED.

and

INVALID DRESSINGS GLASS

„ -"' and and

FURNITURE: APPLIANCES: CHINA WARE.

ESTIMATES (free) for the Equipment of

Red Cross and Private Emergency Hospitals

At low competitive prices.
A Senior Representative will call by appointment.

P»tronlz«d by the War Office, British Red Cross Society, French, Belgian and Serbian

Belief Funds, &c.

Telegrams : Telephone :

"CoRTBRosiM," London. Mosbum 1152-3 (2 lines).

CORY BROS., S4 & 56, Mortimer St., London, W. i.

(Eight doors from GREAT PORTLAND STREET, W. 1.)

Telephone: MUSEUM 1380. Telegrams: "SPINALIS. OX, LONDON.

F. G. ERNST

78, 80 & 82, CHABLOTTE ST., FITZBOY SQ., LONDON, W.I

©rtbopa^bic riDecbanicfan.

ARTIFICrAL LIMBS.

Specialist in Limbs for Short Stumps and Through
Hip Amputations.

Patents : Through Hip. Artificial Limb with Tilting Table.

Symes* Amputation. Artificial Foot with Buffer
Action.

Aweo'd of Merit and Silver Medal— International
Exhibition of Artificial Limbs. Roehampton, 1915.

ADVERTISEMfeNTS

Telegrams: " BAYLBAF, OX., LONDON."

W. H. BAILEY & SON'S

ARTIFICIAL LIMBS,
_ _ CRUTCHES,

#^ SPLINTS,

Invalid Carriages &. Chairs

FOR WOUNDED SOLDIERS.

WRITE FOR LIST.

F.S. 328.

BB8T WICKER IMVJLLID

CARRIAGE.

Upholstered in leather cloth,
rvibber-tyred whe«ls.

SPINAL WICKER INVALID
CARRIAGE WITH ADJUSTABLE HOOD.

Ruhber-tyred wheels and strong
steel springs.

F. B. 640.
HAHD.PROPELLBD INVALID CHAIR.

With lever action, ball bearings and
heary rowister pneumatic tyros.

F, S. 500.
HBRLIM GHAIR,

With or without detach-

able leg rest. •

Rubber-tyred wheels.

F.S. 506.

HAHD-PSOPBLLED INVALID

.CARRIAGE.

Best wicker bodfy, pneumatic tyres

and ball beartngs throughout.

Thoroughly well finished.

38, Oxford Street, and 2, Ratlone Place, london, W. 1.

Surgical Instpaments, &o.

HospiUl and Invalid Fi}rnitiire.

Ps30«/I8942/16b/9-»- 18/12,500. Johm Ba-Lb, SoNg & Daniklssox, Ltd., 88-91, Gt. Titchitiruj St., Lokdw, W.l,

REVEILLE

DEVOTED TO THE DISABLED SAILOR & SOLDIER
EDITOR -JOHN GALSWORTHY

ASSISTANT editor: • --CS EVANS

No 2. NOVEMBER, I9I8.

Artists at the Front (No. 2)
The Whitewashed Wall (Poem)...

Looking Ahead

Letters from America

Blinded Soldiers and our Duty...

The Brothers

A Note on the New Martyrdom
The Auto-Iconoclast (Poem)

** Lest We Forget)"

The King's Fund

What the War Office is doing...

The Paralysed Pensioner

Development of the Work

A Plea for the Consumptive Soldier

Roehampton and its Lessons ...

Nerves and the Men

The Artificial Limb and some

Difficulties

Urgently Needed (Pensions Liaison

Officers)

Going to Work

A Lost Village

Three Poems

Open Letter to the Disabled
An Englishman in France
From the Man's Point of View
Heritage (an Impression)...
Some Ways and Means

Dawn on the Somme (Poem)
Waiting

Max Beerbohm

Thomas Hardy, O.M.

John Galsworthy

John Masefield

Brieux (de TAcademie Francaise)

Stacy Aumonier

G. K. Chesterton

Owen Seaman

Raven Hill

The Minister of Pensions

Lt.-Gen. Goodwin,|C.M.G.,D.S.O.

Sir John Collie, C.M.G.

Major Herbert Evans

P. C. Vamer-Jones, M.D.

Dudley Myers, O.B.E.

Major A. F. Hurst, R.A.M C.

Daniel Robinson
Major Alane Coupland
V. White

All

ai.

Frank Brangwyn, A.R.A.

W. H. Hudson

Maurice Baring ; G. Rostrevor ;

Jphn Drinkwater
Major H. H. C. Baird, D.S.O.
Herbert Ward

G. Buckley; F. J. Passmore
John Galsworthy
Civilian ; M. Stocks ;

J. Heyneman ; Eleanor Sale
Robert Nichols
Leon de Smet

h

Notes. Summary of the Royal Warrant. Tables.

HALF-A-CROWN NET.

Adverhscments

The Hot Water
oottJe with the
one-piccc stopper
»od neck, ensuring
security «g:ainst
Jeakag^e.

H. & G.

PERFECTED
HOT WATER BOTTLE
MDst Appeal to Yoh.

Three Standard

7/6 tJ^an any other, no matter what the price'

12 in. X 8 in.

6/6

10 in. X 8 in.

5/6

Post free,

SpeciaJ prices quoted

on application for

quantitiet.

A GLANCE at the
accompanying illus-
tration will enable
you to grasp the principles
oj the unique construction
o» the neck.

Just imagine all the old
bottle troubles, a badly
wired-m neck, a washer
that has hardened or flat-
tened out of shape, a lost

washer no matter how
good the quality of the
rubber may be. unless
these defects are elimi^
noted your H. W. Bottle
will be a nuisance, not a
comfort.

If you are not convinced,
write to us for further in-
tormation concerning our
H. 6c G. Perfected Bottle.

UnCm'nirn ™=-P«=-'°»' H. & G. Perfected Bo.d

HO PI ALSA GENERAL CONTRACTS CO., Ltd

■ J elephones— Museum 3140-1.

Advertisements

BAIRD&TATLOGK (LONDON), L^'

14, Cross Street, Hatton Garden, £.C. I.

MANUFACTURERS OP

Bacteriological Instruments and Apparatus.

Registered No.
664357.

Agglutination Water Bath (United States Army Pattern.)

DUROGLASS.

A high resistance Borosilicate Laboratory Glassware.

See 1918 Supplementary Catalogue.

Advertisements

^^^■•^O secure artificial teeth which look

LLt like natural teeth, which will feel

comfortable at once, with which

food can be masticated more efficiently

than with other teeth, in other words,

teeth which look well and natural and

which will have a beneficial influence on

the health of the patient get

ANATOFORM TEETH.

This picture illustrates the part the teeth play in giving expression

to a face. Anatoform teeth are the only artificial teeth designed

with a knowledge of such requirements.

de TREY & Co., Ltd.,
11-15, Denman Street,
Piccadilly Circus,

LONDON, W. I.

Advertisements

111

COTTRELL'S

IMPROVED ASEPTIC NEEDLES.

(INTERCHANGEABLE)
Made in two sizes ^ * i inch and f inch.

LONG AND 5HORT P0INT5.

Special points and lengths made to special order.

^ These Needles are made from the finest tempered steel,
the flexibility is such that they will not break nor crumple
up when injecting the fluid into the tissues.

^ The heads are made from a special metal (gilded) which
will not spread unduly. They form a sufficiently flexible
cushion in the nozzle for the head of the syringe to embed
itself in, thus preventing leakage.

Having laid down extensive machinery we are in a
position to manufacture at very short notice all styles of :

SURGICAL ASEPTIC NEEDLES.

Samples and prices submitted on application.

THE APTUS SUCTION DISC

is the only disc made carrying a self-clearing aluminium

or gold stud.

^ It is designed so as to make
artificial plates adhere to
flat mouths.

^ It is most efficacious, and
will hold a denture in place
when all other means fail.

^ It is quickly adapted.

PRICES ON APPLICATION.

THE STUD WITH RUBBER IN POSITION
ON VULCANITE PLATE.

r*rvrpmTJT^T T A- PA Manufacturers and Dealers in
UUXXrViJljlJ CX \J\J.j Dental Material and Appliances,

15-17, CHARLOTTE STREET. LONDON, W.

iv Advertisements

OUR CONSTANT STUDY,

THE NEEDS OF THE
DENTAL PROFESSION

With our extensive organization, backed as it is
by an experience of over Ninety-eight years, we are
better able to-day than ever to produce the best in
all that pertains to Dentistry.

Mineral Teeth and Porcelain Outfits
Workroom Tools and Appliances
Dental Rubbers Hand Instruments
Precious Metals Anaesthetic Apparatus

Filling Materials Sundries Books
Extracting Forceps Electrical Apparatus
Operating Room Furniture
Engines and Engine Instruments, &c.

The world-wide demand for our manufactures
has necessitated the repeated enlargement of ail our
Factories. This is a very gratifying testimony to
the quality and value of our Goods, and we need
hardly add that it will always be our sole aim to
merit a continuance of the hearty support which has
been extended to us during the past century.

Our goods can be obtained through your Dealer

CLAUDIUS ASH, SONS & CO,, LTD.,

5 to 12, Broad Street, Golden Square,

LONDON, WJ, England,

Established 1820.

Face flr$t matttt

k

(»\^L^«N Ol*Ci>m\w<. "^kKrtw ; CW , -t^-o-* CK.VM.

REVEILLE.

No, 2. NOVEMBER, 191 8.

THE WHITEWASHED WALL.

By THOMAS HARDY.

Why does she turn in that shy soft way

Whenever she stirs the fire,
And kiss to the chimney-corner wall,

As if entranced to admire
Its whitewashed bareness more than the sight

Of a rose in a garden greerv?
I have known her long, but this raptured rite

I never before have seen.

— Well, her soldier-son cast his shadow there,

And a friend took a pencil and drew him
Upon that flame-lit wall. And the lines

Had a lifelike semblance to him.
And there long stayed his familiar look ;

But one day, ere she knew.
The whitener came to cleanse the nook,

And covered the face from view.

** Yes," he said: "my brush goes on with a rush;
And the draught is buried under ;
When you have to whiten old cots and brighten,

What else can you do, I wonder } "
But she knows he's there. And when she yearns

For him, lone in the moaning night,
She sees him as close at hand, and turns,
And kisses him under the white.
12

The Writers alone are responsible for the Opinions
expressed in their Articles.

LOOKING AHEAD.

By JOHN GALSWORTHY.

The more the problem of our disabled is considered the more
certain it seems that we are still hanging over the edge of an
abyss.

There were, to start with, two possible ways of dealing with
this great question. The first was simple, centralized, and
autocratic. The Government might have retained disabled
soldiers in the Army till everything possible had been done
for them physically and by way of retraining for work to which
they were suited in civil life. Two objections — our national
belief in Liberty, and the logical need of justifying such a
drastic method by guaranteeing to every man so restored
permanent work on his discharge — were apparently fatal ;
and the idea softly and silently vanished away.

The second was the decentralized and democratic way,
which has been adopted. The disabled are discharged, as
soon as reasonably possible, to their own homes ; and their
continued treatment and training are left to Local War
Pensions Committees to arrange so far as may be, in local
hospitals and local institutes and workshops. Very well ! The
scheme is more organic, better in accord with our British
instincts, and, though modifications are in the wind, we appear
to be at this time of day irrevocably committed to the main
lines of it. But it is inevitably slower than a drastic highly
centralized method. Take the most recent figures: Fresh
pension claims of disabled soldiers dealt with between April i
and September 17 number 134,013 ; men admitted to training
in that period, about 6,200. The percentage of discharged
men back in their old employment is estimated at about 50.
Making that and other allowances men are still being dis-
charged into the open labour market at a much greater rate
than that at which they are being specially refitted for civil life.
We have not only to equalize those rates, but great arrears to
make up, and shall have ultimately to deal with many men.

k

LOOKING AHEAD 177

now back in old jobs who, later on, will be shouldered out of
them by competition — in fact, a balance of disability which will
not be disclosed till industrial conditions are normal again.

In a democratic country supply is apt to wait on demand;
and demand takes a long time to make itself felt in its true
proportions. The conditions in this case are such that it
cannot make itself felt in full until too late — until the Army
is demobilized, industrialism reshuffled, competition in fierce
blast, and thousands of our more or less disabled elbowed out
of places they are now able to fill. The extent of the demand
may very well not be really visible till five years after the war.

We confess to being haunted by a fear more solid than ever
was ghost. From the time these words are read we may have
but a year and a half at most to make our peace with the
Honour of our Country. To speak quite frankly, we fear
disgrace and disaster. Do people realize what a dreadful
thing it will be, if all the butter of fair words about *' our
heroes " melts into one vast disfiguring grease spot ; and
instead of men honoured and contented we have an army of
broken wanderers with curses on their lips ? The beginnings
of it are here already. There had better be no illusion.
Every such broken cursing man will be in the right and we
in the wrong of it. And the strife and disruption they will
breed will be deserved. Nor will it be much use to blame the
Government, which is our favourite way out of all difficulties
that the happy-go-lucky British temperament brings on itself.
Those who blame the Government are often they who would
have been the first to mete out blame if a swifter autocratic
scheme had been adopted. The Government, in deference
to our national susceptibilities, has inaugurated a democratic
scheme which can only to a limited extent be run from the
centre ; its real go and vitality depend on public interest and
local effort. If these are lacking the scheme fails. Even if
the Ministry were to drop all the red tape they have left,
and the Treasury were to widen indefinitely the mouth
of its purse, even then the success of a voluntary scheme
could only come from the goodwill and efforts of the public
and of the disabled man himself. The employer must come
forward with his interest and his promise of employment,
with his experience, his personal touch, and his foresight ;

178 REVEILLE

the craftsman who can teach must be ready to teach;
the trades union leader — he who knows how hard and bitter
times can be fdr the working-man — must use all his influence
and persuasive powers on the mind of the disabled ; and all of
us who know individual disabled men must join in the effort
to secure for them a safe and worthy future. Above all must
the disabled soldier in his own interest look ahead. We plead
for unity, for co-operation in this work.

An old clergyman came into our study the other day and
most unexpectedly demonstrated that the be-all and end-all of
the Universe was Love. He had been round this earth three
times. We, who have not yet been even once round the stellar
plan, are not so certain ; we think the Creative Principle less
simple. But of this we are sure : There are moments in the
course of each human enterprise when the principle of love, or
co-operation as we may soberly call it, is more important than
the principle of strife or disruption. The process of restoring
our disabled has come on such a moment. Sometimes criticism
and destruction really aid construction. This is not one of
them, if we are to rebuild a very shattered house. Whatever
the demerits of the official schemes — and they probably fall as
far short of perfection as human plans generally do- — it is too
late to go back on them; remedy or supplement for their
deficiencies can best be supplied by supporting them with all
our hearts. Helpful criticism is still needed ; but the sands are
running out — there is no longer time for destructive criticism.
We want enthusiasm, goodwill, give and take, and, above all,
the right men and women in the right places.

W^e say all this without even the shadow of a political axe
to grind ; without any bias whatever in favour of this or any
other Government. Only an ignoramus will reproach us with
haviiig political ends in view, or any intention of camouflaging
the work of the Ministry who has these matters in hand. We
say it because we are convinced that there is no longer time
for tearing things to pieces ; we have had four years to do
that in, and the scheme which has survived the process (supple-
mented, as we shall hope to show it must be) is our only
chance. The moment the grip of national danger is relaxed,
selfishness will at once begin to scramble, a thousand new
problems and difficulties will absorb our energies, the chance

LOOKING AHEAD 179

will pass, and the weakest go to the wall. What would be the
use of a perfect scheme, when the time for getting it to work is
overpast ? The chance of the disabled is while the war is on ; and
the moving force of the scheme-in-being will only come when
people see the facts — the waste here, the wreckage there — and
the danger scrolled across our sky. Let all our enthusiastic
frondeurs concentrate their energies on making people see that
danger ; on persuading the discharged soldier of his needs
rather than of his grievances, heavy and bitter though they
sometimes be, lest in the future they become ten times more
bitter. Let them open the eyes of his friends and relations to
the ominous future which awaits us and him unless he can fit
himself to meet it. Let them devote themselves to rousing
employers to a sense of their duty to employ ; and the trades
to a feeling of shame that obstacles should be put in. the way or
men before whom we ought to bow.

Even if everybody's goodwill were engaged, there would
still be great difficulty in making up the leeway. There is a
shortage of doctors, of labour and building material for hospitals
and workshops, and of instructors. There are countless pre-
judices and jealousies to overcome ; vested interests to fight ;
ind a huge newly-formed machinery to get into running order.
[It would be a miracle if there were not as yet too many checks
land departments, so that there is not enough co-ordination and
speed at the heart of the machine, and too little left to individual
[initiative at the extremities. Above all, there is the size of
the problem. Over 400,000 already discharged, disabled, and
many more, perhaps, to come. Not claimed by the Ministry
unnaturally perfect the existing official schemes ought now
to be helped by every person of good will, so that they may be
►rought to the greatest possible fruition.

But, supposing, for a moment, that they are so helped, will
they, in and of themselves, be sufficient to deal with the host
►f our disabled ? No. We are absolutely convinced that when
everything possible under the Government's present scheme
las been done to retrain men for civil life, find them suitable
employment, or set them up in business through the King's or
>ther funds, there will still be many thousands of disabled men,
for one reason or another on the rocks — a great number, whose
'injury definitely disqualifies them for business and for any-
thing but light work, of which there is only a limited supply of

i8o REVEILLE

a skilled nature ; a great many whose disability makes them
intermittent workers, men whose nervous system has been irre-
mediably affected ; and many by nature slack, now made hope-
lessly slack. (And there will be the consumptives, of whom
41,000 odd had been discharged up to September; but that is
a separate problem, to which attention is drawn in another
article.)

It is time we took this prospect for a certainty, and began
to consider the possible ways by which disaster may be
avoided. Some scheme there will have to be, some ultimate
guarantee against seething discontent, the country's dishonour,
and our brave men's wretchedness. We are content now to
indicate three such schemes, pointing out shortly their
qualities and defects, without even attempting to make up
our mind or to suggest that they are better than other
schemes which might be devised.

The Rothband Scheme is well known both to the Ministry
and to most of us who have interested ourselves in this
question. It is suggested that the King should invite all
considerable employers to sign their names on a Roll of
Honour, and promise that they and their successors will
employ one or more men disabled in this war. It is claimed
that by this means every disabled man would be absorbed
into normal industry for so long as disabled men remained ;
that all employers would thereby be penalized (or complimented,
as we should prefer to call it) equally ; that honourable senti-
ment and gratitude would be funded now, while it is still alive
and general, for the long hard future. It is claimed that it
could be easily and inexpensively inaugurated, and would in
no way interfere with the existing official plans for training,
indeed that it would further them, because," as its promoters
quite truly say, retraining of itself is of no use unless permanent
employment is provided for the retrained. This Rothband
scheme is a serious proposition, has wide support, and there is
a good deal to be said for it. As we see things, there are
three really grave objections. First, that it would probably not
absorb all the disabled ; and that many employers would join
the Roll, get the kudos, and shirk the obligations, by taking
one or two disabled men where they should be taking ten or
twenty. Secondly, that employers (who, though no worse than
any other class, are not all benevolent, painstaking, and wise)

LOOKING AHEAD i8i

would in many cases be inclined, as gratitude waned and public
opinion grew less vigilant, to put even those disabled, who were
capable of better work, into blind-alley jobs — making them
liftmen, timekeepers, watchmen, and so forth ; in other words,
to give them non-creative employment, which would waste
productive power, and keep the men's energies and will-power
rusting all the rest of their lives ; for it must never be forgotten
that the disabled are mostly young. Thirdly, that if the disabled
soldier knew now for certain that there was a light, protected
job of some sort always open to him for the asking, he would
in very many cases refuse retraining for special pursuits in
which he could well make good entirely on his own, and would
thereby stand in the way of his own fuller future, and greater
happiness — for we are, nationally, all too prone to take the line
of least resistance.

The second plan, already more than hinted at by the
Minister of Pensions, is practically the Rothband scheme made
compulsory. All employers forced by Act of Parliament to
take soldiers disabled in this war in due proportion to the
number of hands they employ. This scheme would be free of
the first objection to the Rothband scheme ; it probably would
absorb all the disabled, not otherwise accounted for, but would
be subject to the two other objections, and it remains, of
course, to be seen whether employers will stand compulsion, or
public opinion permit the attempt.

In a few words towards the end of the last number of
Reveille we pointed out a third plan, which might have to
be adopted : A system of Government workshops for towns-
men, and of rural colonies for countrymen, employing only the
disabled, at standard wages, and refusing no disabled man who
at any time presented himself. Not disciplinary institutions, in
any way, just ordinary industries — the men living or lodging
with their families, outside, in the usual way. Such workshops
and colonies would, of course, need formation and support on
the most elastic scale, suited to good times and bad. They
might well in some years be almost empty, in others full to
overflowing. But if they existed we should all know that the
right to work and a decent life had been permanently secured
to every disabled man. They would probably be self-
supporting, and would automatically form training schools for
men who wished to pass on to work again in open competition,

1 82 REVEILLE

as the Lord Roberts Workshops do now on a small scale.
Against this scheme there is the housing difficulty for a
fluctuating number of workers; and the grave objection that
such Government workshops and rural colonies would be
aggregations, though not segregations, of disabled men.
There is no need to labour the disadvantages of that. In all
other respects they might be places of normal industry, neither
institutions nor homes of charity, and they would not be open
to the particular objections which haunt the other two schemes.

We do not know of any other plans which would cover the
whole ground, and clear the country's conscience. Possibly
a combination of the first or second with the third may be
necessary. But we invite the Government, the Public, and the
Disabled to a private view of the state of this country five
and ten years hence, if, by the time the war ends, some
comprehensive plan, securing justice and contentment to the
great unabsorbed residue of the injured, be not set on foot,
and placed behind to supplement and round off the present
arrangements for treatment and training : Men in workhouses,
men at street corners, men on tubs, men miserably idle on
pensions which barely keep the life in them ; bitter men and
justly bitter ; young men with long years of disillusionment
and resentfulness before them, the centres of little swirls of
discontent and revolution. And all these men with the black
horrors they went through for their country's sake burnt into
their brains, hating us who did not go through those horrors
but could talk about what we would do for them — and then
not do it!

Pensions and monetary aids are all very well, but they will
never stop the brooding and the bitterness of those who gave
up their best energy for ever in the prime of their youth — you
can't cure that ache with money ! Occupation and the sense
of usefulness alone will do it. To assure everyone the chance
of that is the very least we can do for men who did much
for us. The situation demands not only all our energy and
co-operation now, but far sight into the futu^-e. It demands
that we should for once falsify our British happy-go-luckiness,
our ingrained habit of waiting till we're forced ; for once go
ahead of disgrace and trouble, which otherwise will come so
surely as these words are put on paper.

1^3

LETTERS FROM AMERICA.

By JOHN MASEFIELD.

" Niagara.

**All the way, I had remembered the tales of the roar of the
water, and how it can be heard for miles, but what I heard was
only the train, and even when I stood in Niagara, within 5CK)
yards of the American fall, I hardly heard it ; what I heard
was the rapids above the fall, which are picturesque and
beautiful, in spite of the ice, yet perhaps nothing out of the
way in the magnificent sense. They are a rush and a wild
crying of rather clear greenish water much broken by falling
and by rocks and by the big Goat Island in the middle of
the falls.

I wandered down the stream and quite soon saw the edge,
with the water going over the edge, and nothing beyond the
edge except the Canadian shore 400 yards away. Just at the
edge the water greened and went very fast, so I hurried up,
right to the rail by the brink, and as I came within ten yards
(going in the direction of the stream) I heard the fall's big
voice, and then, when I looked over the edge, it was really
terrific.

It is all heaped and built up below with mounds and skulls
of gigantic ice, with icicle teeth in their jaws. These mounds
come up halfway the height of the falls, and the water goes
down into a chasm among them, and ten yards down from the
edge it ceases to look like water, but is like teased wool and
terror and God knows what ; and out of the chasm comes a
smoke of water, infinitely strange and like the ghost of water,
and this rises and flies about, overhead and everywhere, and
fills the air with drops, and falls on the trees and freezes
three inches thick.

I crossed over to Canada, and wandered on till I could see
the Horseshoe. I suppose the gorge is some 200 feet deep or
more, and this vast bulk of water topples into it and corbies up

1 84 REVEILLE

again in a mist much hiorher than the fall, and floats around every-
where, -not like mist so much as escaping steam, and in among
it are great noble sea-eagles, drowsing and drifting and cruising,
and underneath is a vast, glacier bulk of ice, with rifts of
bedevilled water, and a whirlpool going round and round,
churning up ice and trees and chunks of things which might
be bodies and slowly freezing, so that the ice near it has
big irregular curves in it, where the rings of the whirlpool have
frozen.

The fall itself is not easy to describe. It is rather clear,
greenish water, and it is quite quiet, not very deep just before
the fall, and it rises and goes over the lip almost like metal,
and then seems to see what it is doing, and seems to try to get
back, and ceases to be water, or anything like water, or any-
thing on earth, but something rather white and devilish and
astonished, and one could watch it all day for ever, not with
awe, perhaps, but with a kind of kinship with it.

The air is so mist-soaked that everything near, roads,
gorge and rails, is caked and heaped with hard white ice, and
this will sometimes stay till July, they tell me, in its bigger
heaps. The noise of the falls is not so terrific, nothing
terrible, but is — like all big water — like trains going by.
Sometimes, they say, when the ice is breaking up and going
over in bergs, many tons in weight, the noise is too awful,
but not now.

I drove to the rapids below the falls. The river below
the falls runs in a narrow gorge only 300 feet across, and I
suppose the same in height, and you go down the gorge in a
cliff railway like the one at Clifton, and if the wire should snap
you would go into the rapids and be dead in five seconds ; and
then you come out right at the water on a wooden platform
with a rail, some 200 yards along the rapids, a sort of little
walk ; and whatever the falls may be in dignity and majesty,
the rapids are in savagery and hellish force. I never saw such
water, and how any mortal man could ever have thought to
swim it and come out alive I cannot conceive. It is not water
changed to something else, as at the falls, but it is water that
has become a devil. Before it goes down the fall, it is like the
star of the morning, like Lucifer, so pure and green and bright,
and at the rapids it is really re-emerging after the fall, the very

LETTERS FROM AMERICA 185

devil of hell. It comes along with a sort of blind sweeping
romp, and then as it sweeps, a great big belly of a wave will
rise up from underneath, right in its path, and the first wave
will go over it just as if they were playing leap-frog, and then
they both shout * Hooray, hooray!' and go on with the romp
together in the biggest game of all hell.

What makes it specially fearful is the dead wan colour and
the thick slush of ice on the top, which makes it almost semi-
solid, and to see a semi-solid acting like this makes you marvel.
Sometimes you see a big heap of water thrust its snout out of
the rush and swim back and bite some big wave coming at it
and burst it all to bits, and then it jumps aloft and laughs and
smashes itself on a rock with a kind of devilish glee, as one
who says, * Well, I killed my enemy, anyway, first.'

I could have watched the place for hours and days and
months. Captain Webb tried to swim it. I cannot think why
he was allowed to try. A wave just picked him up and
squeezed him against another wave and killed him dead, as he
must have seen would happen. No human being could live in
such water. It has force enough to light the world and grind
the world's bread beside.

*' Chicago, in the winter, is about as black as it is painted,
that is, about as black as Manchester, perhaps a shade blacker,
since they use a softer coal, but the people are so kind that one
thinks of it as black but comely. I spoke this afternoon, and
when I had done a woman got up in the hall and cried out
that she wished to put it to the vote, * Had not America quite
forgotten our old quarrels ' ? and everybody got up and cried
out that they had, long ago. This was a kind thing to have
done, it was a gentle thing.

♦ » » »

"In every room in every hotel in this country there is a
modernized Bible which I generally read a little of. Just now
I am reading the story of David, which is not a bad tale, and
full of colour, but, my God ! what a savage desert tribe and way
of life and (as the lady said of Mrs. Campbell as Cleopatra),
' How unlike the quiet home life of our own beloved sovereign.'
It is a good saga though, and I think if I can convey to L

1 86 REVEILLE

exactly what Jehovah meant to that bloody old ecstatic Samuel,
it will make a good tale when * King Arthur ' comes to an end.
They say that in California there are still many giant sequoias
(the big red-wood trees) which were growing in the time of
David, and were fine trees at the time of Christ, and were really
worth looking at at the time of Shakespeare, and are world
famous to-day, and are still not at their best. I lay awake last
night thinking of it with a kind of awe, of that enormous blind
calm power and will to live. I think I'll go to see those trees
if I can, but not any other wonders — I won't go to see wonders
which you can't see.

''Los Angeles.

** The 7th was a day of adventure, for I was asked to a big
camp to speak at a mess. So I went and spoke at the camp,
which is one of the biggest aviation camps in the world. Last
July it was a vast flat plain, covered with scrub, which they call
mezquite and chaparral. (Mezquite looks like leafless apple
trees which have been buried, so as to hide the trunk.
Chaparral is a sort of ever-greenish, ever-brownish thorny
shrub like berberis, only short). Now it is an immense and
splendid city, humming with life and machines, with great roads
and theatres and irrigations, and a vast populace of mechanics.
And there I met an airman, who would take no denial, but
that I should come up with him, as it was a good day for
flying.

So I put on a leather coat and leather cap and goggles and
I saw my machine on the ground (a very trim and rakish little
thing, one of the fastest ' ships ' in the world), and I said what
Caesar said to the boatman, under my breath. Then I climbed
into my seat and was strapped in, and was told not to monkey
with the machinery, which was quite the last thing I ever
thought of doing. Then they turned her round, head to wind,
and my driver got in, and after some preliminaries they touched
her off".

For the first hundred yards or so, it was just like being in a
motor car, but as we ran along the ground the thing became
alive, like a very eager, wonderful trembling horse that was on
her mettle and was going at a big leap, and I felt all her excite-
ment, and wanted to pat her on her neck and give her a lump

LETTERS FROM AMERICA 187

of sugar» and her cylinders became louder and louder, and her
rush more wonderful, and then suddenly we were off the
ground and slowly rising, and no longer conscious of motion,
except that there was a roaring gale in one's face, and a great
roar from the propeller. Then, looking down, I saw the
ground like a vast chess-board, and people like dots, and then
we began to tilt in great circles as we climbed, and that was
a deep emotion, but still I was far less conscious of flying than
I have been at sea in a sailing ship when working aloft.
Then, presently, a lot of smoke began to drift slantingly down
upon us, and I thought, 'Is this smoke from the engine?'
It was a thin smell-less, faint white smoke, and soon I realized
that it was not smoke at all, but cloud. Soon we were in the
cloud, out of sight of light or land, except in rifts and
gleams, and then presently we were in a new world.

We got above the cloud, which was a high-flying fine-
weather ' cumulo-stratus,' and looked down upon it. And,
from above, it looked as though a land of vast sand-dunes, such
as Trebetherick, had been covered with deep snow, and now
lay white and dim and wonderful, like a land in a dream, with
the sun shining on it ; and then in rifts and patches there was
the world, infinitely far below us, and looking just like aeroplane
photographs of it. But what was most wonderful was to see
another aeroplane far, far below, like a kestrel, just over the
cloud, and her shadow under her on the cloud. You may
remember that Hauptmann lyric about the hawk : —

Far under me my shadow —
My shadow drifts with me.

My man stopped the engines, and we floated there in utter
silence but for the wind, and in a stillness and steadiness so
strange that we could not tell that we were moving ; so then
we talked for half a minute, and then he touched her off again,
and we went for a cruise.

Coming down was so gradual that it did not rouse much
emotion, and the actual landing, which I had expected to be a
bump, was not really more than a car would make in crossing
a rut in a road ; but when one got out, one felt a little odd.
I suppose going up 7,000 feet in a few minutes, and then coming
down again almost to sea level, puts one through a strain

1 88 REVEILLE

Anyhow, the queerness only lasted about thirty seconds, and
the main impression left was one of great interest and beauty
and unreality, not exactly of pleasant interest, nor of human
beauty, but it was a new thing, and I was glad to have done
it — though I felt that it belonged to this generation, and not
to mine. I would not care to do it professionally.
* » * *

"To go on with my diary from the time of my fly in the
aeroplane : —

I spoke at the mess, and went round the camp and saw
aeroplanes being made and repainted and smeared with
ointment, and generally groomed and trimmed. They are
most lovely things, very like big model ships, and all full of
exquisite joinery and splicery and neat piano-wire. I could
have spent hours over them. But time forbade, so I up and
away and got on board my sleeper and to bed, and before
dawn we were bound away to the West. At dawn I peeped
out and saw the great plain of Texas, covered with mezquite
and chaparral, getting a little colour on it ; and then presently
we were near the Rio Grande, which is as big as the Thames
near Cholsey, only a blue-green cream colour, and runs in a
savage bed of rock and sand, and is fringed by savage mezquite
and savage reeds. All day we ran along Texas, and the
country didn't vary much. It was a vast plain, with hills in
the distance, and very hot, a blinding sun and a good deal of
dust, but an expanse so great that it gave one the sense of a
freedom.

It was very waterless away from the river, and one saw
dead cattle and horses here and there, killed probably by the
drought, and over their corpses t-he great buzzards or vulture
hawks were cruising. We climbed slowly all the day, and in
the night it fell cold, for we were 4,000 ft. up, and at dawn I
peeped out and saw the sun coming up over some crags which
shut in as it were an incredibly vast flat floor of plain, an
immense flat arena, round which, 100 miles away, was the ring
of crags, of a bright blue colour, in the intense air.

I got out and dressed and went on to the train platform,
for I knew that we were in the Apache country, and I wanted
to see it. About fifty years ago there was an Apache chief
called Cochise, who ruled that land, and held it for the Apaches

LETTERS FROM AMERICA 189

against the white man. And though he was a grim and cruel
savage, who killed 108 men with his own hands during his life,
my heart went out to him. You know how mountains give a
lift to the heart, and how you would die for a mountain, even
a little one, like LoUingdon, when you wouldn't for any amount
of statesmen. Well, there were these mountains that this man
had. They were as savage rock crags as any in Ireland, and
under them were miles of desert, growing scrub and cactus and
mezquite, as far as the eye could see ; and these rocks and that
sand were all that this man had, and while he had breath he
fought for them against all the odds in the world. Further on,
we passed a great island of crags in the midst of the plain.
They were all knarled knops and boulders and spikes and
jags and splits of rock, and in the heart of that vast island,
which I dare say was five miles long by one mile high, by four
miles broad, was a canon, with a secret cave in it, where
Cochise died. They told me that on one of the mountains to
the north there is a great crag with Cochise's face stamped
upon it. I could not be sure that I saw this crag, but many of
the crags there had the look of an Indian face, staring up at
the sky, and one was strangely like, very fierce and grim, and
yet calm.

'* I went afterwards to see those trees. They grow in a few,
small, sheltered glens near San Francisco. They are not like
trees, they are like spirits. The glens in which they grow are
not like places, they are like haunts — haunts of centaurs or of
the gods. The trees rise up with dignity, power, and majesty,
as though they had been there for ever. They are the oldest
living things. Even the young ones were two or three thousand
years old, and many of these grow from the visible ruins of
others, which may have been saplings seven thousand years
ago. Sometimes in cathedrals one feels the awe and the
majesty of columns. These columns were more impressive
than anything of stone ; these columns were alive. They were
more like gods than anything I have ever seen. They seemed
to be thinking. One felt that presently they would march to
wipe out everything mean or base or petty here on earth. The
stars shone about their heads like chaplets."

190

BLINDED SOLDIERS AND OUR
DUTY TO THEM.

• By BRIEUX.

(Di VAcademie Frangaise,)

It will soon be four years since I began living with our blinded
soldiers. Every day increases the admiration I feel for the
courage with which they face their injury, increases my amaze-
ment at the wide possibilities of their work.

The rule, in F^rance, is to begin their re-education (with
due regard to their powers, of course) at the earliest possible
moment, in hospital itself.

Re-education gives them eyes again — eyes at the tips of
their fingers, as they say ; but before coming to that,'^while
they have neither the eyes of seeing, nor the eyes of blinded
men, there is a period of cruel sadness. They pass, as it were,
into a tunnel, a frightfully dark tunnel. This is a time of great
misery, of revolt, and of despair.

It is impossible to lay down rules for one's conduct towards
them. Each man supports that crisis according to his
character, thie degree of his depression, his determination and
self-reliance.

One rule, though, holds good in every case. One must
guard their bedsides from the expression of any debilitating
sympathy, from all kindly tearful ladies, and all clumsy
relatives. To talk to blinded soldiers needs more than a
kind heart ; that is an art only to be mastered through an
apprenticeship. Untrained visitors are usually fatal to the
morale of the blinded man. To us others, our eyes are so
useful that we fancy them indispensable. Life seems impossible
without them. Those who know no better, placed before a
blinded man, are overwhelmed by pity. Really, it is not the
misfortune of the sightless which is moving them ; they are
weeping for themselves, imagining what they themselves would

BLINDED SOLDIERS AND OUR DUTY TO THEM 191

feel, deprived of sight ; and it seems to them unbearable.
They see themselves blind, and feel that they would need a
great deal of comforting by their visitors. But in this way
they only add their own feebleness to that of the blinded man ;
when they speak, it is to pity him — in other words, they
endorse his misfortune, justify his grief, kill his hope, stamp in
his mental misery, even exaggerate the painful picture he is
seeing of his own distressful state.

A certain fine lady, one day, leaving the bedside of a
blinded soldier, said — two steps away — to her companion :
*' Oh ! I'd rather be dead." She did not realize that these
sufferers have a singularly acute hearing. Relatives are some-
times quite as unfortunate. I know of a father and mother
whose lamentations at sight of their son when he went home,
though he was quite able to hold his own again, were so
continual that at last he said : " Well, if you're going on like
this, I warn you I'm off to the hospital again. It's livelier
there. You'll jolly well give me the blues if I don't look out ! "
And he it was who did the comforting.

Quite true! It is livelier in hospital, for there, by the side
of the kindly doctors, a great Presence has stolen in ; at first
He sits timidly on the edge of the bed, then, suiting his effort
to what little strength the sick man has, he very gently draws
him on and away into a realm of gaiety and hope and faith ;
into a realm where energies spring up anew, and confidence in
the future is born again. This Presence is the Spirit of Work,
and his kingdom is the little workshop of the wounded. There
true miracles are wrought. The men come in with eyes
bandaged, perhaps too with a useless arm or leg. They come
in almost in spite of themselves, thinking all is lost if their eyes
are lost ; thinking that never again will they be able to earn a
living, save by begging ; thinking of the people at home whose
old age they had been meaning to support, and on whom, now,
as they think, they will be a burden instead. And others will
be wondering wretchedly what their wives will do, how their
children can be brought up. Perhaps they have come to the
workshop just to please the doctor, or the nurse who has been
so kind, and begged them so often to go ; not believing a bit
what was told them about the possibility of working without
seeing what they are doing. They let themselves be taken •

13

192

REVEILLE

just from amiability, they let the tools be put into their hands ;
just from politeness they will have a shot at it.

And if you could see that man a week after! If you went
into his workshop you would not believe your eyes. His face
has lighted up, his gaiety has come back, he is singing,
whistling, laughing. . . . Or, if you question that other one,
who seems so utterly turned in on himself, you will learn that
his silence only signifies concentration, the effort he is putting
into shortening the term of his apprenticeship in order to
realize the dream of every Frenchman : To get back home,
back to his village, his people, his friends, his habits, as they
used to be.

By tens, by hundreds perhaps, I can count letters, like this,
received : —

** When you came to see me in hospital, I may confess to you now,
I didn't believe a word you said about work. It was true, all the same ;
and now that I'm at home again, with more work than I know how to
get through, I am happy." *

The blinded regain their faith ; the seeing remain
incredulous. They will not believe that it is possible to do
such various things without the help of sight. And our
blinded soldiers are so clever and brave, so ingenious, that,
away in the country, the following actually happened (you
must know we advise even our absolutely blind friends to wear
black spectacles ; I will tell you why later on) : Well, one of
our peasant-patients, back in his village, set to work on his
land, to sow and dig, and feed his beasts, and did it all so well,
that before long it was whispered about the village that he was
pretending to be blind. Indeed, he was within an ace of being
denounced by a busybody (in the interests of the State) for
illegally receiving a pension only due to the severely wounded.
Now this poor dear fellow's eyes were completely gone.
We easily succeed in the re-education of the blind. The
re-education of the Public is still to be achieved.

We others, who can see, are guilty of pride in our sense of
sight. Since we have never had to do without, we think that
without our eyes life would be impossible, that we should be

* A great number of similar letters can be read in the Journal <Us Blessh aux
yeux^ Paris, 26, Rue Victor Masse.

BLINDED SOLDIERS AND OUR DUTY TO THEM 193

condemned to immobility, to a sort of living death. We know
not all the resources open to our other senses if that one sense
fails. We all have in us reserve powers, of which we know
nothing, dormant while they are yet unneeded, but which
spring to life, amazing and wonderful, when we really want
them.

For instance (this is indeed rare but not exceptional) :
A blind man, quite blind, becomes aware of an obstacle such
as a wall or tree, a yard or two before he would run into it.
Did you know that ? There is a mysterious and unrecognized
sense, which is neither that of hearing nor of touch, and which
would never have been suspected if our blind had not revealed
it to us. The scientists say it is akin to that sense of balance,
or of direction, so developed in certain creatures, such as
carrier pigeons. We know all too little about the human
machine, and our organism contains hidden treasures which
most of us will never discover. Or again — without going so
far afield — our ears are always giving us information that we
neglect, that we are not even aware of, because our eyes inform
us too ; but which is singularly precious to him who is deprived
of light.

Those who see, indeed, know nothing about the life of him
who no longer sees ; and when they meet a blind man their
emotion is such that their judgment goes by the board. It
often happens in a train, I notice, that if a blind man is
travelling with his guide, a stranger will ask the guide : " Has
he been blind long ? " precisely as if the blind man were a bit
of luggage, incapable of answering for himself.

Those who see are so moved by the sight of blindness that
they confuse it with death. A lady, in naive egotism, once
made this frightful remark to me: "I should like to do
something for the blind, but I'd rather not come into direct
contact with them. I don't want to see them, it's so dreadful ;
I'm too sensitive." So she sent something to a charity, and
felt that her duty to the blind was at an end. It is because of
people like this that we recommend our blinded who do come
into contact with the public, and industrial life, to wear dark
spectacles. . . . It's so much better for the nerves of the poor
people with eyes, who are so moved by the misfortune of
others that they simply can't bear it, and take to their heels,

194 KtLy tLlL,L,lL

believing of course that suffering doesn't exist if they cease
to see it. Smoked spectacles soothe their nerves, they say
to themselves : " He calls himself blind, but I expect he
can see more than he says he can." Their souls are at rest,
and they are ready to talk and trade with the blind man.
In a word, they give to him whom they suppose to be a fraud
a confidence which they were ready to refuse to one truly blind.
Poor souls ; it's not their fault, they are so sensitive !

That from which the blind suffer most is their dependence
on those who are not blind. One sometimes sees in the streets
a blind man and his guide. The blind man is young, vigorous,
alert ; the guide a good old gentleman, who out of kindness of
heart is taking him for a walk. But to look at them one would
think the blind man needed carrying into the bargain ; the
good old gentleman has clutched him by the upper arm, and is
squeezing it convulsively, as a policeman might, taking a man
into custody. He is in deadly earnest, grave, silent, important
preoccupied. He never ceases to watch the blind man's feet,
so zealously, in fact, that they both crash into a tree or lamp-
post. One of these blind men said to me: ''When I've been

for a walk with Mr. X I feel my shoulder for two days, and

my arm's fair black and blue." This little story is symbolic.
We mustn't hurt the blind when we're trying to help them.
We must only give them just the aid they need, and that in
•such a way that they are not aware of it.

All of us who have the blessing of sight owe these others a

certain special protection, all the better for not being pressed

on them. We must have the goodness of heart which helps

the blind without their knowing it. That means ? — Well, quite

simply : We must provide work for those among them who can

work. With a roneophone and a typewriter a blinded man is

a perfect secretary, excellent at shorthand. Try him ! Out of

charity ? Not at all ! But because he is as good a workman

as any other ; because he is an active, intelligent man, much,

much less damaged than one is tempted to believe. You bring

him to life again by strengthening his confidence in himself, by

proving to him that he can still be useful, restoring to him

in full the individuality he had believed was lost, and making

him once more proud to be alive. And if it so happens that he

make some little mistake now and then, is not your cheerful

BLINDED SOLDIERS AND OUR DUTY TO THEM 195

acceptance of the small annoyance it may cause you the proof
of your goodwill ?

At the same time the State has not fulfilled its whole
duty towards our blinded soldiers when it has given them a
pension. The State must guarantee them occupation, and
reserve for the simpler workman a monopoly of production in
such articles as he can make. Of such articles the Public
should buy none but those made by the hands of the blinded.
In a word, face to face with the blinded soldier, we must forget
that he is blind, so that he himself may forget it, and yet we
must ever keep it in mind . . . without letting him know.
To those who doubt the possibility of great scope in the work
of the blinded soldier, I recommend the following interesting
account by Mile. Marguerite Arbel, a Frenchwoman well
known to many English people, who, for the last two years,
has given all her heart and all her intelligence to the care
of our blinded soldiers.

"The hive is humming. It is three o'clock. From roof to
basement of the huge building, wherever there is room to put
a table, our pupils are at work. Some are beginners, knowing
little as yet of the Braille they are learning. Others, more
advanced, are typewriting. And it is marvellous to watch how
their master, blind as themselves, can tell, from the queer little
click in the machine, that an error has just been made, and
passing a finger rapidly across the page, will have it corrected.
Our pupils work patiently, until in time they can take down the
spoken word almost as quickly as it leaves the lips, and re-read
it all with a swiftness astonishing to us who can only do that
with the help of our eyes. From many rooms comes the even
* tic-tac ' of typewriters. All our pupils without exception
learn to use this instrument, which not only gives them the
mastery of their private correspondence, but enables them to
undertake business correspondence too.

*' On the upper floors, in smaller rooms, some of our pupils
are taking special courses, working alone under a master who
has devoted himself to training their youthful abilities. His
devotion is often rewarded by astonishing results — Second
Lieutenant X, for instance, after a few months, came with flying
colours out of a law examination, which often takes those who
are not blind several years of study to pass.

196 RETEILLE

" In the rooms on the gj-ound floor commercial law and
modern languages are being taught to pupils, who are rapidly
taking notes.

** Round a grand piano are standing our choir ; very
fastidious in their tastes. They sing our old French songs
beautifully ; give quite emoticmal renderings of our old ballads ;
and most accurate part singing of fine classical or modern
choruses.

" Down the stone staircase we come to the garden, and
cross it, to the industrial school, at this moment just as busy as
it can be. No silence here. The work goes on to a perfect
hum of talk, songs, jokes. Can these men beside their
machines really have lost th« use of their eyes? How sure
and precise their movements are ! Watch them threading
their needles, carrying the wool across all the little complicated
apparatus which links the macMne to the great conical bobbin
that is unwinding rapidly ; or watch them seize the handle of
the loom, make it move rhythmically from left to right, then
from right to left, while the piece of work steadily grows, held
flat by weights. Suddenly the truth dawns on us : those
mechanical movements they are making are quite automatic,
their eyes are closed, vague, or introspective, but their lips are
patiently counting the number of rows necessary to complete
the work.

*Tn a workshop hard by, their women-folk, mothers or sisters,
are mounting the work. For the collaboration of woman is
necessary to the weaver, whether he be blind or seeing.
Women, only, know how to piece together the parts of a coat,
or costume, or to give the little finishing touch to a hat or a
blouse, and make it one of those creations which so obviously
bear the label : * Paris.'

** Not all the weavers are at work ; some are grouped round
a sergeant, in the garden, listening to the reading of a news-
paper, while Jacques, who has climbed into a lime tree, is
entertaining them with wonderful imitations of bird songs,
whistled through a leaf. I like to come here ; sometimes, it is
true, they are quarrelling a little, teasing each other ; but I can
feel that life is taking hold of them again. I can feel confidence
in the future coming back to them — that future they are just
beginning to grasp. This sensation of returning life is every-

r

BLINDED SOLDIERS AND OUR DUTY TO THEM 197

where. In the courtyard one can see them punching the ball,
trying to walk along a pole, balancing themselves, putting
the weight, and doing all manner of gymnastics, under the
direction of our devoted gymnasium master. But to-day he's
not here, and on the platform reserved for fencing is the elegant
sky-blue silhouette of a young lieutenant who volunteered at the
outbreak of war, and is now back from the Front with a severe
wound. He stands opposing a dark-clad silhouette whose
movements skilfully obey each order given. Masks are over
their faces ; we can't tell which of the two is blind. ' Efi
garde ! Engagez I'dpde en sixte / Tirez droit ! Ddgagez !
Une, deux r As I pass on, my thoughts turn to those fetes
of other days, tournaments of famous swordsmen, to all that
beautiful ceremonial training, so essentially French, which went
to prepare our youth to suffer and to die so finely. That
fineness, I am never tired of admiring and loving it ; and this
is why my task, at times a little monotonous, a little exacting,
since it takes the whole of my life, is always soothed and
blessed by grateful thought ever turning to our blinded
soldiers.^

" In losing the light of day they helped to enlighten the
world to the true worth of our country. But that was only a
beginning ; by their courage since ; by the energy with which
they step into their place in active life ; by the admirable
example they set, their good humour and their gaiety, they
have won for ever and ever the admiration of all peoples, and
for that the heart of this Frenchwoman will never be able to
say to them too often : ' Thank you ! '

** Marguerite Arbel."

Note, — Monsieur Brieux, whose plays so many thousand
of us have watched with intense interest, has done for the
blinded soldiers of France what Sir Arthur Pearson has done for
those of Britain. In reading the words with which he and
Mademoiselle Arbel have honoured Reveille, we feel that
they might as aptly have been written of our own problem
and ourselves. — The Editor.

' The school in question is that of the '* Permanent War Relief Fund," founded
at New York by Mr. and Mrs. Geo. A. Kessler.

198

THE BROTHERS.

By STACY AUMONIER.

In the twilight of his mind there stirred the dim realization
of pain. He could not account for this nor for his lack of
desire to thrust the pain back. It was moreover mellowed by
the alluring embraces of an enveloping darkness, a darkness
which he idly desired to pierce, and yet which soothed him
with its caliginous touch. Some subconscious voice, too, kept
repeating that it was ridiculous, that he really had control, that
the darkness was due to the fact that it was night, and that
he was in his own bed. In the room across the passage his
mother was sleeping peacefully. And yet the pain, which he
could not account for, seemed to press him down and to rack
his lower limbs. There was a soothing interval of utter
darkness and forgetfulness, and then the little waves of febrile
consciousness began to lap the shores of distant dreams, and
visions of half-forgotten episodes became clear and pregnant.

He remembered standing by the French window in their
own dining-room, his mother's dining-room, rapping his
knuckles gently on the panes. Beneath the window was the
circular bed of hollyhocks just beginning to flower, and below
the terrace the great avenue of elms nodding lazily in the sun.
He could hear the coffee-urn on its brass tripod humming
comfortably behind him while he waited for his mother to come
down to breakfast. He was alone, and the newspaper in his
hand was shaking. War! He could not grasp the significance
of the mad news that lay trembling on the sheets. His mother
entered the room, and as he hurried across to kiss her he noted
the pallor of her cheeks.

They sat down, and she poured him out his coffee as she
had done ever since he could remember. Then, fixing her
dark eyes on his and toying restlessly with the beads upon
her breast, she said : —

'' It's true, then, Robin ? "

THE BROTHERS 199

He nodded and his eyes wandered to the disfiguring news-
paper. He felt as though he were in some way responsible
for the intrusion of the world calamity into the sanctity of his
mother's life ; he muttered : —

" It's a dreadful business, mother."

His gaze wandered again out of the window between the
row of elms. Geddes, the steward, was walking briskly,
followed by two collies. Beyond the slope was a hay-cart
lumbering slowly in the direction of the farm. " Parsons is
rather late with the clover," he thought. He felt a desire to
look at things in little bits, the large things seemed over-
powering, insupportable. Above all, his mother must not
suffer. It was dreadful that anyone should suffer, but most
of all his mother. He must devote himself to protecting her
against the waves of foreboding that were already evident
on her face. But what could he say ? He knew what was
uppermost in her mind — Giles! He had no illusions. He knew
that his mother adored his elder brother more passionately
than she did himself. It was only natural. He too adored
Giles. Everybody did. Giles was his hero, his god. Ever
since he could remember, Giles had epitomized to him every-
thing splendid, brave, and chivalrous. He was so glorious to
look at, so strong, so manly. The vision of that morning
merged into other visions of the sun-lit hours with Giles — his
pride when quite a little boy if Giles would play with him ;
his pride when he saw Giles in flannels going in to bat at
cricket ; the terror in his heart when one day he saw Giles
thrown from a horse, and then the passionate tears of love and
thankfulness when he saw him rise and run lauofhinof after the
beast. He remembered that when Giles went away to school
his mother found him crying, and told him he must not be
sentimental. But he could not help it. He used to visualize
the daily life of Giles and write to him long letters which his
brother seldom answered. Of course he did not expect Giles
to answer, he would have no time. He was one of the most
popular boys at school and a champion at every sport.

Then the vision of that morning when the newspaper
brought its disturbing news vanished with the memory of his
mother standing by his side, her arm round his waist, as they
gazed together across a field of nodding corn. . . .

200

REVEILLE

Troubled visions then, of Giles returning post-haste from
Oxford, of himself in the village talking to everyone he met
about " the dreadful business," speaking to the people on the
farm, and to old Joe Walters the wheelwright, whose voice he
could remember saying : —

''Ay, tha' woan't tak' thee, Master Robin."

He remembered talking to Mr. Meads at the general shop,
and to the Reverend Quirk, whose precise voice he could
almost hear declaiming : —

" I presume your brother will apply for a commission."

He had wandered then up on to the downs and tried to
think about " the dreadful business " in a detached way, but
it made him tremble. He listened to the bees droning on
the heather, and saw the smoke from the hamlet over by
Wodehurst trailing peacefully to the sky. " The dreadful
business " seemed incredible.

It was some days later that he met his friend Jerry Lawson
wandering up there with a terrier at his heels. Lawson was a
sculptor, a queer chap, whom most people thought a fanatic.
Jerry blazed down on him : —

''This is hell, Robin. Hell let loose. It could have been
avoided. It's a trade war. At the back of it all is business,
business, business. And millions of boys will be sacrificed for
commercial purposes. Our policy is just as much at fault as —
theirs. Look what we did at ."

For an hour he listened to the diatribe of Lawson,
tremulously silent. He had nothing to reply. He detested
politics and the subtleties of diplomacy. He had left school
early owing to an illness which had affected his heart. He had
spent his life upon these downs and among his books. He
could not adjust the gentle impulses of his being to the violent
demands of that foreboding hour. When Lawson had departed,
he had sat there a long time. Was Lawson right ?

He wandered home determining that he would read more
history, more political economy ; he would get to the root of
"this dreadful business."

He wanted to talk to Giles, to find out what he really
thought, but the radiant god seemed unapproachable ; or rode
roughshod over the metaphysical doubts of his brother, and
laughed. Giles had no misgivings. His conscience was
dynamically secure. Besides, there was " the mater."

THE BROTHERS 201

*' When I ^o, Rob, you must do all you can to buck the mater
up." He had looked so splendid when he said that, with his keen,
strong face, alert and vibrant, Robin had not had it in his heart
to answer. And then had come lonely days, reading new books
and occasionally talking with Lawson. When Giles went off to
his training he spent more time with his mother, but they did
not discuss the dreadful thing which had come into their lives.
His mother became restlessly busy, making strange garments,
knitting, attending violently to the demands of the household.
Sometimes in the evening he would read to her, and they would
sit trying to hide from each other the sound of the rain pattering
on the leaves outside. He had not dared talk to her of the
misgivings in his heart or of his arguments with Lawson. . . .

And then a vision came of a certain day in October. The
wind was blowing the rain in fitful gusts from the sea. He was
in a sullen perverse mood. Watching his mother's face that
morning, a sudden fact concerning her had come home to him.
It had aged, aged during those three months, and the grey hair
on that distinguished head had turned almost white. He felt
within him a surging conflict of opposing forces. The hour of
climateric had arrived. He must see it once and for all clearly
and unalterably. He had put on his mackintosh then and gone
out into the rain. He walked up to the long wall by Gray's
farm, where on a fine day he could see the sea ; but not to-day,
it was too wet and misty, but he could be conscious of it, and
feel its breath beating on his temples.

He stood there, then, for several hours, under the protection
of the wall, listening to the wind and to the gulls who went
shrieking before it. He could not remember where he had
wandered to after that, except that for some time he was leaning
on a rock, watching the waves crashing over the point at
Youlton Bay. And then in the evening he had written to
Lawson.

" I want to see this thing in its biggest, broadest sense, dear
Jerry."

He knew he had commenced the letter in this way, for it
was a phrase he had repeated to himself at intervals.

'* Like you, I hate war and the thought of war. But, good
heaven ! need I say that ? Everyone must hate war, I suppose.
J agree with you that human life is sacred. . . . But would

202 REVEILLE

it be sacred if It stood still ? — if it were stagnant ? — if it were
just a mass affair? It is only sacred because it is an ex-
pression of spiritual evolution. It must change, go on, lead
somewhere. ..."

" Don't you think that we on this island have as great a
right to fight for what we represent as any other nation ? With
all our faults and poses and hypocrisies, haven't we subscribed
something to the commonweal of humanity ? — something of
honour, and justice, and equity ? I don't believe you will deny
all this. But even If you did, and even if I agreed with you, I
still should not be convinced that it was not right to fight.
As I walked up by the chalk-pit near Gueldstone Head, and
saw the stone-grey cottages at Lulton nestling in the hollow of
the downs, and smelt the dear salt dampness of it all, and felt
the lovely tenderness of the evening light, I thought of Giles,
and what he represents, and of my mother, and what she re-
presents, and of all the people I know and love with all their
faults, and I made up my mind that I would fight for It In any
case, in the same way that I would fight for a woman I loved,
even if I knew she were a harlot. . . ."

Lying there in his bed these ebullient thoughts reacted on
him. Drowsiness stole over his limbs, and he felt his heart
vibrating oddly. There seemed to be a sound of drums
beating a tattoo, of a train rumbling along an embankment.
And In fancy he was on his way to London again with the
memory of his mother's eyes as she had said : —

"Comeback safely, Robin boy."

The memory of that day was terrifying Indeed. He was
wandering about a vast building near Whitehall, tremulously
asking questions, wretchedly conscious that people looked at
him and laughed. And then that long queue of waiting men !
Some were so dirty, so obscene, and he felt that most of them
were sniggering at him. A sergeant spoke sharply, and he
shuddered and spilt some ink on one of the many forms he
had to fill up. Everyone seemed rough and violent. After
many hours of waiting he was shown Into another room and
told to strip. He sat on a form with a row of other men,
feeling incredibly naked and very much ashamed. The window
was open and his teeth chattered with the cold and the
nervous tension of the desperate experience. A doctor spoke

THE BROTHERS 203

kindly to him, and an old major at a table asked him one or
two questions. He was dismissed and waited interminably in
another room. At last an orderly entered and called his name
among some others, and handed him a card. He was rejected.

He returned to Wodehurst that evening shivering, and in a
mood of melancholy dejection. He was an outcast among his
fellows, a being with a great instinct towards expression, but
without the power to back it up. The whole thing appeared
so utterly unheroic, almost sordid. He wondered about Giles.
If presenting oneself at a recruiting office was such a terrifying
ordeal, what must the actual life of a soldier be ? Of course
Giles was different, but — the monotony, the cheerlessness of
barrack life ! And then the worse things beyond !

After that he would devour the papers and tramp feverishly
on the downs ; he tried to obtain work at a munition factory
and was refused, made himself ill sewing bandages and doing
chaotic odd jobs. And all the time he thought of Giles, Giles,
Giles. What Giles was doing, how Giles was looking, whether
he was unhappy, and whether they spoke to him brusquely,
like the sergeant had to himself in London.

Then came the vision of the day when Giles came and bade
farewell, on his way to France — a terrible day. He could not
bring himself to look into his mother's eyes. He felt that if
he did so he would be a trespasser peering into the forbidden
sanctuary of a holy place. He hovered around her and
murmured little banalities about Giles's kit, the train he was to
catch, the parcel he was to remember to pick up in London.
When it came to parting time, he left those two alone and fled
out to the trap that was to take his brother to the station. He
had waited there till Giles came, running and laughing and
waving his hand. He drove with him to the station, and dared
not look back to see his mother standing by the window. They
were silent till the trap had passed a mile beyond the village ;
then Giles had laughed, and talked, and rallied him on his
gloomy face.

" I'll soon be back, old man. Buck the mater up, won't
you ? Whoa ! Tommy, what are you shying at ? . . . By
Jove ! won't it be grand on the sea to-night ! "

Oh, Giles ! Giles ! was there ever anyone so splendid, so
radiant, so uncrushable ? His heart went out to his brother
at that moment, and he could not answer.

204 REVEILLE

So closely were his own sympathies interwoven with the
feelings of his brother, that he hardly noticed the moment of
actual separation on the platform. . His heart was with Giles all
the way up to London, then in the train again, and upon the
sea with him that night.

In his imagination, quickened by a close study of all the
literature he could get hold of on the actual conditions out
there, he followed his brother through every phase of his new
life. He was with him at the base, in rest camps, and in dug-
outs, and more especially was he with him in those zig-zagging
trenches smelling of dampness and decay. On dark nights he
would hear the scuttle of rats dashing through the wet holes.
He would hear the shriek of shells, and the tearing and ripping
of the earth. He would start up and try to make his way
through the slime of a battered trench which always seemed to
be crumbling, crumbling. In his nostrils would hang the pene-
trating smell of gases that had the quality of imparting terror.
So vivid were his impressions of these things that he could not
detach his own sufferings from that of his brother. There were
times when he became convinced that either he or Giles was
a chimera. One of them did not exist. . . . He seemed to
stand for an eternity peering through a slit in a mud wall and
gazing at another mud wall, and feeling the penetrating ooze of
dying vegetation creeping into his body. Above his head
would loom dark poles and barbarous entanglements. It was
as though everything had vanished from the world but symbols
of fear and cruelty, which rioted insanely against the heavens ;
as though everything that man had ever learnt had been for-
gotten and destroyed ; and he growled there in the wet earth,
flaunting the feral passions of his remote ancestry. And the
cold! — the cold was terrible. . . . He remembered a strange
thing happening at that time. During some vague respite
from the recurring horror of these imaginings, he had, he
believed, been walking out through the meadows, when a
numbness seemed to creep over his lower limbs. He could
not get back. He had lain helpless in a field when George
Carter, one of the farm hands, had found him and helped him
home. He had been very ill then, and his mother had sent for
Doctor Ewing. He could not remember exactly what the
doctor said or what treatment he prescribed, or how long he

THE BROTHERS 205

had lain there in a semi-conscious state, but he vividly re-
membered hearing the doctor say one day : " It s very curious,
madam. I was, as you know, out at the Front for some time
with the Red Cross, and this boy has a fever quite peculiar
to the men at the Front. Has he been out standing in the
wet mud ? " He could not remember what his mother
answered. He wanted to say : " No, no, it's not I. It's Giles,"
but he had not the strength, and afterwards wondered whether
it were an illusion.

He knew that many weeks went by, and still they would
not let him walk. That was his greatest trouble, for walking
helped him. When he could walk, he could sometimes live
in a happier world of make-believe, but in bed the epic
tragedy unfolded itself in every livid detail, intensely real.

Long periods of time went by, and still he was not allowed
to leave his room. His mother would come and sit with him
and read him Giles's letters. They were wonderful letters, full
of amusing stories of " rags," and tales of splendid feeds
obtained under difficult circumstances. Of the conditions that
existed so vividly in Robin's mind there was not one word. To
read Giles's letters one would imagine that he -was away on a
holiday with a party of young undergraduates, having the time
of their lives. But the letters had no reality to him. I/e knew.
He had seen it all.

Time became an unrecognizable factor. Faces came and
went. His mother was always there, and there appeared
another kind face whom he believed to be a nurse ; and
sometimes Jerry Lawson would come and sit by the bed,
and talk to him about the beauties of the quattrocento and
other things he had forgotten, things which belonged to a dead
world. . . .

Lying there in bed he could not detach these impressions
very clearly, nor determine how long ago they had taken place.
There appeared to be an unaccountable shifting of the folds
of darkness, a slipping away of vital purposes, and a necessity
for focusing upon some immediate development. This ne-
cessity seemed, somehow, emphasized by the overpowering
pain that had begun to rack his limbs, more especially his
right foot. He wanted to call out, but some voice told him
that it would be useless. The night was too impenetrable and

206 REVEILLE

heavy, his voice would only die away against its inky pall.
There was besides a certain soothing tenderness about it, as
though it were caressing him and telling him that he must
wait in patience and all would be well. He knew now that
he was sleeping in the open, and that would account for the
chilling coldness. At the same time it was not exactly the
open. There were walls about and jagged profiles, but
apparently no roof or distances. The ground was hard like
concrete. He must be infinitely patient and pray for the dawn.
. . . . He began to feel the dawn before he saw it. It came
like the caressing sigh of a woman as she wakes and thinks of
her lover in some foreign clime. Somewhere at hand a bird
was twittering, aware too of the coming miracle. Almost
imperceptibly things began to form themselves. He was
certainly behind a wall, but there was a door, with the upper
part leaning in. A phrase occurred to his mind : '' The white
arm of dawn is creeping over the door." A lovely passage !
he had read it in some Irish book. The angle at the top of
the door was like a bent elbow. It was very, very like the
white arm — of some Irish queen, perhaps, or of the Mother of
men — a white arm creeping over the door, and in its whiteness
delicately touching the eyelids of the sleeping inmates, whilst
a voice in a soft cadence whispered : *' Awake ! pull back
the door, and let me show you the silver splendours of the
unborn day ! "

A heavy dew was falling and the cold seemed bitter, whilst
all around he became aware of the slow unfolding of desolation ;
except for the leaning door, nothing seemed to take a recog-
nizable shape, everything was jagged and violent in its form
and exuded the cloying odours of death. Somewhere faintly
he thought he heard the sound of a cornet, bizarre and
fantastic, and having no connexion with the utter stillness
of this place of sorrow.

His eye searched the broken darkness in fugitive pursuit of
a solution of the formless void. Quite near him, apparently,
was an oblong board which amidst this wilderness of destruction
seemed to have escaped untouched. As the dim violet light
began to reve^ certain definite concrete things, he became
aware that on the board were some Roman letters. He looked
at them for some time unseeingly. The word written there

THE BROTHERS 207

stamped itself without meaning on his brain. The word was
** FiLLES." He repeated it to himself over and over again.
The earth seemed to rock again with a sullen vibrating passion,
as though irritated that the work of destruction was not entirely
complete. Things already destroyed seemed to be subjected
to further transmutation of formlessness. But still the board
remained intact, and he fixed his eyes on it. It imbued him
with a strange sense of tranquillity. Filles ! A little word,
but it became to him a link to cosmic thinors. The desire to
reason passed, as the ability to suffer passed. Across the mists
of time he seemed to hear the laughter of children. He could
almost see them pass. There were Jeannette and Marie, with
long black pigtails and check frocks, and just behind them,
struggling with a heavy satchel, little fair-haired Babette.
How they laughed, those children ! and yet he could not
determine whether their laughter came from the years that had
passed or from the years that were to come. But wherever
the laughter came from, it seemed the only thing the powers of
darkness could not destroy. He lay then for a long time,
conscious of a peace greater than any he could have conceived.
And the white arm of dawn crept over the door.

* ::- -1= :;: \: t- *

The crowd who habitually came down by the afternoon
train trickled out of the station and vanished. The master of
Wodehurst came limping through the doorway. His face was
bronzed and perhaps a little thinner, but his eyes laughed, and
his voice rang out to the steward waiting in the dogcart : —

" Hullo ! Sam, how are you?"

He was leaning on two sticks, and a porter followed with
his trunks.

" Can I help you up, sir ? "

" No, it's all right, old man ; Lean manage."

He pulled himself up and laughed because he hit his knee
upon the mudguard.

** It's good to be home, Sam."

" Yes ; I expect your mother v/ill be glad, sir," answered
Geddes, touching up the horse. *' And so will we all, I'm
thinking."

They clattered down the road, and the high spirits of the

14

2o8 REVEILLE

wounded warrior rose. He asked a thousand questions, and
insisted on taking the reins before they had gone far. It was
dusk when they began to draw near Wodehurst ; a sudden
silence had fallen on Giles. The steward realized the reason.
He coughed uncomfortably. They were passing within a
hundred yards of Wodehurst Church. Suddenly he said in
his deep burr: —

"We were all very sorry, sir, about Master Robin."
The eyes of the soldier softened ; he murmured : —
** Poor old chap ! "

" I feel I ought to tell you, sir. It was a very queer thing.
But one day that young Mr. Lawson — you know, the sculptor
— about a week after it all happened, he must have got up at
daybreak, I should say — nobody saw him do it. He must
have gone down there to the churchyard with his tools, and —
what do you think ? He carved something on the stone — on
Mr. Robin's stone."

Giles said quickly: "Carved! What.?"
" He carved just under the name and date, * He died for
England.' "

"'He died for England!' He carved that on Robin's
grave ! What did he mean ? "
" I don't know, sir."

" Really ! What a rum chap he must be I "
" We didn't know what to do about it, sir. I saw it and
I didn't like to tell your mother, and nobody likes to interfere
with a tombstone, it seems profane-like. So there it is to this
day."

*• Thank you, Sam. I'll think about it."
" Have you had much pain with your foot, sir ? "
Giles laughed, and flicked the horse.

" Oh, nothing to write home about, Sam. I had a touch of
fever, you know. I didn't tell the mater. It was later on that

I got this smash of my right foot. It happened at , I've

forgotten the name ; some damned little village on the Flemish
border. I was lucky in a way, the shrapnel missed me. It
was falling stonework that biffed up my foot. There was a
building, a sort of school I should think. It got blown to
smithereens. It was rather a nasty mess-up. I was there for

seven hours before they found me Hullo ! I see the mater

standing at the gate."

THE BROTHERS 209

The horse nearly bolted with the violence of Giles's waving
arms. . . .

The dinner — all the dishes that Giles specially loved — was
finished. With his arm round his mother's waist and a cigar in
the corner of his mouth, he led her into the warm comfort
of the white-panelled drawing-room.

** You won't mind my smoking in here to-night, mater? "

"My dear boy!"

They sat in silence, watching the red glow of the log fire.
Suddenly Giles said : —

** I say, mater, do you know, an awfully rum thing Geddes
told me ? "

His mother looked up,

** I think perhaps I know. Do you mean the — cemetery ? "

Giles nodded, pufifing at his cigar in little nervous inhalations.

** Yes. I knew. I saw it, of course. I've sat and wondered.'*

'* Such a rum thing to do ! What do you think we ought to
do about it, mater ? "

He saw his mother lean forward ; the waves of silver hair
seemed to enshrine the beautiful lines of her drawn face, her
voice came whispering : —

" Hadn't we better leave it, Giles .«*... Perhaps he really
did die for England.'*"

The young man glanced at her quickly. He saw her
aged and broken by the war. He thought of his brother.
. . . Then he caught sight of his own face in the mirror, lean,
youthful, vigorous. The old tag flashed through his mind : —

" They also serve who only stand and wait."

He thrust away that emotional expression, and in the
manner of his kind stayed silent, rigid, with his back to the
fire. And suddenly he said : —

" I say, mater, won't you play me something? Chopin, or
one of those Russian Johnnies yqu play so rippingly ? "

2IO

A NOTE ON THE NEW
MARTYRDOM.

By G. K. CHESTERTON.

If ever, in time or eternity, there remains for man a real rest
from war, it must be because man is too great for war. It must
not be because war is too great for man. It must be a sign that
men are too good for such a thing to be inflicted ; not that the
thing itself is too bad to be endured. That is the vital schism
in morals involved in most serious differences on the subject ;
that is what ultimately divides the highest sort of peace-maker
from the lowest sort of peace-monger. If the evil is to be
absent, it shall be because we have routed it ; not because
we have fled from it. This is a principle which exists quite
apart from the controversy about whether war is a normal and
recurrent tragedy, like toil and bereavement, or a temporary
and remediable tragedy, like negro slavery or Chinese tortures.
Even of the evils which we were able to remove, and right to
remove, it is still true that they were things which, in the last
resort, we should be able to sustain and right to sustain. They
could never be things to be endured in the sense of tolerated :
but they would and should be things to be endured in the sense
of defied. We may be glad that the Christians abolished the
cruel sports in the pagan amphitheatre ; but we are not glad
because nobody was left with the courage to enter the arena.
We may be glad that the armies of the French Revolution trod
out the last embers of the Spanish Inquisition ; but it is not
because the French soldiers were afraid to burn their fingers,
or their feet, but rather because they were not afraid. Those
two examples alone would prove that the argument cuts entirely
the other way. The same Christians originally gained credit
not by escaping torments but by accepting them ; and them
selves suffering the same things in the same theatre. And
the humanitarian ideal of the eighteenth century did not
triumph until the humanitarians had themselves suffered much
inhumanity, and even inflicted not a little. The red flag was
never to be mistaken for the white flag ; nor was it dyed only
with the blood of its glorious defenders. Everywhere those

A NOTE ON THE NEW MARTYRDOM 211

who have been strong enough to break the scourges have been
those strong enough to bear the scourging. It is- the riddle of
misrule that those who could not bear it would have to bear it.
It is the paradox of the very nature of valour and revolt, that
if tyranny were truly intolerable it would be eternal. It was
those who could bear it who could break it.

It is an awful thing that those should say this who cannot
themselves suffer the worst of war or persecution. But it would
be much worse if they said the opposite. Those who meet
St. Lawrence coming from the gridiron may well be ashamed
to speak to him at all. But if they say a single word, it can
only be of congratulation. It would be far worse that they
should tell him that another turn on the gridiron would have
forced him to submit. It would be far worse to tell him that
the fire would at last be stronger than he, when he had just
shown himself stronger than the fire. He might well be able
to pardon any form of contempt except that form of compassion.
We cannot apologize, therefore, for applauding soldiers for
soldiering ; applause is the only utterance that has any decency
at all. If we think that we ourselves could never bear such
things, we must applaud them more ; we have the right to
question our own heroism, no right whatever to question
theirs. And it is questioning theirs to talk of the war of the
future as a Nihilistic nightmare not to be resisted by any
mortal virtue. Men of genius, by no means petty panic-
mongers, have painted such appalling visions of universal
panic ; and the idea lends itself to the imagery of a cosmic
collapse, not only of sun and stars (which does not matter so
much) but of the soul of man, which does matter and is perhaps
the one thing that does. But all this apocalyptic pessimism
resolves itself really into the logical process of telling a boy
who has faced a pistol that he would be afraid of a rifle ; or
rewarding him for the courage with which he encountered
a rifle by saying that he would run away from a field-gun.
It is not a generous discovery even when it is a genuine one ;
and a little historical imagination and comparison would show
that it is not even genuine. There are only superficial changes
in military methods ; and there is no change in military morals.
There is not the smallest reason to suppose that Scaevola,
who was not afraid of fire, would have been afraid of fire-
arms. There is nothing whatever to suggest that Sir Richard

212

REVEILLE

GrenvIIle, who defied a fleet of ships, would not have defied a
fleet of flying-ships.

So much may be postulated about lawful faith and hope in
human heroism, and about the just salute to heroes. What
is really unpardonable is to tell Hercules, at the end of his
twelve labours, that he would find thirteen an unlucky number.
What is unendurable in any case is to tell Scaevola, when he
has put his ri^ht harid in the flame, that his left hand will teach
him more terrible things, or, worse still, will teach him tamer
things. And it is because there is in so much of the current
pacifism this suggestion of a still panic, that it nowhere
commends itself to the popular instinct of right and wrong.
Sane and simple people may be impressed by being told that
the peace of the future will be the best ever established ; they
will not be impressed by being told that the war of the future
will be the worst ever waged. But they will be the more
convinced of the security of the best because it is founded on
the suffering of the worst. If there be indeed any opportunity
now opening before us for a more honest social relation or a
larger development of local and personal liberties, it will be
a positive advantage to that order that it has passed through
this furnace seven times heated ; yes, and would even be ready
for the eighth time. That commonwealth will certainly stand
firmer because any who think to assail it know for what weary
years of war it would be ready to resist assault. And that is
why even the cripples and the prematurely decrepit of this
seeming dance of death will yet be a reassuring as well as a
rousing element, even in a happier dance of life. It will truly
be a dance led by the halt and the lame, as in some old fantasy
of miraculous healing. It will be long before the last of the
human ruins this war has made gives place to a happier
generation. But even in an earthly paradise they would never
be disfigurements ; rather they will be decorations, more real
than any decorations that they wear. And they will be some-
thing more, which the world will be well to understand. They
will be a threat and a defiance. They will remind any who
plot a reaction towards shame and bondage, of what men have
borne and would bear again to avert them. They who can no
longer be soldiers shall still be sentinels ; or rather they shall
be heralds, telling with a trumpet the terms on which we hold
the peace.

21

THE AUTO-ICONOCLAST.

Reflections on the Police Strike.
By OWEN SEAMAN.

Not as aTnan of common mould,

Robert, you seemed to me, but rather
Like to the demi-gods of old

Whom Jove was not too proud to father ;
You stood, in my esteem, apart,

A guide to stay my foot from error,
A comfort to the virtuous heart,

But to the bad a holy terror.

Far, far above our human norm

You ranged aloft, a solid mountain ,
You were a haven in the storm,

And in the waste a drinking-fountain ;
Pillar (or buttress) of the State,

We in your shadow found a shelter.
And gloried in your girth and weight

Approximating to the welter.

The British bosom, well-inclined

To all that stands for what is lawful,
Clung to your presence, suave and kind,

Despite your aspect, which was awful ;
Content to see a grateful land

Ruled by your nod, benign, seraphic,
We kissed (in thought) the regal hand

You raised to regulate the traffic

214 REVEILLE

And if — for Nature so has wrought

That none is free from earthly failings —
Times there have been when you 'were caught

Bending above the area railings,
Yet in the gifts that Mary Jine

Handed you through her kitchen portal
We were relieved to note a sign

That proved you had a streak of mortal.

Yes, all that rabbit-pie and beer,

Which lent your skin an added sleekness,
Made you, if that might be, more dear.

As touched by our terrestrial ^weakness ;
And still you held your place secure,

The nation's pride as well as Mary's,
The envy and the cynosure

Of foreign-bred constabularies.

And then — a dreadful thing occurred :

For you, the wonder of the ages.
Joined with the crowd you used tojherd

Which strikes, in War, for fatter wages ;
And when you thought, "We shall h^ missed !"

(So high was London wont to rank you),
** How they will need our lifted fist !'*

We did without it nicely, thank you !

So now our Idol's low in dust,

And what we took for alabaster —
The head that crowned the noble bust —

Betrays itself as plugged with plaster ;
Self-shattered there its torso lies

Discovering a core of gutty.
And both its feet, of monstrous size,

Turn out to be composed of putty.

.M^;j.5\^lJ>-^ *

215

THE KING'S FUND FOR THE
DISABLED.

By the Right Hon. JOHN HODGE, M.P.

(Minister of Pensions.)

It is desirable in the light of recent criticism that the scope
jand objects of the King's Fund for Disabled Officers and
[Men and their Dependants should be fully understood. In
:ertain quarters it has been too readily assumed that the
und was started In order to relieve the State of its legriti-
[mate responsibilities to the men who have fought and suffered
in the war. This is a complete misapprehension. The Fund
>wes its inception to the recognition, by those intimately
:oncerned in the administration of pensions and the after-care
\f the disabled, of a distinct gap in the after-care arrangements
^hich could not adequately be bridged by State provision,
ot only in this country but in the United States of America,
Vance, Italy and Germany the principle of voluntary assist-
mce has been accepted by the respective Governments and
legislatures. In the United States, for instance, under the
Vocational Rehabilitation Act, all moneys received as gifts or
donations are paid into the Treasury of the United States, and
they constitute a permanent fund called the *' Special Fund for
Vocational Rehabilitation," which is used in connexion with the
appropriations made by Congress to defray the expenses of
providing and maintaining courses of vocational rehabilitation.
Dr. John Cummings, in a recent article on the subject,^
writes : '* Many needs the Government cannot provide for,
because it cannot discriminate between men all of them
equally deserving of favour in recognition of their services.
It can provide all with such vocational training as will meet

' Vocational Summary No. 4, the monthly publication of the Federal Board of
Vocational Education.

2i6 REVEILLE

their immediate necessities. It cannot do more than this for
some, since it cannot do more than this for all. Providing for
the special need of the disabled man, where this need involves
the expenditure of money in exceptionally large amounts, or
for purposes so unique and peculiar that they cannot be com-
prehended in general legislation — this is properly the field in
which the free application of the special fund will confer
benefits of great value. Here is the field of opportunity for
private individuals and foundations to co-operate in a great
humanitarian enterprise — the opportunity to add the requisite
elasticity to the Federal system by supplementing the provision
for general needs of disabled men as a class with adequate
provision for the special needs of each disabled man as an
individual." The argument for the King's Fund could not be
more clearly stated. •

Suitable Employment.

We are facing a problem, the difficulty of which is barely
realized — the problem of suitable employment for the disabled.
The unknown but undoubtedly great dimensions of that
problem will be sensibly diminished by the operations of
the King's Fund. At the end of September, 191 8, more
that 3,000 men had been helped to establish themselves in
small independent enterprises, many of them of an essentially
productive character. Reports received from Local Com-
mittees, who in the first instance recommend grants, show
that the most gratifying success has been obtained. The fol-
lowing unsolicited recommendation came from the Hon.
Secretary of a London War Pensions Sub-Committee. ** I
should like to add what is probably the experience of all
Committees that in many cases the relief to a man, with a
serious physical disability, of working for himself in a small
quiet way — not having to keep to set hours and routine — is
immense. Most employers would be very considerate, but it
is difficult of adjustment in business when a man is perhaps
equal to a good day's work on one day and then needs to slack
off a little the next. The careful inquiry and considerable
thought needed to recommend as far as possible only those
cases which can really profit are readily given by our workers,

THE KING'S FUND FOR THE DISABLED 217

who are amply rewarded by the boon those grants are to the
men and their families."

I do not think we can exaggerate the importance of
enabling disabled men to enter upon occupations in which they
can adjust their work in quantity and kind to their physical
capacity. Twenty or twenty-five pounds may not seem a great
sum of money, but grants of this amount have in hundreds of
cases been the means of securing a comfortable living and at
the same time creating a new healthy interest in life. Under
the rules of the Trustees it is now permissible in special
circumstances to make grants up to ^JS*

Scope of the Fund.

Some fear has been expressed lest through indiscriminate
grants a host of pensioned hawkers and itinerant merchants
may be let loose upon the streets. Grants have undoubtedly
been made to men whose choice has led them into this kind of
outdoor calling, but with few exceptions they had been in
similar occupations before enlistment. Probably the majority
would be found unsuited for more strenuous work. Taken all
over, the occupations in which men have been placed are
necessary and useful. It is impossible to exhaust the list,
but a few examples taken at random may be cited : Boot-
maker, tailor, plumber, cycle and motor repairer, taxi-driver,
window cleaner, market gardener, poultry breeder, pig breeder,
rabbit breeder, tobacconist, newsagent, insurance agent, builder,
painter, picture- frame maker, toy maker, draper, grocer, iron-
monger, greengrocer, baker, carrier, basket maker, sweep,
machinist, fisherman, &c.

There are other directions in which the Fund helps men
and women. Those who require to go abroad for health pur-
poses or to take up appointments, may receive grants towards
their expenses ; money has been spent on furnishing a widow's
cottage, in purchasing tools and clothes, in replacing an outfit
lost at sea, in paying the balance of college fees to permit the
completion of a course. The possible scope of the Fund is
infinite and its usefulness can be limited only by the extent
to which financial support is forthcoming. Through its agency
contentment and relief have been brought to many homes

2i8 REVEILLE

which were shadowed with anxiety and a hopeless outlook
upon the future. I say without hesitation that whatever
differences of opinion may exist as to the precise method of
raising the money there is no form of war benevolence that
can make a greater claim upon those who have the means and
the desire to assist the disabled.

Simple Procedure.

Applications for grants are received in the first instance
by the Local War Pensions Committees, who knowing the
circumstances of the applicants and the local conditions, make
recommendations to the trustees. The trustees are guided by
the opinion of the local committee in each case. The procedure
is entirely free from elaborate and restrictive regulations.
Applications are being dealt with at the rate of a hundred
a day, and this promptitude is one of the most welcome
features of the voluntary system. There is no red tape or
''officialism." If the applicant satisfies the local committee
that a grant will increase his earning capacity, and if he is
otherwise eligible, his application is invariably granted. The
amount of a grant depends upon the objects for which it is
intended and these naturally vary greatly in different cases.
Each application is judged entirely upon its merits. In certain
exceptional circumstances the grant may be increased to ^75,
but it is anticipated that in the great majority of cases the need
will be adequately met by a gift of £20 or £2^, The trustees,
however, have a very wide discretion, being bound only by a
few simple rules.

National Appeal.

An appeal is now being made for ^3,000,000, in order to
meet the rapidly increasing claims. In spite of an organized
attempt to belittle and hamper the work the gratifying results
already achieved afford convincing proof that this great
voluntary effort is not misplaced but fulfils a fine purpose
which is supplementary to State provision and yet distinct
from it. It is essential that there should be a body independent
of the State to decide each case with a proper regard to the
peculiar circumstances and needs of each applicant. A flat rate

THE KING'S FUND FOR THE DISABLED 219

would destroy the essence of the scheme. It might even
involve so enormous a burden that those responsible for the
care of national finance might hesitate before accepting
responsibility for placing such a charge upon the taxpayers.
The word ** charity " has been repeatedly used, but it is a poor
gibe in the mouths of those who do not hesitate to appeal
to the public for money to assist their own propaganda. It
should never have been heard durinor this war. In a thousand
different ways the soldiers have benefited from the free
offerings of a grateful people. They have accepted those
offerings in the spirit in which they were made, without
question as to their sincerity, or a thought of resentment.
Why should certain leaders of discharged men appear to grudge
the consideration which the nation is prepared voluntarily to
give to the special needs of men less fortunate than themselves
in the search for a secure place in life ? I sincerely hope that
political influences will not obtrude themselves in a sphere
where their presence may become a danger to the State.

220

WHAT THE WAR OFFICE IS DOING.

By Lieutenant-General GOODWIN, C.B., C.M.G.,
D.S.O., K.H.S.

(Director General, Army Medical Service.)

In the opening number of Reveille many of us read with
intense interest ** The Gist of the Matter '' — a review of the
present position of the disabled soldier, and his future outlook.
Let us here briefly consider the relations between the War
Office and the Ministry of Pensions in regard to this matter.

Early in 19 17 the Ministry of Pensions was formed, and
officially took over the care, after-treatment and vocational
training of all soldiers discharged from the Army. This led
inevitably to some overlapping of duties between the War
Office and the new Ministry, until it could be decided at what
stage precisely a man ought to be discharged from hospital to
the care of the Pensions Ministry. Further, the Ministry of
Pensions, so newly formed, had not, to start with, adequate
machinery for dealing with large numbers of pensioners ; the
War Office was therefore obliged to lend a considerable
amount of hospital accommodation.

In the view of the War Office, its obligations really cease so
soon as a soldier is found to be unfit for further service in
the Army, and no longer requires '* indoor " hospital treatment.
He, then, should become a '* pensioner" under the Ministry of
Pensions ; but such a procedure is still impracticable, and in
the interests of the wounded soldier the War Office assists the
Ministry of Pensions to the best of its ability.

We can divide the cases in our military hospitals into five
main groups : Orthopaedic, limbless, mental, paralysed, chronic
and permanent invalids.

ORTHOPy?iDic Cases.

The term ** orthopaedics," which covers a multitude of
injuries and disabilities, is rather liable to misconception, and

WHAT THE WAR OFFICE IS DOING 221

in future we are going to call the numerous "orthopaedic
centres " established throughout the country ** Special Military-
Surgical Hospitals." For convenience, however, we shall here
speak of "Orthopaedics" and "Orthopaedic Centres."

To form these centres, we have used many of the leading
surgeons in the country, and have taught orthopaedic methods
to very large numbers of younger surgeons, both American and
British. To take over the charge of all these orthopaedic cases
was clearly beyond the powers of the Ministry of Pensions, for
lack of suitable accommodation and trained staff So it was
agreed that, until the end of the war, the War Office should
help with these cases, and that afterwards the Ministry of
Pensions should take over the necessary institutions and
continue the treatment. Also that during the war the Ministry
of Pensions should erect " annexes " at each of the military
orthopaedic centres. These annexes are under the surgical
supervision of the War Office expert surgeons attached to the
Centre. They receive pensioner orthopaedic cases residing
in the neighbourhood, who still require " indoor " hospital
treatment, such as operation work, after their formal discharge
from hospital.

" Out-patient " treatment is given to pensioners at all the
special or general military hospitals. And we of the War
Office have temporarily placed 300 beds in our Orthopaedic
Centres at the disposal of the Pensions Ministry, and have
released to them some 2,300 beds in Civil hospitals.

Limbless Cases.

The War Office is responsible for the care of an officer
or soldier until he is fitted with a permanent artificial limb.
The actual provision of limbs is a matter for the Ministry of
Pensions, but the furnishing of accommodation for patients
at " fitting " hospitals is the duty of the War Office.

It is often stated that great numbers of limbless men still
await fitment with artificial limbs. This is true. One of the
chief causes of delay is the shortage of artificial limb makers.
The demand for artificial limbs is enormous, undreamed of,
and the supply is still unequal to the demand. Besides, one
must bear in mind that a man is often not ready for a long

^2 2 REVEILLE

time to be fitted with a "" permanent " artificial limb. The
stump, after amputation, undergoes very considerable shrinkacre
for several months, and it would be quite useless, even if
possible, to fit a " permanent " artificial limb as soon as the
stump had healed. While he is waiting, the patient should do
all he can to exercise his stump, and gradually accustom it
(in the case of a leg) to bear his weight.

During this interim period, while shrinkage is taking place,
the experts consider that the " plaster pylon bucket " is the
most suitable form of appliance. And so the War Office fit
the man's limb with a "plaster pylon," and then, as soon as
he is accustomed to the use of it, discharge him to furlough.
Once monthly, oftener if necessary, he reports at the military
hospital nearest to his home, where arrangements are made for
him to be fitted, if advisable, with a fresh "plaster pylon,"
adjusted to conform to the shrinkage of the limb.

When the stump is ready for a more permanent appliance,
he is admitted to a " fitting " hospital, and supplied by the
Pensions Ministry with a temporary " peg-leg " of one of the
authorized patterns, and later with his permanent artificial limb.
This the Pensions Ministry undertakes to keep in repair, and
renew if necessary ; and the " peg-leg " is for use while such
repair or refitting is going on. The Ministry of Pensions
has the services of an Advisory Council on artificial limbs.
This Council — composed of experts and eminent surgeons —
considers any new improvements or modifications and advises
the Ministry of Pensions as to their adoption. All limbs
approved by this Council are supplied free of cost.

We find that men fitted with an artificial arm are rather
prone to become disheartened if they cannot quickly learn to
use it satisfactorily, and often discard it in favour of an
ordinary "hook" ; we have therefore arranged that men fitted
with an artificial arm may be retained in the Army for a month,
and specially taught to use the limb by trained instructors
employed by the Ministry of Pensions.

Mental Cases.

The War Office has undertaken to retain in its special
mental hospitals all those cases of mental disease developed as
the result of service with an Expeditionary Force overseas.

WHAT THE WAR OFFICE IS DOING 223

At the end of nine months, if they are considered by a Special
Board to be chronic lunatics, such men are certified and handed
over to the Civil Asylums, where they are to be known as
** Service Patients " to obviate any stigma which might possibly
accrue.

Paralysed Cases.

The British Red Cross Society used to take charge of
these patients and arrange accommodation for them in the
neio^hbourhood of their homes ; but now the Ministrv of
Pensions accepts and arranges for all such men.

Incurable Cases.

There remains a very considerable group of chronic or
incurable cases. Such men are to be ''boarded," and discharged
from the Army. Probably the Ministry of Pensions will not for
the present be able to provide the necessary accommodation
for all such, and the War Office will have to keep some of them
in hospital as free patients until the end of the war, when they
will be taken over and cared for by the Ministry of Pensions.

This is in brief how our arrangements stand at present.
We have not reached finality, we have not yet attained even
approximately to the ideal conditions for which we are striving,
and which we hope to achieve. Difficulties arise which are
much more real and much more complicated than can be
grasped by the superficial observer.

One matter we feel to be very important. It is most
advisable that representatives of the Pensions Ministry should
be in close touch with patients in our hospitals in order that
they may be fully acquainted with the men, their prospects,
previous occupations and capabilities, and their mental outlook
on the future, before they are discharged as Pensioners. This
matter, together with the vocational training in hospital of
patients who are manifestly not going to be fit for further
soldiering, and bedside occupations for men who, although
they must stay a long time in hospital, will yet, when cured,
be returned to the Army — these, and many other problems,
are engaging our earnest attention. We all know Kipling's
lines : —

" 'Ere you go triumphing, crowned, to the stars,
Pity poor fighting men, broi^e in the wars."

15

224 REVEILLE

** Pity," In this connexion, means a great deal more than just
pity. Pity, like unasked-for advice, is very easily given, costs
nothing, and is v^orth next to nothing, unless we mean by
it practical sympathy and facilities for useful training and
employment. A man wounded and partially — even considerably
— disabled, is not by any means ** broke." Many of us know
men who, though they have lost a limb or limbs, or are even
blinded, are yet far happier and far more useful and valuable
members of the community than other men who are whole.
By practical interpretation of sympathy, and by business-like
application, we ought to be able to ensure that the number
of men " broke " in this war is proportionally far lower than
ever before.

We must strive that after the war our fighting men may
not be sitting "surly and grim, nursing their scars,*' but may
be mended mentally and bodily, so far as lies in the power of
our surgeons and physicians, and be trained for future employ-
ment so far as lies in the power of the Ministry of Pensions.
We must strive that they be able to lead useful lives, fulfilling
their purpose in the State, deserving of all our sympathy and
all our help, yet secure from any need to depend on charity.

225

THE PARALYSED PENSIONER.

By Sir JOHN COLLIE. M.D.. CMC.

(Director of Medical Services, Ministry of Pensions.)

The IMedlcal Service Department of the Ministry of Pensions
is responsible for the treatment of all discharged soldiers, and
the number of these requiring- treatment increases daily, and
must continue to increase as long as we are at war. The
average weekly increase for the last four months has been
730. All claim our sympathy, but none more deeply than
the paralysed.

An injury to the spinal column produces, as a rule, a
paralysis both of motion and sensation below the seat of the
injury. The reason for this is that the spinal cord, the means
of communication from the brain to the body, is eiihrr cut
or seriously damaged. Patients so injured cannot stand, and
all, therefore, except the comparatively few who can use
crutches, are bedridden. Such patients are technically called
*' paraplegics."

Loss of muscular power is not the only disability which
results from destructive injury to a portion of the spinal cord.
In health, messages — like telegraphic communications, but
infinitely quicker — travel from different pans of the body to
the brain and are, in a moment of time, interpreted and trans-
mitted through other tracts to produce the necessary muscular
action. These messages to and from the brain are, for the
most part, involuntary, automatic — the result of a system of
habit built up since infancy.

If, for example, a hot- water bottle, placed near the body, is
too hot. the delicate nerve-endings in the skin send a warning
along the nerve, up through the spinal cord, and so to the
brain, which immediately interprets the S.O.S. call and sends
a telegraphic message — again down the spinal cord and through
different nerve-fibres — to the muscles likely to be of assistance,
instructing them to act at once and remove the menaced portion

2 26 REVEILLE

of the body from contact with the hot- water bottle. It is
obvious that if telegraph wires are cut no messages can be
sent, and if the spinal cord is destroyed at any part, all
nervous communication between the brain and the part of
the body below the lesion is destroyed, and, in that case,
unless careful nursing be the order of the day, a harmless
hot-water bottle may become a dangerous and insidious foe.

Another important function of the spinal cord is to transmit
from the brain through the nerve certain impulses necessary
for the maintenance of nutrition in different parts of the body.
Should these involuntary impulses be interfered with, local
death is produced, and ulceration ot the skin, bed-sores, and
wasting of muscle tissue are the sequelae.

It is clear that in these circumstances certain partially
voluntary and partially involuntary actions must be seriously
interfered with, thus putting the patiqnt hopelessly and per-
manently in the condition in which he was in infancy, before
the higher centres in his brain were educated to their various
functions, such as — most importantly — the control of the
sphincters. It is in this condition of pitiable helplessness
that many of those wounded in the battlefield are handed over
to my departrpent for treatment.

The injury, although serious from the point of view of the
resulting incapacity, does not affect the higher centres, for
usually the brain is not injured. We have, therefore, to deal,
as a rule, with a young man whose faculties are unimpaired and
alert, but whose physical disabilities are so great that he is bed-
ridden. It is often said that those who lose their sight have
other faculties, such as the sense of touch, more highly
developed, and that Nature attempts in some small way to
compensate. No such effort of Nature enables the paralysed
man to mitigate his incapacity ; he is anchored where he lies,
and must rely upon the goodwill of those who tend him. But I
often think that our bedridden paraplegics are given a fuller
measure of patience and fortitude than is vouchsafed to most
of us ; indeed, the cheery hopefulness with which so many
of these sadly disabled men seem to be inspired closely
resembles the '' spes phthisica'' wsiMiqSx has been recognized from
the time of Hippocrates.

It would not be difficult to state, for it is my duty to know.

THE PARALYSED PENSIONER 227

the average length of life of this particular class of pen-
sioner, but articles in Reveille are read by all classes of
the community, and it is obviously expedient to leave
statistical details of this sort strictly to medical periodicals.

The proper disposition of paraplegic cases presents peculiar
difficulties. Such patients can rarely indeed be treated in
their own homes either with justice to themselves or in fairness
to those who would have to wait upon them. The special
ministrations they require necessitate that they be tended in
institutions.

A large institution containing some hundreds of these cases
would have many disadvantages. The environment itself,
merely on account of the number of cases, would be de-
pressing; but, if this were the only disadvantage, it might,
perhaps, be counteracted by the provision of small wards and
by special efforts on the part of philanthropic visitors. The
hospitals must, for the time being, take the place for the
patients of their own homes, and the helplessness of these
once active strong-limbed men demands that they shall be
placed in institutions easily accessible to their relatives and
friends. This in itself is an unanswerable reply to those who
desire to congregate large numbers of paraplegic cases in large
buildings, which would necessarily receive patients from an
extensive area.

To place isolated cases in general hospitals means that the
unfortunate men are daily depressed by the painful comparison
of their own state with that of those who are takinor their dis-
charge from hospital — cured ; with all the coming and going
they are the derelicts that remain. In addition, they occupy
continuously beds which otherwise would accommodate on an
average eight to ten patients a year. In view of the large and
increasing numbers of all classes of case which are being daily
returned to us from the battlefields of Flanders and France
the provision of hospital accommodation is a matter of great
difficulty, and the release of hospital beds for general medical
and surgical cases is most desirable.

Thanks to both the War Office and the Civil Hospital,
who have recognized their share in the bearing of this burden
and have arranged to accommodate these cases until we are
able to provide for them, the paraplegic case has not been left

228 . REVEILLE

without accommodation during the interval that had to elapse
before special institutions could be provided. Nevertheless, I
appreciate the necessity for early and proper provision for these
cases, for, as has already been said, these men should be near
their own homes, where they can be frequently visited by their
friends, and their stay in a civil or military hospital, where
disciph'ne and rigidity of rule is a necessity, should not be
unduly prolonged.

There are at present in the United Kingdom 911 para-
plegics, of whom 520 are in Military and 65 in Civil hospitals;
306 have returned to their own homes. The territorial
distribution of all these cases has been ascertained, and steps
are being taken to discover how many would avail themselves
of institutional treatment if it were offered. It is probable that
only one-third of those now in their own homes will consent to
enter an institution if the opportunity presents itself, for some
will have friends prepared to devote their lives to their service,
and others will forego some of the comfort they might obtain
in order to remain with their loved ones.

After careful consideration I have advised the Minister of
Pensions that in each pension area there should be established
at least one special separate and independent institution,
accommodating as a rule 25 paraplegic patients, to be equipped
and maintained by the Ministry. Each institution is to be in
close proximity to an existing hospital, the authorities of which
will undertake responsibility for the medical care of the men.

There are already 180 beds placed at the disposal of the
Ministry for the treatment of paraplegics in existing institutions,
and to meet the present needs a scheme has been formulated,
and is now well under way, which will provide for a further
470 beds. It is not unlikely, however, that this scheme will
have to be extended if the number of cases increases as it
shows a tendency to do.^

Efficient treatment of paraplegics will, on account of the
special equipment to be provided and the large staff required
to effectually minister to their needs, be the most expensive
provided by the Ministry. It is estimated that the cost of

' Returns received subsequent to the writing of this article show a considerable
increase in the number of paraplegics, which will call fur an extension of the scheme.

THE PARALYSED PENSIONER 229

adapting existing buildings for the purpose of the present
scheme, together with the cost of equipping them, will probably
reach ;^50,ooo, and the estimated total annual expenditure for
maintenance amounts to ;^i 27,000.

I have considered carefully whether economies could be
effected by housing convalescent and paraplegic patients in the
same institution. The idea is an attractive one, but there are
difficulties which, although not apparent at first sight, are none
the less very real. It is obviously essential that paralysed
patients should be in close proximity to a hospital, which
means that in most cases the homes will be in large towns.
Convalescent patients should be either in the country or at the
seaside. The solution will probably be found by transferring
from the hospitals to these institutions those patients who,
though convalescing from surgical complaints, are not yet able
to travel. The effect and stimulus of their mental attitude
would help to relieve the tedium and depression which is to be
expected among those for whom the institution is primarily
intended, but in their case the return to health will not be
too strongly accentuated. If this is done it will avoid any
waste of bed accommodation and set beds free in the general
hospitals for use by acute and urgent cases.

This is what the State can and will provide, but the
measure of our obligation is not yet reached. For many
years I have advocated for another class of sufferer — the
neurasthenic — the absence of a sympathetic environment and
of the well-meant, but injudicious, attentions of lady visitors.
Experience shows that with neurasthenics sympathy is mis-
placed, and the discouragement of the visits of well-intentioned
enthusiasts to our Homes of Recovery has done much to help
in restoring self-reliance and self-confidence to patients for
whom, as a class, psychical and not physical treatment is the
more appropriate. The case of the paraplegic is a different
one. These sufferers lie in the backwaters of life, and it
behoves us who are well and strong and enjoy the stimulus
of life's rushing stream, to do what we can to stir the surface
by sending eddying ripples of comfort into the recesses of
these stagnant pools.

I am particularly anxious to establish, in connexion with
each of these homes, a visiting committee which shall be

230

REVEILLE

separate from, but still In entire agreement and co-operation
with, the general hospital of which the paraplegic homo* is
a unit. This visiting committee, in the formation of which
I hope to secure the co-operation of the Lord Lieutenant of
each county, should consist of influential local and county
people, and their sole duty will be to add to the comfort and
happiness of the patients in the home. If such a committee
were associated with each paraplegic home, and worked
harmoniously with the matron and the visiting doctor, much
quiet and unostentatious, but none the less genuine, real
comfort would be vouchsafed to these stricken men. It would
be the care of the committee to provide entertainments and
games, furnish extra comforts and perform the various offices
which mean so much to the bedridden. In short, it would
suggest and supply those things which a loving heart can, but
a Government Department may not, provide. The Minister of
Pensions has said that he is prepared to apply specially to the
Treasury for funds to enable this work to be carried on.

The question of bedside employment is also one which
might well engage the attention of these special comforts
committees. Such occupations as drawing, wood-carving, the
lighter forms of basket-making, embroidering, tailoring, toy-
making, and even watch-making, might well help to pass
many a weary hour. These men are all in receipt of a total
disability pension, and no extra charge upon the State for
fees or allowances would be involved, except, perhaps, fees for
the instructors ; but possibly voluntary workers possessed of
technical knowledge and experience could impart the necessary
instruction.

But yesterday we applauded these men as they stood,
heroes of courage, on the field ; shall we forget them now, as
they lie prostrate, heroes of weary suffering ? Their sacrifice
is not less real because it is endured, not in the sudden agony
and darkness of the battlefield, but drawn out through the
unutterable tedium of the wasting years. Along with our
illustrious dead, the helplessly maimed must remain in the
Shadow against which the Light of Victory is set. The
supreme test of our gratitude and of what victory will mean
for us, will be found in our treatment of those — our brothers —
whose existence drags out in limitation and bondage, that our
lives may be ample and free.

231

DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORK.

By Major HERBERT EVANS, J.P.

(Chief Inspector^ Ministry of Pensions.)

In the midst of this world war it would seem grotesque to refer
to possible benefits therefrom. Yet good often comes out of
evil, and already the upheaval of the past four years has dis-
turbed and uprooted deep-seated and unworthy systems and
ideas which could normally only have been changed by the
course of ages. A new social world is in process of formation,
but whether the best use of this unique occasion will be made
depends almost entirely on the trend of public opinion, and in
this momentous decision each individual has a direct personal
responsibility. After the war a period of great activity will
almost certainly ensue. There will be no room for idlers and
wastrels. The aristocracy of enterprise has come to the fore
and will remain there. The old aristocracy of pleasure and
privilege must step down. Our first concern will be the position
in this new social order of the men disabled by the war, and
the ensurance of their well-being by the State-appointed
guardians of their interests. The nation owes its integrity
to these brave men, and our bounden duty is so to mould
events and opinions that their claims shall secure preferential
consideration.

The problem is more difficult than some have imagined ;
for such a debt cannot be liquidated by the mere payment of
pensions and grants. No compensation can approach adequacy
until disabled men are permanently restored to moral, physical,
social and economic prosperity, and if possible, as a reward
for their sacrifices, placed in a better position than that
which they enjoyed, before enlistment. And this means
converting the whole community to quite new ideals.

In the overcrowded labour market of pre-war days "get
on or go under," " tfie weaker to the wall," *' survival of the

232

REVEILLE

fittest" were the mottoes which governed the working world.
It is up to all whom fortune has allowed to remain in safe civil
life to see that the men who fought for them are not, on their
return, subjected to such a test. Especially must we protect
those who have suffered impairment. These men have passed
through the horrors of an inferno such as even Dante could
never have dreamed, but not, alas, unscathed ; and the least
return we can make is to ensure them preferential treatment
for the rest of their lives. This does not mean that we should
treat them as pampered paupers — they would greatly resent
that. It involves : —

(i) The utmost possible restoration of each disabled man
to physical well-being.

(2) The inspiration of him with a desire to equip himself
for full economic usefulness.

(3) The training of him, when necessary, for the work best
suited to his capacities.

(4) The payment to him of a pension to compensate for
his disabilities.

Anything short of this would be a breach of the assurances
made to him on enlistment. The promises which rang out
from every recruiting platform during those early dark and
anxious days must be respected. The Minister of Pensions
has declared over and over again with unmistakable sincerity
that he means to fulfil his part of the contract. ** There is no
sacrifice we can make, no energy we can expend, no cost we
can bear, too great to mark our appreciation of the great and
incalculable services the boys have rendered for us." And,
really, anything less than this recognition of simple justice
would be unworthy of our race.

Just as enlistment was made easy and attractive so must the
return to civil life. Just as each man was carefully trained
and equipped to take his place in the military machine so must
each man, who needs it on account of impairment, be trained
and equipped to resume his place in the civil machine. For
its salvation in this war the nation has needed fit men of all
ranks ; after the war it will need them none the less for its re-
constructive efforts. The struggle has brought home to us the
necessity of national co-operation ; we shall want that co-
operation just as much in the years to come.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORK 233

The danger of allowing men to be finally discharged from
the Forces before they are properly equipped for civil life is
very grave. Unfortunately too many men just as unfit for the
labour market as they have become for the Army have been
allowed to drift away into civilian life. We are, thus, con-
fronted with pitiful tales of hardship which might never have
arisen but for this hiatus between the time of discharge and
resettlement. It has been realized that there would be irre-
parable disaster if the millions of men now in the Army were
suddenly demobilized. Plans are ready, no doubt, for careful
demobilization, and the gradual reabsorption of the workers
into civil life. But the demobilization of the unfit and the
disabled is taking place all the time, and unless some such
principles are followed in this lesser demobilization the seeds of
a bitter harvest of trouble will have been sown.

Entrance into Army or Navy is always prefaced by a test
of fitness, and surely re-entrance into civilian life should also be
prefaced by some kind of test. Unhappily, some totally dis-
abled men will be quite unfit for work of any sort, but the great
majority, however severe their injuries, will be capable of
occupation, and no national scheme can be complete until all
such men are trained and fitted into industry. This could be
readily effected by compulsion; but so extreme a step, savouring
of industrial conscription, is most undesirable. The mere
-convenience, however, of either employers or employed should
not be allowed to interpose between the disabled and their
equipment for permanent and preferential employment. Any-
thing less than priority over the able-bodied is a stultification
of our expressed intentions towards those who have fought
and suffered for us. We must insist on these two principles :
preference and permanence : without them the disabled will
be left to compete on level terms with the able-bodied,
with a result too obvious. No employer will have justifiable
cause of complaint if he is com.pelled by civic spirit or statutory
enactment to give preference to disabled ex-soldiers. Only by
the recognition of the principle of preference will the loss
imposed by war be borne equally. If eventually there is going
to be much unemployment after the war, equity demands that
it shoul4 fall first on those who have not suffered the disabilities
of war.

234 REVEILLE

But the Ministry aims at training disabled men in such a
way as to enable them to obtain and keep their employments
in competition with the able-bodied, on their merits as work-
men alone ; and the imperative need of training should be
impressed on every disabled man. We must try and create in
each individual the desire to be trained to take such a useful
part in the national life as will secure his own happiness and
material prosperity.

Though it has been generally recognized that the restoration
of the disabled is a national duty, it has as yet only been
possible to touch the fringe of this great problem, owing chiefly
to the absence of a strong current of public opinion on the
deeper issues at stake. The matter has hitherto been dealt
with on a basis far too piecemeal and parochial. The nation
as a whole must be brought to realize the full extent of its
responsibilities, if its appointed administrators are to carry into
effect its wishes. Much valuable work has been accomplished
and splendid foundations have been laid, but the Ministry has
been hampered by having had to create the motive power
as well as drive the engine. Obviously while the Ministry
has to carry out this dual role the best results cannot be
obtained.

Invaluable propaganda work can be done by every
individual. The present Minister of Pensions has set an
inspiring example, for in spite of the enormous mass of work
which necessarily falls to the head of a great and growing
department, he has visited all parts of the kingdom to try
and rouse public opinion. His enthusiasm and confidence
have spread to the humblest worker in his department and are
already bearing abundant fruit.

Admittedly there have been failures; but to those who
know the obstacles with which the Ministry has been
confronted, the wonder is that any progress has been made
at all. Few modern enterprises have started under greater
difficulties. Brought into existence at a time when, owing to
the abnormal growth of work and the creation of fresh
functions, the already depleted staffs of other Government
departments were able to render little help, the infant
Ministry found itself severely handicapped in so preliminary
an essential as the supply of the necessary personnel. Further^

DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORK 235

it inherited a vast accumulation of arrears, a broken-down
machinery, a set of narrow regulations, the product of Victorian
ideals and quite unsuited to twentieth-century needs. The
scales of pensions and allowances were adapted to a period
when naval and military service was specially sought, and after-
security and comfort in civil life was not guaranteed. There was
a reduced pension for the man whose disease was only aggravated
by service, and thousands of the discharged were thrown back
into civil life in a state of chronic dependence. Such was the
herculean task which confronted the new department, comprising
as it did the severed branches of two or three other departments,
which had to be assimilated and amalgamated before any
forward movement could be made. All along the Ministry has
had chiefly to depend on a huge temporary female staff, the
bulk of which has had no previous training in office work of
any description. Growing at the rate of over 4,000 a year,
the Ministry's staff now consists of more than 7,000 persons —
of which 6,500 are women and 300 discharged disabled men.
Out of this great total only about 100 are trained Civil
Servants. In spite of these difficulties, however, it can fairly
be said that much valuable progress has been made.

Apart from its current tasks the Ministry's first desire
is to reclaim the men who have drifted away unaccounted
for into civil life. It is a matter of the gravest concern that
only a small number of discharged men have had the voca-
tional training enabling them to be satisfactorily placed in
civil occupations. The Ministry aims at placing each man
properly through its Local War Pensions Committees. It will
help enormously if every member of the public will make of
himself an apostle of restoration. Probably everyone knows
several men who have been discharged on account of some
disability. If these men have happily recovered from their
wounds and managed to find suitable and permanent employ-
ment, well and good. But those whose condition can clearly
be alleviated by a course of treatment should be urged to place
themselves in the hands of the department which is able to
provide for this. And again, any men (and there are very
many such) who have found their way into blind-alley jobs,
however well-paid, should be warned of the folly of remainino-
in them, and urged to seek more lasting work, and undergo a

236 REVEILLE

period of training to fit them for permanently remunerative
occupations. The present abnormal conditions of the labour
market, with its unsatisfied demand for male workers and its
high rates of wages, have tempted numbers of men to take up
work regardless of the future and of their present unfitness for
civil employment. For the benefit of these men ample schemes
have been provided, and the machinery is being perfected, if
only they will come and avail themselves of it.

Early in this year an outdoor staff of superintending
inspectors and inspectors was constituted. Each superintend-
ing inspector was placed in charge of an area of several
counties. With the help of his inspectors he was made
responsible inter alia for (1) the inspection of local committees
within his area ; (2) assisting local committees in the prepara-
tion of treatment and training schemes ; and (3) generally
advising local committees as to their duties. During the few^
months it has been at work the inspectorate has abundantly
justified its existence and has met with the cordial appreciation-
of most of the local committees.

The outdoor staff has strengthened the link which existed
between the Ministry and the local committees. It now
remains for the link between local committees and the
disabled men to be reinforced and methods whereby this can.
be achieved are now under consideration.

So far as treatment is concerned the Ministry is happy in
having at its disposal the best medical and surgical skill avail-
able and during the past few months immense strides have
been made in the provision of institutional accommodation.
Many well-known people have most generously placed their
country houses at the disposal of the department and it is now
possible for men to receive treatment, convalescent and other-
wise, in the most pleasant and favourable surroundings.
Every inducement is being offered to men to take advantage
of the facilities for curative treatment which are available for
their benefit.

Men discharged for tuberculosis come, in ordinary cases,
under the National Health Commissioners ; the position is
complicated, and a special anxiety is being felt about the
condition of tuberculous men. Tuberculosis is responsible for
the highest proportion of discharges and it is precisely this

DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORK 237

complaint which requires the most expeditious treatment.
The existino^ sanatoria provision is proving inadequate and it
may be necessary to make aherations in the present methods.
The problem is too acute to brook delay. Men suffering from
this disease must not be allowed to drift back to their homes
where their disease can progress uninterruptedly and where
they can possibly infect others with their complaint. Many
cases have come under notice where men sufferinof from
tuberculosis have declined to complete their period of treatment
and have gone back to their homes and families. Here again,
the public can greatly assist the Ministry in dealing with this
problem by persuadi g men who have so acted to return for
the completion of their treatment.

In the case of the neurasthenic, too, the public can be of
great assistance by helping the men suffering from this disability
to surmount their difficulties and make light of their complaints.
In neurasthenic as well as in a number of other disabilities the
possibilities of concurrent treatment and training are being
explored. The enforced leisure of the long convalescence,
often necessary, produces inertia. The progress of recovery is
hastened by giving the patients light occupation. Various
schemes are now afoot whereby this can be achieved.

During the past six months considerable progress has been
made in the training of men who have recovered sufficiently
from their disablements, but the Ministry is far from satisfied
with the present rate of advance. There are many difficulties,
complicated by the abnormal labour conditions now prevailing.
In spite of these much is being accomplished by effective
propaganda. It is being made as easy for the average citizen
to aid the Ministry in its work of restoration as it is to aid the
Exchequer in raising war funds. And if the Ministry of
Pensions can enlist in its work a fair percentage of the effort
put forth for war savings its success is assured.

The magnitude of the task is fully appreciated by those
upon whom the responsibilities of administration fall. No
other State department is faced with such a comprehensive
and exhaustive problem, touching more or less every family in
the kingdom, and involving the future prosperity, moral and
material, of the flower of Britain's manhood. But the Ministry
of Pensions is helped to confidence by evidence from every

238 REVEILLE

quarter of a desire for generous treatment of those whom War
has afflicted. It has to interpret this spirit in a way just to
the community of disabled men and the dependants of those
who have fallen ; and to prove the nation's deep gratitude for
the magnificent display of devotion and courage by which
freedom and civilization have been preserved.

239

NOTE.

The Minister of Pensions' article on The King's Fund begins,
and Major Evans' article ends the section of this number of
Reveille devoted to the official views of the War Office and
the Ministrv of Pensions.

Editor.

16

240

A PLEA FOR THE CONSUMPTIVE

SOLDIER.

By P. C. VARRIER-JONES.

{Hon. Resident Medical Officer, Cambridgeshire Tuberculosis Colony.)

*' Go songs^ and come not back from your far way,
And if men ask you why ye smile and sorrow,
Tell them ye grieve, for your hearts know to-day,
Tell them ye smile, for your eyes know to-morrow."

Francis Thompson.

We know to-day, but do we understand ? Even while we
grieve at the sad sights of to-day, do we realize — has it been
burned into our soul — the terrible responsibility of the nation
for the soldier returned from the wars, smitten by that dread
disease — consumption } To learn, to have certain knowledge,
is not enough for to-morrow. To know to-day is good, but
the virtue evaporates into nothingness if our knowledge is
not followed by actions swift and sure.

Francis Thompson, a despised and forlorn consumptive,
felt all the pangs of this disease, wandered about the streets of
London, outwardly a wreck, and inwardly a fire of burning
coals. He, with bitter experience, knew the pains and anguish,
the long days and nights of suffering, the weary hours of toil
and strife, his body frail, fragile and worn, his mind keen,
active, alert.

" Forlorn and faint and stark,
I had endured through watches of the dark ^
The abashless inquisition of each star :
Yea, was the outcast mark
Of all those heavenly passers' scrutiny ;
Stood bound and helplessly
For time to shoot his barbed minutes at me ;
Suffered the trampling hoof of every hour
In night's slow-wheeled car ;
Until the tardy dawn dragged me at length
From under those dread wheels, and bled of strength,
I waited the inevitable last."

PLEA FOR THE CONSUMPTIVE SOLDIER 241

Friendless, helpless, daily passed by the crowds which throng
the London streets — unknown, unrecognized ! Who cared?
It was nobody's business to inquire why he was there, selling
matches in the gloom of a chill November day. Not until he
was gone into the great beyond were his powers recognized
and appreciated. Let us see to it that the new world shall
witness nothing so tragic as that. But are we sure that
this same tragedy is not now being enacted in our midst,
that our returned soldiers are not treading the same path as
Francis Thompson ? Are we leaving no stone unturned to
prevent such things ? Are we ? Are we making every effort
to help the consumptive soldier who has given all in the
service of his country ? I have before me a letter from one who
says : ** I am a worker and cannot do much to help, but I am
interested in a Silver Badge man who is suffering from con-
sumption. His pension he ekes out by selling postcards in the
street." A Silver Badge man selling postcards in the street! Is
that right ? Some would say that the man must be an habitual
loafer since there is plenty of work for all. That is unfair. The
consumptive, with all the good will in the world, is quite unable
to do a full day's work. A man with tubercle bacilli in the
sputum can never be accused of being a malingerer. The
proof of the disease is there, and gradually by painful and sure
steps, unless the man is placed under favourable conditions,
the disease will advance. Do London Streets provide those
favourable conditions ?

The essential fact is this : Consumption is an infectious
disease, from which not the patient only but all those with
whom he comes in close contact are in the gravest danger !
For our own sakes we must not allow even the most hopeless
tuberculous case to drift into such environment ; must ensure
that each man is employed according to his strength in sur-
roundings which give him the greatest possible chance of
recovery, and the community the greatest assurance of pro-
tection. Picture to yourselves the gruesome calamity of a
whole family attacked by consumption ! A man has set out
full of hope and strength to fight, not his battle only, but his
country's — our battle ; he returns, broken by disease, a source
of terrible danger to his nearest and dearest. He is weak, he
cannot undertake heavy or sustained work ; the consequent

242 REVEILLE

want of employment soon reduces the family to poverty ; their
bodily resistance fails, they readily become a prey to the
disease. Filled with ambition for his children, making plans
for their education and advancement, he set out for the war ;
broken' in health and in spirit, bankrupt in pocket and in hope
he returns.

Are we doing all that is humanly possible to give this man,
broken in the service of King and country, another chance,
another hope of " making good " in the days that are left to
him ?

The tuberculosis problem has been for years before our
eyes, and we have tried measures innumerable, with small
success. We have made a beginning, but we have been half-
hearted ; many have the feeling that we have simply tinkered
with the problem. What have we done ? We have built
certain sanatoria for early cases. We have selected, and
selected very — indeed too — carefully a few early cases for
treatment, but the main problem we have left untouched, and
the men with disease advanced beyond the early stages we have
habitually neglected ; they fill the out-patient departments of
our great hospitals and are filling our new tuberculosis dis-
pensaries ; but we offer them no suitable accommodation.
Their ranks are now being recruited by our consumptive
soldiers, who — alas ! — are drifting along the old paths — the old
roads and byways. They are not, as a rule, early cases, and
can shed no glory over our sanatoria returns. They will not
permanently recover after a short course of treatment. What
can be done with them ? Let us face the situation squarely.
These men can still be made partially self-supporting if suitable
employment is found for them in good surroundings, and if
their wages are supplemented by an adequate pension.

The problem is huge — of far greater dimensions than is
generally realized. Already over 40,000 discharged con-
sumptive soldiers are amongst us. Some of them have had
treatment — but of what kind ? Some of them have had none.
For such a host it may be said that it is quite impossible to
find work in good and desirable surroundings. But who, in
1 9 14, thought it possible that in 19 18 we should have an army
of several millions .'* Who with prophetic wisdom foretold that
we should be able to finance the war at the rate of eight million

PLEA FOR THE CONSUMPTIVE SOLDIER 243

pounds a day ? We spend this amazing sum to destroy life in
order to protect our own. Can we not then make some little
effort to protect those who have borne the burden and heat of
the fight, and to save more lives, the lives of their wives and
children ? Is it not our desire, our will, to do the right thing
by them? Do we not want to find a way to tackle this
gigantic problem ? It is no good being frightened by the
magnitude of this work. Rome was not built in a day. It will
take some time to solve the tuberculosis problem, but a begin-
ning can be made now, and if the foundations are well laid the
City of Hope will soon rear its pinnacles to Heaven.

What are the fundamental principles ? The problem is not
purely medical. Psychology, sociology, and medicine are
mingled as in no other medical problem. The human elemetit
must be the touchstone. Any stereotyped system will fail ; it
invariably fails when we deal with human nature. Put senti-
ment aside, if you will, but let the helping hand, the intellect,
and the heart be free to work this question out. Only from
sympathetic study of the consumptive patient's mind, from
understanding of his temperament and his difficulties, shall
we* be able to shape his course for the best.

A consumptive has thus written : " A great peace came
over me as I lay for weeks in bed, forgetful of the conflict,
slowly and painfully recovering a dram of strength. It was
a blissful interlude in my life, those weeks in which I lay
resigned to death. But life returned, and though I was
maimed and bruised and definitely convicted of actual phthisis,
I felt a call to life. When I got up at last from my sick bed,
I could hardly recognize myself as the same person. The
struggle for mere life had now absorbed and supersized the
struggle for what I sought in lifel'^ The keenness felt by
consumptives to be up and doing, the feverish energy they
all, at times, display, the desire to live again a fuller and more
active life, are the clue to the treatment needed by those not
yet capable of any form of exertion. Inactivity, after a certain
point has been reached, is the very negation of recovery.
Work, that soother and consoler, is the best healer for those
whose condition does not absolutely forbid it. How important

' John Addington Symonds. Autobiography.

244

REVEILLE

this is from a medical point of view, has not yet been properly-
appreciated. Part-time work, work graduated to the patient's
strength, is a golden remedy in the treatment of phthisis.
Rest, be it understood, is not condemned ; it is indeed essential
for the patient's progress, but so also is rational employment,
which, properly and scientifically managed, saves a patient from
ennui and despair. " I attribute my gradual recovery," Symonds
writes, " in no small measure to the fact that I resolutely refused
to give up study." His mind was occupied, and the disease
made less progress. Five years later he wrote : " If I am
doomed to decline now, I can at least say that in the five
years since I came here, dying, I have had a very wonderful
summer of experience. The colours of life have been richer,
my personal emotions even more glowing, my perception of
intellectual points more vivid, my power over style more
masterly than when I was comparatively vigorous. It seems
a phase of my disease that I should grow in youth and
spiritual intensity proportionately to my physical decay." And
he was right. The brain, which is stimulated by the toxins of
the disease, seems ever to become clearer, its visions sharper,
its perceptions finer. And it is the same with the man who
has no claim to the intellectual attainments of John Addington
Symonds. Our consumptive soldiers, drawn from every class
of society, exhibit the same traits, albeit in less degree. Shall
we not, then, take advantage of this characteristic and turn it
to our own uses ? Let us so arrange our scheme that the
forces we perceive and partly estimate may have full play.

To turn again to .the physical side. A short course of
Sanatorium treatment for the consumptive working man is
not enough, it is scarcely even a palliative. He must have
the opportunity of living under conditions in which he can
receive the full benefit of a prolonged course of such treat-
ment, and be shielded from the ordinary struggle for existence.
Where is the employer who, in a busy office, workshop, or
factory, will employ a man who can work for half a day only ?
He is yet to be found, and at present we cannot expect to
find him. If, then, our consumptive can produce 50 per cent,
only of the output of an ordinary healthy man, where is he to
be employed ? The factory door is closed against him, his
fellow-workmen shun his cough, and he is turned helpless

PLEA FOR THE CONSUMPTIVE SOLDIER 245

away. Where is he to look for succour and help ? A pension,
even a full one, will hardly support him, his wife, and family.
Though he can work he cannot carry on at the pressure and at
tie speed of the business world. He is told to find a light
open-air job among the sunny hills of Surrey or on the moors
of Yorkshire. I have yet to find the ** light" situations which
bnng in an adequate wage. A city clerk with no experience
of farm work will hardly be taken on by a modern farmer,
be he hale and hearty, much less a consumptive.

Let us face the facts. We know that we are speaking
the truth when we affirm that, given suitable conditions, tuber-
lulosis of the lungs can be retarded, nay, in some cases arrested
by prolonged treatment. But that treatment must be carried
out on sane and rational lines. No man can be expected to
submit to the monotony of institutional life for an indefinite
period. No married man can be expected to be separated
from his family for years. What is the remedy ? What but
to graft on to our existing Sanatoria the colony principle of
e^nploying patients at their own or allied trades.

The critic, ever desirous of making his voice heard, says :
This is all very well in theory, but has it ever been put into
practice? Without unduly drawing attention to the work
already accomplished on a small scale, it is only right to say
that during the experimental stage of treatment carried out
at Bourn Colony, the precursor of Papworth Hall, in Cam-
bridgeshire, the results exceeded the most sanguine expecta-
tions. For the small sum of ;^500, subscribed by those who
had the tuberculosis problem at heart, we treated during the
three years the Colony was in existence ninety-three patients,
and at the end of that time eighty-five of them were in full
work, either at their old occupations or at new and more
suitable work, specially arranged. Even under the primitive
conditions then existing, the length of treatment in some cases
extended to nine months, so that the oft-repeated criticism
that ex-soldiers will not submit to treatment is without founda-
tion. There is not the slightest doubt that soldiers will stay
in a village community, ahvays provided that the amenities of
life are there. Social surroundings, healthy environment,
steady and not too laborious work, freedom of conscience,
home life re-modelled on sound, healthy lines, all these things

246 REVEILLE

should be within their reach. It has been the practice at the
Papworth Hall Colony to invite patients to answer a set of
questions designed to discover their ideas as to their future
career and their means of livelihood. Practically all the
patients have answered these questions, some with a markerf
degree of intelligence. From analysis of the answers it appears
that most of the patients realize that the parting of the wa}'s
has come ; that they are called on to decide upon their future
course of action. To the question: "Would you accept c
suitable post in rural surroundings ? '' the answer has invari
ably been *' Yes." To the question : "What conditions woulc
you accept ? " the answers have naturally been various, but all
have agreed that if their physical condition necessitates a
change of occupation, they will bow to the inevitable. Extra-
vagant demands are occasionally made, which it Is obviously
impossible to satisfy, but the fact remains that the will is there
if a practical proposal can be placed before the patient. The
working man must be treated as we would treat any other
member of Society. He must not be expected to take a lower
rank in the social scale simply because he happens, through no
fault of his own, to have contracted a disease. A consumptive
man must inevitably make a sacrifice ; the economic conditions
of the workaday world demand it ; but we believe that when
our Industrial Colony at Papworth Is In full swing we shall be
able to show how this sacrifice may be minimized.

The scheme is an ambitious one, but this Is the day of
great enterprises. We hear a good deal about the establish-
ment of Village Communities for Disabled Men. For no class
of the disabled is a life sheltered and yet active, protected and
yet self-respecting, so necessary as for the tuberculous. The
man who has suffered the loss of a limb, or the loss of sight,
may still find a place in his old surroundings. If properly
assisted and trained ; the man suffering from shell shock may
need long convalescent treatment away from the stress of town
life, but eventually he will probably be able to resume his old
occupation ; lAe consumptive, alone, if seriously attacked by
disease, can never hope for even a modicum of health and
strength in crowded streets and ordinary workshops ; the
consumptive, alone, of all this sad procession of broken lives,
can never return to normal conditions without endangering his

PLEA FOR THE CONSUMPTIVE SOLDIER 247

family and his fellow-workmen, without involving not only
himself but others in disaster.

The ultimate ideal, therefore, at Papworth, is the Village
Community, growing up gradually and naturally round a
Central Institution. The Institution itself is open to men in
all stages of the disease. JVo case of definite disease is too
early, no sufferer is too advanced to find reception there. And
while patients are carefully classified, so that none can da
another harm, each may hope for promotion from hospital ward
to verandah, from verandah to open-air shelter, from open-air
shelter to family life in a self-contained and properly arranged
cottacre.

In such a scheme, training in a variety of suitable trades is
essential. Gardening — even with the addition of pigs, poultry,
and bees — is not enough. There must be choice of employ-
ment, so that every man, fit for even part-time work, may
choose some congenial occupation, which will benefit both
body and mind, and ultimately bring fair remuneration for the
work. It is a myth that a patient must necessarily give up all
indoor employment and seek a situation on the land. A clerk
who has earned £1 ^ week and is accustomed to the activity
and bustle of town life will never consent to banish himself and
his family to an isolated cottage in the country and turn himself
into a farm labourer. Anyone who imagines this possible
little realizes what it means to be a farm labourer, his long
hours, and the hard work in which new and unaccustomed
muscles must undergo a prolonged course of training before a
man has a chance of earning half the normal wage of a farm
labourer. Many of our failures in the past have been due to
the preaching of fresh air, even at the cost of a bare larder.
The larder is of prime importance. Fresh air runs a good
second, but all the fresh air in the world will not fill an empty
stomach or provide proper materials for the building up of
damaged tissues. Unless a man's vitality, and therefore his
nutrition, is maintained at the highest level, all efforts to repair
the tuberculous, and restore him to working health will be in
vain. Take, then, an occupation like tailoring. Tailors often
work in a basement, with a super-heated and damp atmosphere.
Are such conditions absolutely essential for the carrying on of
the tailoring trade '^ Emphatically — No ! At Papworth Colony

248 REVEILLE

tailoring is done under open-air conditions, as severe (but as
favourable to recovery) as could be made in any test. In our
colony, a tailor, although a consumptive with extensive disease,
can be so accommodated that his work may be carried on with
the knowledge that he is benefiting by his surroundings and
that there is absolutely no danger to the customers who employ
him to make their clothes. In this way general tuberculosis
problems are being solved one by one.

Take another industry — engineering. Here we are trying
to find out exactly the kind of job this trade can offer to the
consumptive working man. Obviously a return to big work-
shops and strenuous working days is out of the question, but
the suggestion that a trained mechanic must give up his trade
and seek employment as a farm labourer is equally wide of the
mark. Almost everyone takes an interest in an engine, but
curiosity is one thing and the desire to acquire knowledge for
the special purpose of earning your living is quite another.
While, then, arranging a simple course of practical instruction,
we do not neglect theoretical hints and short lectures.

Let communities be started in which our consumptive
soldier can live in his own home, shielded from the fierce
competition . of the outside world, a self-respecting worker,
an economic asset. Let employment be found, the model
factory erected, the hours of toil properly regulated, a fair wage
paid. In such villages his children can be carefully protected
from infection by open-air schools supervised by a competent
health-visiting staff. The man's leisure hours can be made
glad by recreation arranged by the Colonists' own committee,
and his life agreeably spent, ''A mere Utopian dream," they
say, "and how do you know that the consumptive ex-soldier
will submit even to such conditions ? " I say that he has
already done so, that requests for admission to the Papworth
Colony now far exceed the accommodation. ** In that case,"
the critic answers, '* the demand will always be greater than
you can possibly meet." The demand is great. Is that a
reason why we should not try to meet it ? We sincerely want
to do well by these men ; shall we stop at wanting, and put
forward no practical solution ? " But the expense will be
ruinous ! " So is the evil ; so too the cost of the evil. Shall
we leave the poison to work its way from generation to

PLEA FOR THE CONSUMPTIVE SOLDIER 249

generation ? Shall we not try to stop the appalling infection
which must go on when our consumptive soldiers drift from
bad surroundings to worse ?

Hitherto the consumptive patient after a short course of
sanatorium treatment has been allowed to return to his home
and is told to seek an " easy job," ** to take all the good food
he can,'' and "to keep out in the fresh air." Admirable advice,
impossible in practice. The man cannot act on it. Where
are the easy jobs and fresh air in our crowded cities ? Where
is the chance of rest and healthy recreation in the streets of our
large manufacturing towns ? We must alter the conditions of
life so that these may be obtained. It is possible ; we have
proved it. What man, foreseeing the inevitable relapse when
he returns to his unhealthy surroundings, will not avail himself
of the chance we have outlined. In our experience of the
Colony system of treating consumptives, it is quite exceptional
to find a man who, when the matter is fully explained, will not
consent to leave the crowded city and seek the advantages
of the Colony village, where in surroundings which give him
the best chance of regaining health and strength, he can live
and work, knowing that he is cared for, and his family
protected, and where, if the worst comes to the worst, he can
have skilled medical and nursing attention to the end. In the
centre of the village is the hospital, where in case of relapse he
can have further treatment, and where, if the disease still
progresses, his suffering is relieved and his rest secured. The
ideal Colony ministers to all stages of the disease ; that is one
of its great advantages.

If one village community of this kind can be shown to carry
within it the germ of success, the idea will surely fructify and
similar communities will spring up round existing sanatoria
or in other suitable spots. A large country house, surrounded
by gardens and grass-lands, as at Papworth, forms an excellent
nucleus, and such houses often come into the market in these
days of change. The village can to a large extent be built by
the colonists themselves. They begin by building shelters,
they may go on to building cottages — specially designed
shelters and cottages ; and then to making the furniture for
these shelters and cottages. The joy of seeing useful and
beautiful things growing under their hands, the development

2 50 REVEILLE

of muscle and vitality which comes with work carried out
without fatigue, the cheerful surroundings, the sense of
comradeship; and, best of all, the prospect of a return to a
happy family life, are most powerful aids to nature in driving
out the ravager, where this is still possible, or in limiting his
ravages when he is too securely entrenched to be dislodged.

My appeal is primarily for just and even generous treat-
ment for the consumptive soldier. But the benefit will not
be confined to him. With what measure ye mete, it shall be
measured to you again. No disease lays such heavy burdens
on the nation as that which even in peace-time disables its
citizens in their best years, makes them helpless invalids when
their contribution to the nation's life should be at the highest.

The war has intensified this evil, but it has also brought the
chance of dealing with it. No idle or baseless dream is here
unfolded. The beginnings are small as yet, but if the public
conscience will but be aroused, the dream can be fulfilled, and
our consumptives need no longer live neglected. Robert Louis
Stevenson, a consumptive, wrote : —

•* He came and went. Perchance you wept awhile
And him forgot.

Ah me ! But he that left you with a smile
Forgets you not." «

\

25

ROEHAMPTON AND ITS LESSONS.

By DUDLEY B. MYERS, O.B.E.

(Honorary Secretary, Employment Bureau.)

Of the work done at Queen Mary's Convalescent Auxiliary
Hospitals for men who have had the misfortune to lose a limb
in the war much has already been written and it is generally
known that to these hospitals, which were established over
three years ago, attaches the credit for all the pioneer work
which has been done in this country, not only in connexion
with the fitting and supply of artificial limbs and appliances,
but equally in connexion with the training and preparing of
men for their civil careers while still in hospital. Roehampton
has in fact occupied, and continues to occupy, a distinctive
position in the annals of British War Hospitals. It has kindled
and held aloft the torch which has served to illumine the
problems to which its labours have specifically been devoted,
and, by reason of the large number of men passing through
its wards and of their periodical readmission for the repair of
their artificial limbs, it has proved no mean post whence to
observe the working of the machinery which has been set
up in the country to deal with the requirements and interests
of disabled men.

The purpose of this article is not so much to attempt a
record of the actual work accomplished in connexion with
the after-care of the patients as to consider, in the light of the
testimony of the men themselves, some of the lessons and
experiences which have resulted therefrom. It will, therefore,
suffice to state that up to the end of August, 191 8, upwards of
14,000 men (exclusive of officers and overseas outpatients) had
been discharged from the hospitals fitted with their artificial
limbs, of whom over 13,000 — that is to say, all in-patients
not belonging to the overseas forces whom it was in any
way possible to assist — were handled on an industrial
basis. Of these, 45 per cent, returned either to their own

2 52 REVEILLE

employment or to their old employers, while ^^^ per cent,
refused to consider work except in the vicinity of their own
homes, presenting, therefore, a problem for purely local solution.
The remaining 21 J per cent, represent those whose training
was commenced or decided on before leaving Roehampton, or
for whom suitable employment was provided. The capacity
of the hospitals when first opened was 180 beds, exclusive of
the accommodation for disabled officers : it has now grown
to 900 beds and the duration of the stay of the patients has
been very much curtailed. Incidentally it may be mentioned
that leg amputation cases are now detained, on an average, for
no longer than four weeks, while arm amputation cases are
usually fitted and discharged within a fortnight. It will thus
be seen that the time which is available for the consideration of
questions connected with the men's after careers is all too short ;
but, even so, working on an established system of interviews,
lectures, and preliminary training in the hospital workshops, it
suffices to classify the men, to influence to a great extent their
views and decisions and to pass on to the Local War Pensions
Committees a definite statement or recommendation in each
individual case. Roehampton has in fact become a large
clearing house and focusing centre and it rests with the Local
Committees to continue the work which has been commenced
and to carry out, at their discretion, the proposals which are
put before them at the time of the men's discharge from
hospital.

Formerly' the position was entirely different, for in the
earlier days of the hospitals the stay of the patients was
protracted, their numbers were limited, no State machinery
existed and the men looked to Roehampton, working in
conjunction with the Incorporated Soldiers and Sailors Help
Society, the National Association for the Employment of
ex- Soldiers, and other voluntary organizations, for the solution
of all their difficulties. It is generally known how, when men
had been induced to commence their training in the workshops
erected at Roehampton, the demand which arose for after
training facilities was nobly responded to by the Polytechnic
in Regent Street, the Cordwainers' Technical College, Clark's
College, Messrs. R. H. Davis and Co., and other generous
helpers who opened their doors to all Roehampton men, free

ROEHAMPTON AND ITS LESSONS 253

of all charge to the men and to the country, thereby setting an
invaluable example and paving the way to the State-supported
system of training which has since been set up under the
Ministry of Pensions.

Those were the days which really counted, the days in
which was laid the foundation of the existing system, the
days when every man could be handled with more intimate
knowledge of his outlook on life than is possible to-day when
the patients pour through the hospitals in a never-ending
stream of maimed humanity ; and above all those were the
days for which one must ever be thankful in that they taught
one the psychology of this vast and many-sided problem, and
enabled one to see into the hearts and minds of those who had
so grievously suffered for us in this terrible war. Those days
enabled one to grasp to some extent the requirements of the
situation and to realize that one was face to face with the
greatest problem in the study of human nature which had
ever arisen. In dealing with men of the most opposite and
conflicting tendencies, of every form of pre-war occupation,
of varying standards of education, and of the most divergent
outlook on the future, one has learnt to realize, as never before,
how no two men are alike and how doomed to failure are those
who seek to work for and among the disabled without bringing
the fullest measure of tact and human sympathy to bear on
their task and without realizing the extent to which each case
calls for distinctive analytical study.

Apart from the personal side of the problem the collective
side has to be considered, and to this I have always attached
very great importance, for I have long been convinced that
to handle men in groups — the larger the better — is of the
utmost benefit. Institutions such as Roehampton, the Pavilion
Military Hospital, Brighton, and the South African Military
Hospital, Richmond, are ideal from the grouping point of view,
and I have long since advocated the establishment throughout
the country of convalescent hospitals on similar lines, with
workshops attached, to which could be transferred at an early
staofe of convalescence all those cases which were recognized as
likely to have to be returned to civilian life. It is undoubtedly
at this stage that the men are most impressionable and it is at
this stage that every effort should be made to bring prominently

2 54 REVEILLE

before them the question of their future careers and to lead
them back to the desire for active employment. The mind
must be educated before the body can be expected to respond,
and it stands to reason that the ordinary military hospitals
which aim solely at returning fit men to the fighting line are
not the establishments which lend themselves to promoting
the consideration of civil employment among those for whom
the military authorities have no further use. It is not their
problem, and, brutal as the creed may seem, it is nevertheless
logical in time of war. The problem is a civilian one and the
men referred to should be handed over to the care of the
Ministry of Pensions at the earliest possible moment, so that
the process of preparing them for the change which lies before
them may be commenced with the least delay. No system of
hospital visitors can meet the needs of the situation. Our
disabled men respond gladly to all well meant efforts on their
behalf, but no real good can be done with them except on
organized scientific lines. I do not for one moment claim that
the Roehampton system is perfect, as the rapidity with which
the men pass through these hospitals is a great handicap, and
the conditions in that respect at Brighton and Richmond are
infinitely more favourable. Nevertheless it serves as a model
to build on and the country requires not one Roehampton,
but the organization, on the most approved lines, of several
Roehamptons.

Handling men in groups admits of their being infiuenced
collectively as well as individually, and not only do they act
and react on each other but both consciously and unconsciously
they encourage and help one another. They are all face to
face with the same problem and the stimulus of example is ever
before them. In the hospital workshops they are able to find
out at first hand the working conditions in a given trade and
to realize by practical experience whether or not the work
interests them and whether it is such as they are physically
fitted for. They can repeat the process in various sections of
the workshops and can obtain all possible information and
advice about trades not taught therein until they have satisfied
themselves as to their ** metier." Having arrived at this point
they are eventually discharged from hospital with their training
;in many cases already commenced and in any case with a

ROEHAMPTON AND ITS LESSONS 255

definite proposition before them. Looking at the matter from
the point of view of one of the men, I quote the following
extract from the letter of an old patient : —

♦* I cannot speak too highly of the way we fellows were advised
and assisted at Roehampton. The value of such an agency as yours is
immense, for there is the opportunity for fellows to realize that they
still are perfectly capable of earning quite a comfortable living before
the rebuffs of the workaday world are met with. It is then up to the
man to make his job safe."

This is the spirit in which the sound men face their futures ;
but naturally, in dealing with groups of men, there are adverse
as well as helpful influences always at work and one must ever
be fighting that undercurrent of opposition to any form of
work which comes from those who have no intention to work
themselves, if they can possibly avoid it, and whose primary
object in life would appear to be to endeavour to stop other
men from working. Two or three such men will poison a
whole ward, but they only influence the weak and irresolute.
The sound men win through, whatever the atmosphere in
which they find themselves, and those are, after all, the men
who count. They are out to do the best they can for them-
selves and they deplore the laxity in others, as an old patient
says in a letter : —

" I can assure you it makes one's eyes sore to see the young fellows
hanging about the street corners allowing the golden opportunity to
slip through their fingers."

Immediate results must not, however, always be looked
for ; although the seed may fall on good ground, it not
infrequently takes some little time to fertilize and to bear fruit,
as in the case of the man who writes as follows : —

" I have now been out of employment six weeks and have been
trying since then to obtain another situation, but so far without success.
I have now come to the conclusion that it would be better for me if
I learned a trade of some kind. I am sorry now that I didn't take the
opportunities which were offered me whilst I was at Roehampton.
I am sure if the men only knew the difficulties which face them when
they return to civil life they would take every opportunity which came
their way of fitting themselves, by learning a trade and obtaining a
permanent situation, to become independent and useful members of
the Community."
17

256 REVEILLE

Needless to say, the necessary arrangements were at once
made through the Local Committee concerned to meet the
man's wishes.

There is no doubt that for men who are physically fitted to
be trained and who have no definite occupation in view,
training is the one thing to be aimed at, and yet one hears on
all sides complaints of the limited extent to which men have so
far proved willing to avail themselves of the opportunities
offered to them. A few months ago I took my figures for the
previous six months and found that 25 per cent, of the men
discharged from Roehampton during that period had registered
for after-training. This was a high and very satisfactory level,
but unfortunately it has not been maintained. The hospital
has recently been largely extended, but the actual number of
men going in for training is not keeping pace with the
extension. The hustle and bustle of a limb-fitting hospital of
the size to which Roehampton has now grown is, I fear, in
many ways ag-ainst the best results.

The question of after-training is naturally bound up with
the question of available training facilities. It is certain that
under the able and energetic direction of Major Mitchell, to
whom Roehampton owes so much, much has been done to
meet the existing demand, but it must be remembered that the
disabled product of war is ever increasing and that nothing
stands still. A much longer course of training is now given, in
most trades, than used to be the case, which inevitably tends to
curtail facilities, while to create new facilities, in times like
these, is obviously a matter which can only be accomplished
gradually, and which presents great difficulties. As was to be
expected, certain of the staple trades of the country attract the
larger proportion of applicants for training, with the almost
inevitable result of waiting lists, but it is no satisfaction to
a man to be told that he must be content to take his turn
and to wait for a vacancy, or else that he had better be
trained for some other trade for which he has no inclination.

Those who are keen want to get to work at once, and none
can afford to wait. They cannot live on their pensions, and if
they are baulked in their training they are obliged to take up
some form of unskilled work. There should be no appreciable
break between the time of a man leaving hospital with his mind

ROEHAMPTON AND ITS LESSONS 257

intent on a course of training and the actual commencement of
such training. If a long delay occurs, and the man is dis-
appointed and put off, it is to be feared that his whole career
will, in most cases, be altered, and that he will miss his
opportunity and vocation in life. Too much insistence cannot
be laid on this point and on the necessity of reducing to a
minimum all avoidable causes of delay. That such causes
unfortunately exist, apart from the actual provision of training
facilities, is proved by the many letters of complaint which
reach me from old patients. The following, received as I write,
is a case in point : —

** I would be very pleased if you could inform me why I have not
been called to learn my trade as I left Roehampton March 23 and know
nothing about it yet. First I put down for Cabinet Making and I was
told my amputation was too high to do such work so then I put down
for Shoe making and have heard nothing, am just as wise as when I
left Roehampton. I am on my 19s. 3d. pension and that won't keep
me in these times so I would be very pleased if I could make a start on
my trade first opportunity."

I have found that certain of the Pension provisions affecting
men who have lost a limb are not clearly understood through-
out the country. This is scarcely to be wondered at seeing
that the provisions referred to are matters of custom which are
not clearly defined in the Royal Warrant, and as to which no
instructions have, so far as I am aware, been issued by the
Ministry of Pensions to the Local Committees. The result is
that a large number of our old patients refer their pension
difficulties and claims to me, and to deal with their letters
on this subject forms no inconsiderable part of my w^ork.
During the past three years I have, thanks to the unvarying
courtesy and assistance of the officials at Chelsea Hospital,
been successful in arranging for the adjustment of some 1,400
claims for our men, claims which in a large proportion of
cases would otherwise never have been dealt with at all.
The extent to which this is appreciated may be gauged from
the following extracts from recent letters, illustrative of a very
large number which reach me written in a similar strain : —

" I expect you will remember my case. I have amputation of right
leg and injury to left and four of us crying to exist on 22s. per week till
I wrote you and you got me an increase right away and now full

25S REVEILLE

pension for which I thank you from the bottom of my heart for all you
have done for me."

*' Kindly accept my best thanks for being so good in getting my
pension put right. Had it not been for your perseverance I was
helpless in getting anything done for me here."

'* I thank you very much for taking my case up and I hope that I
shall not have to trouble you any more but I must say there is more
satisfaction in writing you than keep going to the Pensions Committee
as some Secretaries don't seem to understand us chaps that have
passed through Roehampton."

Another point to which attention should be drawn is the
want of propaganda among the men, and their ignorance of
their rights under the Royal Warrant. This is a serious
matter, which I understand to be engaging the attention of the
Ministry of Pensions. Personally, I beHeve in lectures as a
means of education. For more than two years past I have
lectured weekly at Roehampton on the subject of pension pro-
visions, training, employment, &c., and the lectures are usually
well attended. I make it my business to explain to the men
everything that touches their future welfare and interests, and
I receive a great many letters from old patients saying how
helpful the knowledge has been which has thus been imparted
to them, as for example : —

" I have to thank you most heartily for the result which your efforts
liave achieved and I would certainly advise all persons passing through
Roehampton to listen and take notice of your lectures which I am sure
is to their advantage as my own experience proves."

•' I cannot thank you too much as it was your lectures that first
awakened the knowledge that I might get it " (increased pension) " and
later your influence that got it for me."

" I thank you for the benefit I have received by attending your
very interesting lectures."

I can honestly say that if any man is discharged from Roe-
hampton in ignorance of what he is entitled to and as to what
his procedure should be under any circumstances, the fault is
entirely his own. One of our old patients who is now working
under one of the Superintending Inspectors of the Ministry,
recently wrote to me as follows : —

ROEHAMPTON AND ITS LESSONS 259

♦* You may be interested to know that your excellent and good
system at Roehampton has been widely advertised and known and the
sooner ' the Powers that be * adopt something on the same lines, where
men are about to be discharged, the better for all concerned — Men
and Ministry. It is simply appalling the lack of knowledge amongst
men of the facilities and the machinery at their disposal for training
(outside such a place as yours) and generally speaking, the visitation
and explanation to men about to be discharged is sadly and I am
bound to say badly done. We are giving the thing a good leg up as
far as possible from this office for unless it is properly visualized and
handled here and now the Ministry will be snowed under at
demobilization."

I urge the desirability of lectures being given in all hospitals
to men about to pass their Invaliding Boards.

In conclusion, I would remark that great as the work is
which has already been accomplished in the country, we have,
I feel convinced, done little more than touch the fringe of the
problem. Tbe work so far has been relatively straightforward
and easy in that the line of resistance has been negligible.
What the future holds no man can say, but when demobilization
takes place and active competition sets in for every form of
employment, the position of the disabled man will, it is to be
feared, be very different from what it is to-day. The work of
the past few years will possibly stand to be re-done in a large
measure, while State-aided industries will, in my opinion, sooner
or later have to be established. For those who are labourinof
in this wide and hitherto untrodden field, there can be neither
rest nor respite, for the work to be done must for a long time
continue to increase both in volume and urgency. How blessed
is the task none can fail to appreciate ; least of all those who
through intimate daily contact with the heroic defenders of our
hearths and homes have learnt to realize the marvellous patience
with which their sufferings are borne, and the wonderful spirit
in which the majority of them prepare to face an all too un-
certain future. The human side of the problem stands by itself,
alone, and apart from every other consideration.

26o

NERVES AND THE MEN.
(The Mental Factor in the Disabled Soldier.)

By Major A. F. HURST, R.A.M.C.

" He says * I cannot ' ; it looks like * I will not * ; but it is ' I cannot
will.' " — Paget.

The war has taught the physician many things ; taught
him to realize as never before how enormous is the influence of
the mind upon the body. He has learnt that the mind is not
merely at work in those diseases which have always been
regarded as functional and independent of structural change,
but that many conditions which are undoubtedly organic and
due to actual injury or disease of some part of the body may be
profoundly influenced by the mind. A symptom caused by
obvious injury or disease may in this way be unconsciously
exaggerated, so that the resulting condition is partly organic
and partly functional ; or it may be perpetuated after the
original organic condition has disappeared, so that it ends by
being entirely functional, and, being functional, is curable by
persuasion, re-education and suggestion, the three chief
methods of psychotherapy. In these cases the flesh is willing,
but the spirit is weak. For the weak in spirit, psychotherapy
— mental treatment — is the only cure.

When a man is frightened his tongue cleaves to the roof of
his mouth so that he cannot speak ; his knees give way under
him so that he cannot walk ; his limbs tremble so that he
cannot perform any accurate movement. Under ordinary
conditions the cause of terror is momentary and its physical
results last only a few seconds. In war a terrifying bombard-
ment may be prolonged for hours, and the physical results of

NERVES AND THE MEN 261

the emotion may continue so long that they still persist when
the actual cause has disappeared. This is the explanation of
the condition known as *' shell shock," apart from the headache
and other symptoms resulting from actual concussion. Having
no organic basis, the trouble* is curable by psychotherapy.

In the special hospitals, which have been established for
these cases both in France and England, methods have been
devised by means of which rapid cures are made. Unfortu-
nately, however, many cases were invalided from the Service
at a time when their true nature was not widely recognized,
and even now a few accidentally escape the special hospitals
and pass out of the Army uncured. But there is no excuse
for neglecting to cure them even then.

A man became mute as a result of shell shock two years
ago. He was invalided from the Service nine months later,
still mute. Uncared for all that time in the Army, he naturally
assumed that his condition was incurable. He was given a
pension but no advice, and for fifteen months never saw
a doctor. His employer then heard that such cases were being
cured at a special neurological hospital recently opened in the
neighbourhood. He was with difficulty persuaded to visit the
hospital, for he thought it would be simply waste of time.
Great was his astonishment when he found he could talk
normally at the end of five minutes' treatment by simple
persuasion.

The noise produced by the explosion of a shell in the
immediate neighbourhood is deafening. Like the physical
results of fear, the momentary deafness produced in this way
may be perpetuated long after the cause has ceased to act. It
is not organic, though the old tests, devised in peace time to
distinguish organic from functional deafness, unfortunately fail
to detect the functional nature of this shell shock deafness.
Consequently it has been too often regarded as a result of some
obscure but irreparable damage to the ear caused by the
concussion of the explosion. There are many soldiers and
many pensioners totally deaf as a result of shell shock, who
have been led to accept the verdict that nothing more can be
done for them. But the truth is that all deafness due to shell
shock, even if the drums have been ruptured as a result of the
force of the explosion, is either in whole or in part functional,

262 REVEILLE

which means that it is in whole or in part curable. A man was
blown up in August ; on recovering consciousness he found he
was deaf. He had been told by a specialist that he was
suffering from complete nerve deafness, and that no treatment
could be of any use. The following March he was admitted
into a special hospital. He was so deaf that he could not hear
the loudest sound, and it was impossible to wake him at night
by hammering a coal-scuttle a few inches from his ear. Yet
he was instantaneously cured by suggestion, to his intense
delight. A keen soldier, he returned to France two months
later.

The mustard gas liberated from gas-shells has the effect of
irritating the eyes, throat and stomach. For a time it is
impossible to open the eyes and to speak, because Nature
protects an inflamed eye and an inflamed larynx by throwing
them out of action. When the inflammation has subsided it
should be possible to open the eyes and to speak again, but
the worn-out soldier is likely to misinterpret his symptoms and
to believe that the gas has permanently blinded him and
deprived him of the power of speaking above a whisper.
With encouragement, however, he quickly learns to use his
eyes and voice again. But if neglected, one or both of these
symptoms may be perpetuated. Nine men who had been
unable to speak above a whisper for between three and eighteen
months were transferred from a ** throat" ward, where they
had received prolonged treatment, to a *^ nerve " hospital.
Within twenty-four hours every one spoke normally.

An officer was badly gassed in April. He coulc lot open
his eyes (fig. i), screwing the left side of the face when he
made the attempt (fig. 2), and he regarded himself as per-
manently blind. He could only whisper a few unintelligible
sounds. He had been blown up, as well as gassed, and could
not walk or move his right arm. At the end of two months
no improvement had occurred, and he believed his condition
hopeless. He was then taken in an ambulance to a special
hospital twenty miles away. There was no accommodation
for officers and he had to leave in the late afternoon. But all
his symptoms were functional ; treatment by persuasion and
re-education had quickly restored his sight, his speech and his
muscular power, and the same evening he was able to telegraph

^

i

p

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

NERVES AND THE MEN 263

to his parents : ** I can see, I can talk, I can write, I can
walk."

Many men have been invalided for " gastritis," their sole
symptom being vomiting after meals. This has often persisted
so long, that its origin, exposure to mustard gas, has been
almost forgotten. But, like the loss of vision and the loss of
speech, this too is functional and readily curable by suggestion.
The last ten cases of this nature treated in one special hospital
have completely recovered within forty-eight hours, though
they had vomited constantly for anything between three and
nine months.

I can summarize all this in the broad statement that any
dumbness, or inability to speak above a whisper, paralysis,
tremor and deafness, spasm of the eyelids and blindness, which
follow shell shock, and any vomiting persisting for more than
four weeks after gassing, are always functional and always
curable. There should thus be no sino^le discharged soldier
suffering from any one of these conditions.

Great numbers of officers and men have been invalided
from the Service on account of rheumatism. It is not surprising
that life at the Front should cause rheumatism. But it has
gradually become recognized that rheumatism is a much less
incapacitating condition than was formerly supposed. The
abnormal posture and gait involuntarily assumed by a man with
rheumatism are the posture and gait which gives him the
greatest amount of relief from his pain. But after the actual
rheumatism has disappeared the abnormal gait and posture
may persist, and the strain thrown upon muscles which should
normally perform quite different functions may cause a certain
amount of pain.

A medical officer and his wife passed a group of Australian
soldiers at Waterloo station. They had all been passed " unfit
for further military service," and were about to return to Aus-
tralia. Most had lost a limb ; but one of them was walking
slowly and painfully with the aid of two sticks, bending far
forward, his arms and legs shaking with the effort, for all the
world like the stage octogenarian.

'' If I could only get that man into my wards I could cure
him," said the officer to his wife.

" Then you must get him," she replied.

264 REVEILLE

** But how can I ? " he said ; "he is not my patient."

She solved the problem by asking him to their hotel that
evening. He was lifted out of his cab and took twenty minutes
to reach the room. He left it half an hour later and ran along
the corridor. He called again next morning, walking quite
normally. Figs. 3 and 4 show a similar case of nine months
duration before and after treatment.

An officer visited a hospital in a well-known spa. He saw
a man who had suffered from severe rheumatism, which had
caused his knees to become fixed in an extended position. The
condition had persisted for six months, and no improvement had
occurred with electricity, baths, and massage. The officer
arranged for him to be transferred to his hospital. The day
after his admission he was able to bend his knees as the result
of simple persuasion and manipulations, and in half an hour he
was walking naturally. The moral of these stories is that the
pensioner ''crippled with rheumatism" has often no business
to be crippled at all. His condition is purely functional, and
being functional is curable.

The great majority of soldiers sent to hospital on account
of fits are really suffering from hysteria and not true epilepsy.
This is unfortunately not very widely recognized, with the result
that many men have become pensioners and are given three
doses of bromide a day for supposed epilepsy when a single dose
of psychotherapy would have effected a cure. I would say
that the fits of a soldier who has had no head injury, and has
no family or personal history of epilepsy, are almost certainly
functional and therefore curable.

A comparatively trivial wound of the hand or arm, and
less frequently of the leg, sometimes leads to complete paralysis
of part of the limb, which often becomes rigidly fixed in some
abnormal position, although no nerve has been injured. This
is generally the position which was assumed when the wound
was first dressed, being adopted by the patient for the sake
of the greatest degree of comfort. In some cases he finds he
cannot alter the position of his limb when the dressing has
been removed. Electricity, massage and whirlpool baths are
applied, but no improvement results, because the mind and not
the hand or foot is the real seat of the trouble: it is functional,
not organic, for the incapacity and abnormal posture are not

NERVES AND THE MEN 265

such as could have been produced by the actual injury inflicted
by the wound. This condition is rare in civil life, and it is
only now that its extreme frequency in soldiers is becoming
recognized. Consequently numerous soldiers have been
invalided from the Service with a useless hand or arm which
will remain useless for the rest of their lives unless the
functional nature of the incapacity is recognized.

It is never too late to cure. A man had a finger ampu-
tated in April, 191 2. His hand at once became firmly
clenched (fig. 5). He was admitted into the Army in April,
191 7, in spite of his disability. In March, 19 18, he came into
hospital. He was treated by persuasion and manipulation at
at once, and in an hour the fingers were relaxed anc| he saw
the palm of his hand for the first time in six years (fig. 6).
At the end of three weeks he could use his hand for all ordinary
purposes.

A gunner was wounded through the left hand on September
5, 191 7. The hand became stiff, and despite treatment by
daily massage for many months no improvement occurred. He
was admitted to a special hospital on July 31, 191S, with a
hand rigidly fixed in the position shown in fig. 7. The next
day he was completely cured by pure persuasion in five
minutes.

Another man was wounded in the elbow in September,
1 91 5. Three of his fingers became clenched, and remained in
this condition until August, 19 18 (fig. 8). It was then decided
to invalid him from the Army. At the last moment, however,
he was sent to a special neurological hospital, where the
functional nature of his condition was recognized. After half
an hour's treatment it was possible to open his hand, and it
was found that his finger-nails had dug holes in his palm, for
they had not been cut for nearly three years (figs. 8 and 9). In
the course of the next few weeks he completely recovered the
use of his hand.

It is not only actual wounds which give rise to functional
paralysis and contractures of the arm and leg. A man twisted
his ankle in October ; his foot remained firmly fixed in the
twisted position (fig. 10) and he could only get about with
crutches. The following June he was seen by a physician,
who recognized that the condition was functional, and sent him

266 REVEILLE

for treatment in the neurological section of another hospital.
He was admitted by mistake into a surgical ward, and as
no improvement followed the use of mechanical apparatus,
electricity and massage, it was decided to remove a wedge
of bone from his foot and fix it in good position, although at
best this would have resulted in a permanently stiff ankle.
The evening before the operation was to be performed the
physician chanced to visit the hospital ; he inquired for the
patient, found him in the surgical ward, and sent him to the
neurological section for treatment. Half an hour later he
walked back to the surgical ward with his foot in its normal
position, having added his crutches and apparatus to the
neurologist's collection of trophies and cheated the surgeon of
an interesting operation.

To sum up, paralysis or contracture of a limb, whether due
to a wound, sprain, fracture or other injury, should be regarded
as functional and therefore as curable by psychotherapy, unless
there is definite evidence of injury to nerves, tendons or
other structures of sufficient degree to account completely for
the exact form and degree of disability which is present.
The seat of the disorder is not in the arm or the leg but
in the patient's mind.

When a man is blown up by the explosion of a shell or
buried by a collapsing trench without any external wound
he not infrequently becomes paralysed. In most cases the
signs known to the physician as indicating the presence of
structural damage to the brain or spinal cord are absent.
The condition is functional, and it has been known from the
early days of the war that such cases can be rapidly cured
by persuasion and re-education, even if the paralysis has
lasted for many months. Occasionally, however, signs are
discovered which are universally regarded as pointing to the
presence of structural damage to the central nervous system ;
the most important of these is what is known as Babinski's
sign. For a long time it was thought that such cases must
be organic, and that at the best only slow and incomplete
recovery could occur. But there seemed to be no sharp
dividing line between the two classes of case, the cause and
the symptoms being identical, and in some cases these signs
of organic disease slowly diminished and even ultimately
disappeared.

NERVES AND THE MEN 267

The same methods of treatment were therefore adopted
whether the signs were present or not. A soldier was blown
up and his left arm and leg became completely paralysed.
He had not moved them and had been kept in bed for six
months, as all the signs of an organic lesion, including
Babinski's sign, were present on his left side ; it was thought
nothing could be done for him. He was then transferred to a
special hospital, where he was vigorously treated by persuasion
and suggestion, with the result that he was walking and
moving his arm the day after admission. Three weeks later a
distinguished neurologist visited the hospital and watched him
playing billiards in the recreation room. He was asked which
side he thought the patient had been paralysed, but was unable
to detect any difference, so complete was the recovery, but on
examining him a few minutes later all the signs of organic
injury were found to be still present on the left side.

There have been numerous cases of total paralysis of both
legs after burial, in which complete recovery has resulted
through psychotherapy, even after eighteen months, though all
the typical signs of organic disease were present This does
not mean that the signs are after all of no significance, for
structural changes are certainly present at first and cause the
initial paralysis. But they gradually disappear to such an
extent that little or no incapacity remains, the organic
paralysis being replaced by functional paralysis, yet the signs
are so delicate that the minute changes still present in the
nervous system are sufficient to explain their persistence.

These unexpected results of treatment by psychotherapy
led to a renewed investigation of men paralysed through head
and spinal wounds. In a small proportion of cases it was
found that the paralysis of one or more limbs was in part
functional, in spite of the presence of a definite wound and
of physical signs which could only result from organic injury.

A piece of shrapnel was removed from a man's spine.
He had definite signs of organic injury to his spinal cord and
for eighteen months lay in bed a helpless cripple. Encouraged
by success in cases of paralysis due to burial in which similar
signs were present, a medical officer, who now saw him for the
first time, decided to try the effects of psychotherapy. The
improvement was slow but steady, and this man, who had been

268 REVEILLE

regarded as hopelessly paralysed for a year and a half, was able
to move his legs in a few days and at the end of six months
could walk about with a stick.

Only of course in a very small proportion of such cases
can improvement of this sort be expected. But a number
of men, who had been regarded as totally paralysed from a
wound of the head or spine, have recovered to a greater or less
extent as a result of psychotherapy, and it is obviously desirable
that a thorough investigation should be made of all men
invalided from the Service in these conditions.

What should happen when a Pensioner sees his Doctor.

The wise doctor asks himself: *' Is not this man's disability
partly functional ? "

The wise pensioner asks his doctor : '' Am I really as bad
as I think I am ? "

269

ARTIFICIAL LIMBS AND SOME
DIFFICULTIES.

(Communicated with the permission of the Munitions
Inventions Department.)

By DANIEL ROBINSON.

{Technical Examiner.)

Improvements in the design and construction of artificial
limbs are of course engaging the keen attention of many
distinguished surgeons, engineers, limb makers and others, and
the effects of this volume of earnest skilled study and work are
already apparent in many directions.

In official circles the Ministry of Pensions and the Ministry
of Munitions are co-operating in this matter and under their
guidance an experimental workshop in charge of a skilled limb-
maker has been established.

Useful effective inventions can, however, rarely be made
to order, and there remain many problems for solution. It is
proposed to state shortly those which appear to be the most
important.

The subject is in that state of rapid development which
naturally follows a sudden enhanced demand, just as happened
to the motor car industry in recent years ; and some of the
present difficulties may have been overcome by the time this
article is printed.

The Ideal Artificial Limb.

The most effective artificial limb mechanically is that which
most nearly restores to a disabled man those functions of
which he has been deprived by the loss of his limb. For
various reasons the artificial limb should restore as nearly as
possible the normal appearance of the wearer, although this
should not be allowed to interfere unduly with the efficiency of

270 REVEILLE

the mechanism. Thus the ideal artificial limb is that which
combines the most effective mechanism with the nearest
approach to normal appearance and movement in the wearer.

The Leg Problem simpler than the Arm Problem.

A little reflection upon the widely different functions of the
human arm and leg leads to the expectation that this ideal can
be much more readily approached in the case of the leg than
the arm. Experience confirms this.

Modern artificial legs are generally useful and satisfactory
when well fitted and constructed, but it must be admitted at
once that except for show purposes as ''Sunday arms" and
for a few occupational purposes modern artificial arms are
unsatisfactorily remote from the ideal.

Legs.

An artificial leg should be sufficiently strong, durable, light
in weight, comfortable to wear, effective and reliable in its
mechanical operation.

The weight of the natural leg amputated at the thigh is
about 26 lb., but experience shows that the corresponding-
artificial leg without attaching braces should not weigh more
than 5 to 7 lb., nor less than about 3 or 4 lb. A leg which is
too light is difficult to control and gives trouble in a wind.

The weight should be suitably distributed along the limb to
obtain ''balance" and thus help control of its movements by
the wearer, just as a good cricket bat is well " balanced."
It is bad for instance to concentrate weight at the ankle or in
the foot, or to make the foot too light in relation to the rest of
the limb.

The vast majority of artificial legs are made of wood,
chiefly willow, which combines lightness, strength, durability
and capability of easy carving for fitting purposes. The stump
of the patient's leg fits into the hollow wooden bucket of the
artificial leg, and on the accuracy of this fit most of the comfort
of the wearer depends. For thigh amputations the curved rim
of the bucket should fit accurately certain bony parts of the
pelvis when the bucket is forcibly thrust upwards over the
stump as it is when carrying the weight during walking. In

ARTIFICIAL LIMBS 271

fact to a very large extent the patient sits on the curved rim
of the bucket somewhat as a rider sits on a well-made bicycle
saddle, and very little of his weight is taken by his stump
wedging in the interior of the bucket. At the same time it is
necessary for comfortable and effective propulsion of the leg
that the bucket should everywhere closely fit the stump.

Similarly for a below-knee amputation the weight is taken
in most cases by the shaped lower part of the artificial leg
fitting certain bony prominences just below the patient's
knee.

For a year or more after a leg is fitted the patient's stump
shrinks in size, thus spoiling the fit. This is temporarily
remedied by various padding devices, all more or less unsatis-
factory, and eventually a new bucket has to be shaped and
fitted. Various types of adjustable buckets are known, but one
that can be regarded as satisfactory is still awaited.

The mechanism of an artificial leg is quite simple and fairly
satisfactory. The knee and ankle are provided with simple
hinge joints ; the latter are furnished with springs or rubber
buffers to limit the rocking motion of the leg on the foot.
Universal joints at the ankles are sometimes used, and at first
sight would seem desirable, but many patients experience a
sense of insecurity in their use which leads them to return to
the simple hinge ankle. The leg is so mounted on the foot
that there is normally an obtuse angle between the front part
of the foot and the lower leg. By this arrangement the weight
of the patient is transmitted from the stump in the upper leg to
the ground along a line in front of the knee-joint. Thus, when
bearing the weight, the knee is prevented from flexing forward,
which would mean a fall for the patient. Security is readily
obtained with a little practice for ordinary walking, but a
stumble in the dark on a stone or in a rut may lead to a fall
whenever weight is accidentally placed on the leg with the
knee flexed. To discover a knee-lock which would come
automatically into action in these chance circumstances is a
problem still outstanding. Attempts have been and are being
made at its solution, but so far with indifferent success.
A knee-lock must not interfere with the normally free motion
of the joint, nor add unduly to the weight. It must also permit
the necessary slight flexure of the knee at the end of a step

18

272 REVEILLE

just before the leg is lifted off the ground preparatory to
swinging it forward for another step.

Another outstanding problem is how to modify methods of
construction and manufacture so as to permit bulk supply.
In other words, how, without in any way interfering with the
efficiency of the completed artificial limb, to fit a patient from
sets of stock sizes of the different parts just as one buys boots
from stock sizes. This might be done at once, probably with
almost all the usual approved types of legs, except for the
fitting of the bucket of the stump, which most surgeons think
must always be done individually. Certain trials of sets of
buckets in stock sizes are, however, proceeding under the
guidance of a distinguished surgeon. In any case a simple
and rapid method of fitting a permanent bucket, so as to
obviate the slow and comparatively costly method of carving
in wood and repeated fitting trials, would clearly be a step in
advance. The result would probably speed up supply and
reduce total cost.

The solution of this problem is probably closely related to
the solution of the problem of a satisfactory adjustable bucket
already mentioned.

The large demand is likely to cause a shortage of seasoned
willow of good quality, and other materials of construction are
being investigated with a view to finding one or more which
will fulfil the necessary conditions — ease of working, lightness
and strength. Metals such as aluminium seem attractive from
some points of view, but they are not easy to fashion into
well-fitting buckets, and are liable to the grave defect of being
noisy in use.

Arms and Hands.

Attempts to design apparatus capable of performing the
enormously wide range of functions of the human arm and
hand have resulted in various types of appliances.

Each type enables the wearer to carry out more or less
successfully a few operations in a very limited field, and the
outstanding problem may be summed up as the need to enlarge
this limited field by improving the mechanism and general
construction of arms and hands so as to include as many of the
patient's usual daily occupations as possible.

ARTIFICIAL LIMBS 273

The widely different requirements of an agricultural worker,
a skilled artisan such as a carpenter, and a clerk, suggest at
once the enormous difficulty, perhaps the impossibility, of com-
bining in one apparatus mechanisms suitable for all these.
Successful development is much more likely to come about by
detailed improvement in each of the various known types of
apparatus. These may be roughly classified as : " Show " or
*' Sunday "• arms ; " Mechanical " arms ; and " Workers' "
arms — terms which, though usual, are not truly descriptive nor
very accurate.

*' Show " arms merely 'imitate the outward appearance of
the missing arm and hand, and are very useful to sensitive
wearers for the concealment of their loss. They are rarely
capable of any mechanical movement except the manipulation
of simple elbow, wrist, and thumb joints by the patient's
remaining hand or other external agency. A spring-pressed
thumb permits the wearer to hold suitable articles. For cases
of amputation through the shoulder and for patients with short
upper arm stumps this is practically the only type found to be
useful, and the design of an arm capable of more practical
utility for such patients is an outstanding problem which gives
little hope of satisfactory solution.

*' Mechanical " arms also closely imitate the natural arm
and hand, but contain various mechanisms for the flexion of
the elbow, flexion and rotation of the wrist and hand, and for
opening and closing the thumb and fingers, or some of these
movements. These are operated by the effort and control of
the stump, combined with that of cords, braces, bands or other
connexions passing around the chest and shoulders of the
wearer. Considerable practice and dexterity is needed to make
the most of the mechanism ; and in general utility this type is
possibly the most disappointing.

Nevertheless, if development were directed to enlarging
the scope of each design in some particular occupational field
rather than to purely general utility, the value of this type
might be considerably increased. This applies especially to
cases where parts of both arms are missing, and the patient is
consequently particularly dependent on the appliances.

'* Workers' " arms consist of some fitted coverinor for the
stump usually similar to that of an ordinary *'show" arm, but

274 REVEILLE

carrying in place of the hand one of a set of simple appliances
for assisting craftsmen and other workers in the operations of
their trades or occupations — such as, for instance, strong metal
hooks of diverse shapes, and universally mounted gripping-
devices to hold, and help the control of, various tools. In this
case the problem is to design appliances, which, while avoiding
undue multiplicity, will restore to a craftsman in each particular
field his old mastery over the tools of his craft. Obviously,
modifications in the construction of tools themselves may assist
materially to overcome the difficulties of this problem, but very
little has been done so far in this direction.

Progress in the development of artificial arms for purely
utilitarian purposes has been greatly hampered by a slavish
imitation of the mechanism of the human arm and hand, and
by attempts at an arm of general utility which experience
proves to have been vain and unprofitable. Possibly the most
effective *' worker's" arm or *' mechanical " arm of the future
may be as different in general appearance and mode of opera-
tion from the natural limb as the means of locomotion known
as a wheel is from the pair of human legs of which it is the
successor.

275

URGENTLY NEEDED.

Pensions Liaison Officers.

(I.)
By Major ALANE COUPLAND.

{Officer in Command, Surgical Division, Orthopadic Section, Second Nortfiern

General Hospital.)

In April, 191 7, the War Pensions Statutory Committee
authorized the Local Pensions Committee to appoint duly
accredited representatives to all Central Hospitals which have
authority to discharge soldiers from the Army. These
appointments were to be made in each case with the con-
currence of the hospital authorities. Their duties were to help
men about to be discharged to get the treatment and the
training they might require later and in some cases to help
them to get employment.

It may be of interest to consider how this system has been
applied in the Second Northern General Hospital — the central
hospital of twenty-four auxiliary hospitals.

In each of the two 2,000-bedded sections of this hospital,
one of the Ladies' Hospital Committee was appointed by the
Local Pensions Committee. These ladies were supplied with
suitable offices and have carried out their duties daily in the
hospitals. Every man about to be discharged reports at their
office with his treatment card — which when duly completed
is forwarded to their Local Pensions Committee. At the same
time the man is interviewed and given pamphlets relating to
his pension and allowances, his National Health Insurance and
Sick Benefits. The system of Local Pensions Committees is
explained, and the address of his own Local Committee given
to him ; the conditions of the alternative pension, the special
regulations about repair or replacement of artificial limbs and
artificial eyes, or of any orthopaedic apparatus, are made clear
to him. He is told the rules relating to the supply of teeth,

276 REVEILLE

and the method of obtaining out-patient treatment in his area
with the conditions of his pension and allowance while under
such treatment, or in case of his readmission to a military or
civil hospital. He is informed of the facilities provided by the
Ministry of Pensions for training ; and with the assistance of
the local Labour Authorities of the various openings in labour.
Often these ladies are consulted on such matters as settlement
of pay or family difficulties ; and by correspondence with the
Military Authorities or with the Local Pensions Committees
these special coils can often be unravelled.

In a hospital such as this, where pensioners are readmitted
for treatment or attend as out-patients, extra duties are entailed.
Each pensioner is seen on or shortly after admission, and the
allowances due to him or to his family, and the various ways in
which they may be allotted, are explained ; his Pensions
Committee is informed of his admission to hospital, and any
delay in the payments due to his family or to himself are
reported by the hospital visitor to the erring Local Com-
mittee. Steps are taken to see that the vital Ring paper has
already been handed in to the Local Committee, and the
necessary certificates to claim insurance money are furnished.
On his discharge the pensioner is again interviewed, and his
Local Committee communicated with in reference to the
pension to which he reverts.

Obviously these posts properly filled are no sinecures,
much hard work and long hours are entailed at a centre where
at least loo soldiers are being discharged weekly. These
hospital visitors are the first link between the man about to
be discharged and the civil world into which he is thrown.
For long years he has been in the grip of the military machine,
subservient to the military necessities of the moment. It is
essential that he should at once realize that in the Pensions
Ministry there is an elaborate organization ready to further
his interests ; be told clearly of his rights and opportunities for
treatment and training, and the need that he should comply
with advice in regard to his medical treatrnent. Ignorance of
his pension-right, absence of any personal interest in his
concerns, confusion in his arrears of Army pay, all breed
discontent and produce depression in a man who has under-
gone the monotony of a long-drawn-out hospital life. In

URGENTLY NEEDED 277

starting him again, to let him see who are his friends, and let
him know his opportunities, is absolutely vital to his future.

There are certain essentials in the matter of these hospital
visitors. They should be whole-time officials, though official in
spirit they must never be. They must be provided with a
suitable office and, in large hospitals, with a clerical staff. They
must be kept in touch, by the administrative staff of the
hospital, with all Army Council instructions bearing on this
work ; and by the Local Pensions Committee, with all the
Pension Ministry's instructions. Indeed, if they were directly
appointed by the Pensions Ministry (on the nomination perhaps
of the Local Committee) it would probably be better, for their
work is concerned not with one but with all Local Committees.
And in touch, as they are, directly with the difficulties of the
man about to be discharged, they would be able to bring direct
information to the Pensions Ministry, and help to remove
difficulties more quickly.

Their title of Hospital Visitor is a misnomer; they do not, if
doing this work efficiently, visit the hospital — for all practical
purposes they may be said to live in it, and are an integral part
of the hospital life. This title '' Visitor " accounts for much of
the slowness and indifference displayed by many Local Com-
mittees in appreciating the value of the work.

Pension Liaison Officer might be an advantageous change
of title. It is really imperative to appoint such liaison officers
to all Discharge Centres in the Military Commands. By such
help the work of Local Pensions Committees will be enormously
reduced, so that they will have more time and energy to devote
to the problems of training and treatment. And, above all,
much of the smoulderino- discontent of the discharo-ed men
with the Pensions Ministry will be extinguished.

The questions of sex and pay in relation to these posts
should be left to local conditions. Paid or unpaid, the work
will be done equally well by man or woman if the right
individuals are chosen. Our experience of unpaid women
has been wholly satisfactory. The soldiers have approached
them with confidence, and have realized that in them they
have real friends.

2/8 REVEILLE

The Method at the King George Hospital, London.

(II.)
By ALLAN V. WHITE.

(Director of the Discharged Soldiers Department.)

This department was inaugurated by Lady Ripon, and was a
branch of the Red Cross Compassionate Fund, to which she
was appointed when the hospital was opened, with the view of
helping men while in hospital, and also when they were dis-
charged. There were no preconceived plans as to how this
should be done, questions arose at once which had to be faced,
the staff had to be increased, and ultimately the above depart-
ment was developed for dealing with certain more or less
definite questions.

We have an office which is open every day, except Sunday,
from ID to 7. The personnel consists of eight voluntary
workers and a paid secretary. By mutual arrangement there
are always two or more of them present, and each floor, of
which there are five, is looked after especially by one worker.
A report is taken of each man visited. There are always a
large number of men visited regularly in hospital, mainly at the
instance of the sisters of the wards, and before they are dis-
charged we have an official list from the hospital authorities.
In the majority of cases we already know the men before they
are due to be discharged.

There are no regulations, but it is explicitly understood
that there is to be no interference with, or criticism of, any
part of the hospital management, either with regard to the
medical side or its internal economy ; in other respects we
have complete freedom of action in our own sphere. No
work like this could be carried on except with the full
sympathy of the entire medical and nursing staff of the
hospital.

In bringing any particular want of the men before the
notice of the Ministry of Pensions, and other institutions, we
invariably collect sufficient cases to justify the claim, and have

I

URGENTLY NEEDED 279

always met with consideration. When men are discharged we
always connect them with their Local War Pensions Com-
mittees, write, if necessary, to their employers, and give them
any further information about training, convalescent treatment,
insurance, &c., which we may possess.

The work done is largely conditioned by the nature of the
disablement on account of which the man is discharged, and
in a hospital where the bulk of the cases are badly wounded,
we find that after-treatment occupies even more thought than
training. For instance, we have always from icx) to 150 men
suffering from paralysis, and it has been from the first a cause
of considerable anxiety and work as to how they ought to be
dealt with ; while, on the other hand, in a big hospital we know
of, with about 2,000 beds, there is only one case of paralysis.
We understand, however, to our great relief, that the Ministry
of Pensions is now arranging a scheme to deal with them. In
this connexion we should like to emphasize the difficulty of
dealing with men suffering from head wounds, of which we see
a large number. These men are affected in all sorts of ways :
sight, hearing, speech, memory, mental powers, are all injured,
and there is sometimes paralysis of the limbs. In certain
cases, too, epileptic attacks occur, making them very difficult
to deal with. And there are often very little outside effects to
show the really dangerous character of the wounds. These
men are recommended to do no work for some months, and
sometimes for a year, and then only light work of a suitable
nature ; but as a matter of fact they cannot find suitable work
for themselves and drift into all sorts of unsuitable occupations.
The importance of this question has never been grasped.
There is not at present any organized effort to find suitable
work for these men, and they are bound to go downhill if they
are not properly looked after. Many of them ought to go to
some convalescent home for a time, but not one will take them
in if they are suffering from epileptic fits. It has been sug-
gested that they should go to epileptic farms, but the men are
strongly opposed to this, alleging that segregation of men,
suffering in this way, predisposes them to attacks. Might they
not go to these new Homes which are now to be provided for
the paralysed ?

There is one further point we should like to emphasize. In

28o REVEILLE

the course of our work we sometimes come across civilian
questions, which have been brought into greater prominence
owing to the war, where the men require help, and there is no
fund available. We see a fair number of cases where wives
have been unfaithful, especially the wives of repatriated
prisoners, and of men who have been serving in the East.
The husbands can get free law, but have to pay out-of-pocket
expenses, which, running perhaps into ;^20 or ;^30, are quite
beyond their means. There is no fund we know of which
will help these men, and as one of them said : *' What is the
use of talking about work till I get this off my mind." This
is too big a question for a hospital to tackle out of its com-
passionate fund, but it is exactly in cases like the above
which no fund will help that we have found the fund so useful
to the men.

As is known, the King George Hospital is a military
hospital, but works in conjunction with the Joint Committee
of the British Red Cross and Order of St. John of Jerusalem,
and our Officer Commanding is glad to testify to the good
feeling which this department makes for in the hospital. The
men know that they always have some one to go to for advice
as well as to unravel their various difficulties.

MNG TO Work.

Frank B RANG wjn,A.JI.A .

28l

A LOST VILLAGE.

By W. H. HUDSON.

The apple has not come to its perfection this season until the
middle of May ; even here, in this West country, the very
home of the spirit of the apple tree ! Now, it is, or seems, all
the more beautiful because of its lateness and of an April of
snow and sleet and east winds, the bitter feeling of which is
hardly yet out of our blood. If I ever recover the images of
all the flowering apple trees I have ever looked delightedly at,
adding those pictured by poets and painters, including that
one beneath which Fiametta is standing for ever, with that
fresh glad face almost too beautiful for earth, looking out as
from a pink and white cloud of the multitudinous blossoms — if
I could see all that I could not find a match for one of the trees
of to-day. It is like nothing on earth, unless we say that,
mdescribable in its loveliness, it is like all other sights in
Nature which wake in us a sense of the supernatural.

Undoubtedly the apple trees seem more beautiful to us
than all other blossoming trees, in all lands we have visited,
just because it is so common, so universal — I mean in this
West country — so familiar a sight to everyone from infancy,
on which account it has more associations of a tender and
beautiful kind than the others. For however beautiful it may
be intrinsically, the greatest share of the charm is due to the
memories that have come to be part of and one with it — the
forgotten memories they may be called. For they mostly refer
to a far period in our lives, to our early years, to days and
events that were happy and sad. The events themselves
have faded from the mind but they registered an emotion,
cumulative in its effect, which endures and revives from time
to time and is that indefinable feeling, that tender melancholy
and "divine despair," and those "idle tears" which gather to
the eyes at the sight of happy autumn fields and all lovely

282 REVEILLE

natural sights familiar from of old — from one's own early-
years.

To-day, however, looking at the apple blooms, I find the
most beautifying associations and memories not in a far-off
past, but in visionary apple trees seen no longer ago than last
autumn.

And this is how it came about. In this red and green
country of Devon I am apt to meet with adventures quite
unlike those experienced in other counties ; only these are
mostly adventures of the spirit.

Lying awake at six o'clock last October, in Exeter, and
seeing it was a grey misty morning, my inclination was to
sleep again. I only dozed, and was in that twilight condition
when the mind is occupied with idle images, and is now in the
waking world, now in dreamland. A thought of the rivers in
the red and green country floated through my brain — of the
Clyst among others ; then of villages on the Clyst ; of Broad-
clyst, Clyst St. Mary, Clyst St. Lawrence, finally of Clyst
Hyden ; and although dozing, I half laughed to remember how
I went searching for that same village one May, and how
I wouldn't ask my way of anyone, just because It was Clyst
Hyden, because the name of that little hidden rustic village
had been written In the hearts of some who had passed away
long long ago, far far from home. How, then, could I fail to
find it ? — it would draw my feet like a magnet !

I remembered how I searched among deep lanes, beyond
rows and rows of ancient hedgerow elms, and how I found its
little church and thatched cottages at last, covered with ivy
and roses and creepers, all In a pink and white cloud of apple
blossoms. Searching for it had been great fun and finding it a
delightful experience ; why not have the pleasure once more
now that it was May again and the apple orchards In blossom ?
No sooner had I asked myself the question than I was on my
bicycle among those same deep lanes, with the unkempt
hedges and the great green hedgerow elms shutting out a view
of the country, searching once more for the village of Clyst
Hyden. And as on the former occasion, years ago, I would
not now inquire my way of anyone. I had found it then for
myself and was determined to do so again, although I had set
out with the vaguest idea as to the right direction.

A LOST VILLAGE 28^

But hours went by and I could not find it, and now it was
getting late. Through a gap in the high hedge I saw the great
red globe of the sun quite near the horizon, and immediately
after seeing it I was in a narrow road with a green border,
which stretched away straight before me farther than I could
see. Then the thatched cottages of a village came into sight,
all on one side of the road, and the setting sun flaming
through the trees had kindled road and trees and cottages to a
shining golden flame.

" This is it ! " I cried. " This is my little lost village found
again, and it is well I found it so late in the day, for now
it looks less like even the loveliest old village in Devon than
one in fairyland, or in Beulah."

When I came near it that sunset splendour did not pass off
and it was indeed like no earthly village ; then people came out
from the houses to gaze at me, and they too were like people
crlorified with the sunset light and their faces shone as they
advanced hurriedly to meet me, pointing with their hands
and talking and laughing excitedly as if my arrival among
them had been an event of great importance. In a moment
they surrounded and crowded round me, and sitting still among
them, looking from radiant face to face, I at length found my
speech and exclaimed : " O, hov/ beautiful ! "

Then a girl pressed forward from among the others and
putting up her hand she placed it on my temple, the fingers
resting on my forehead ; and gazing with a strange earnestness
in my eyes, she said : '' Beautiful — only that ! Do you see
nothing more ? "

I answered, looking back into her eyes: ''Yes, I think
there is something more but I don't know what it is. Does it
come from you — your eyes — your voice — all this that is passing
in my mind ? "

" What is passing in your mind ? " she asked.

" I don't know!" I said. "Thoughts — perhaps memories;
hundreds, thousands ; they come and go like lightning, so that
I can't arrest them — not even one ! "

She laughed and the laugh was like her eyes and voice and
the touch of her hand on my temple ! Was it sad or glad ?
I'm not sure, but it was the most beautiful sound I had ever
heard, yet it seemed familiar and stirred me in the strangest
way.

284 REVEILLE

** Let me think ! " I said.

'' Yes, think ! " they all together cried laughingly ; and then
instantly when I cast my eyes down there was a perfect stillness
as if they were all holding their breath and watching me.

That sudden strange stillness startled me ; I lifted my eyes
and they were gone — the radiant beautiful people who had
surrounded and interrogated me, and with them their shining
golden village had vanished. There was no village, no deep
green lanes and pink and white clouds of apple blossoms, and it
was not May, it was late October and I was lying in bed
in Exeter seeing through the window the red and grey roofs
and chimneys and pale, misty, white sky.

285

AUGUST, 1918.

(In a French Village.)
By MAURICE BARING.

I HEAR the tinkling of the cattle bell
In the broad stillness of the afternoon ;
Hieh in the cloudless haze the Auofust moon
Is pallid as the phantom of a shell.
A girl is drawing water from a well,
I hear the clatter of her wooden shoen ;
Two mothers to their sleeping babies croon,
And the hot village feels the drowsy spell.

Sleep, child, the Angel of Death his wings

has spread ;
His engines scour the land, the sea, the sky ;
And all the weapons of Hell's armoury
Are ready for the blood that is their bread ;
And many a thousand men to-night must die,
So many that they will not count the dead.

DEER.

By JOHN DRINKWATER.

Shy in their herding dwell the fallow deer.

They are spirits of wild sense. Nobody near

Comes upon their pastures. There a life they live,

Of sufficient beauty, phantom, fugitive.

Treading as in jungles free leopards do,

Printless as evelight, instant as dew.

The great kine are patient, and home-coming sheep

Know our bidding. The fallow deer keep

Delicate and far their counsels wild.

Never to be folded reconciled

To the spoiling hand as the poor flocks are ;

Lightfoot, and swift, and unfamiliar,

These you may not hinder, unconfined

Beautiful flocks of the mind.

286

MOMENTS.

By GEORGE ROSTREVOR.

I've seen the rich dark earth fling up

Cuckoo-flower and buttercup,

I've heard the meadows burst with song

Of thrush and blackbird all day long,

I've seen the burning sun go by

With a pomp of cloud in the roofless sky,

I've heard the wind whistle and shout

And toss the tallest oaks about,

I've seen, I've heard, the flash and the call

Of the distant thundering waterfall. . . .

My soul turns back to me again
At twilight. All the day like rain
It has scattered itself in drops and flashes
And moments of colour, and sudden splashes,
Has flown and mixed with the single notes
Quick-pouring from the song-birds' throats,
Losing itself and multiplying,
Living a thousand lives and dying.

My busy eyes at the fall of day

I close : I shut the world away.

Now no star may pierce the gloom

Of my fragile-curtained room.

But flowers more wonderful and trees more tall

Bloom in the dark there ; sweet dews fall ;

Silence cries with the ghost of sound ;

Flashes of colour and tune are found

Linked in one. I hear, I hear

The voice of Spring cry out to me there,

And the voice of Spring is the voice of Love

Crying below, around, above,

While — in the d^rk of my body — his eyes

Burn more deep than star-flushed skies.

28;

AN OPEN LETTER.

(To the Disabled.)
By Captain H. H. C. BAIRD, D.S.O.

Some may wonder how this letter came to be written. The
Editor of Reveille is responsible for the crime. Those of you
who may have read his open letter in The Ex-Service Man will
have remembered the reticence with which he took up his pen.
Well, my feelings now are exactly the same as his were then.
There is so much to say. There is so much to be done. There
is so much about which perhaps we may not all agree. There is
so much that is next to impossible to explain. There is in fact
so much of '* everything " leading to that "nothing" which
almost stops one from beginning. To put things briefly, I
am suffering from a very bad attack of stage-fright !

Instinctively my thoughts go back to the struggle which I
myself had to go through. I hate referring to this, and would
not if I did not think it might be of some encouragement and
help to you. What a nightmare it all was, and how igno-
miniously I failed ! It were better perhaps if the scores of
surgeons, doctors and nurses through whose kind hands I
passed wrote open letters to me than that I should attempt to
do the same to you. I don't think, however, I should pass
many of these letters on to be seen by others.

May I however try and give you a little encouragement
during what may seem to you your worst and most critical
days — those days in hospital immediately following the moment
when your real recovery begins to set in. This was where I
myself so dismally failed. I did nothing. I thought of
nothing. I allowed myself ** to become nothing." I realize
now the cost of that appalling waste of time. I hated myself,
despised myself, and regret to this day those long, dreary
months of stagnation of mind.

19

288 REVEILLE

It is in the hospitals that our first live work and your first
live work ought really to begin. Amongst you in the hospitals
is to be found the manhood of the country, shattered perhaps,
but still with as good industrial brains as the world can give.
What a grand opportunity to help each other, to carve out each
other's future career, to prepare each other's foundation for
ultimate success, and to work together for the good of the
whole ! If by the time these words appear in print a
voluntary system has been set up in the hospitals towards
assisting you to keep alive the mind as well as the body, may
I implore you, however hard it may be to begin, to make the
struggle and to take advantage of it.

Why do I so strongly urge this point } Well, when I was
still down and out ; cut off from my pre-war occupation,
bewildered as to my future ; when I had no qualifications on
which to lean ; still in the midst of pain, of no use to anyone
and a burden to myself, an unexpected offer of occupation came
into my hands. I took it. Thank God I did ! I won't dwell
on the result, the wonderment of it all, the gratitude I felt, or
the relief that it brought. All this can be summed up in one
sentence. Honestly, in my new work to-day I find myself
certainly as happy, if not happier, than I was in my pre-war
active and most energetic days, in spite of the disability which
I have incurred. I only hope that my little story may be of
some encouragement to you. I always have it in my mind that
if such Restoration can come to one like myself there must be a
means of bringing the same to you. At least that is my great
burning desire. But I know it can only come if we help
ourselves, and that is why I beg you to start as soon as ever
you can. Things will be easier, much easier, if you do.

Now for your future, after discharge. Many of you, through
perhaps a disappointment of your own or by hearing of the dis-
appointment of others, think that the machinery to assist you
is not sufficiently developed. With this opinion I am inclined
to agree. Again, perhaps you will join one or other of the ex-
service men's organizations and become inspired with the
determination to demand an improvement. All this is in the
nature of things — in fact I am rather a sinner in all this sort of
thing myself — but I beg you to consider everything you say and
do with a sense of proportion. Don't allow what you may

AN OPEN LETTER 289

think bad to smother what is obviously good. What I mean
is, don't let grievances, whether they be your own or those of
others, get hold of you. To become obsessed with a grievance
is a terrible thing. It extracts all the good out of a man. It
embitters him, makes his life a burden, and it kills the joys and
pleasures of his home. Never for one moment would I suggest
that any man should take an injustice lying down. Fight any-
thing of this kind in the true British way. Come out in the open.
You have for instance your Local War Pensions Committee,
which, by the way, is not a charitable organization in any shape
or form. Take your grievance to them. " Put it there," as the
saying goes, and keep it there until you get satisfaction. As I
do not happen to be a member of your Local Committee, I
don't hesitate to give you this most excellent advice, and I'm
grateful to the Editor of Reveille for the chance of giving it !

As to your training and employment, I have always thought
that both of these require considerable development. My line
of argument is this : A theatre manager does not first collect
his audience, then write his play, select his caste, paint his
scenery and beat his drum. This would be a fatal policy for
him to pursue, because his audience either would or could not
wait. On the contrary, he makes all his arrangements first
and then advertises his goods. If the goods are sound he fills
his house. It is on these lines that I have always wished
for your training and employment facilities to be developed.
I want to see the employers throughout the country search,
re-search and re-search again to see how and where each of
you can be best filled in according to your disability. If this
be done, and I believe it will be done, you would find laid
before you more attractive and more suitable goods — more
attractive in so far that they would be nearer your own homes,
and more- suitable because each opening would have been
studied from the point of view not only of labour but also of
your disability. And you would respond. I know you would ;
I am certain of it.

This brings me to lastly. I have often heard it said that
the discharged disabled man is an unsatisfactory workman.
Employers both large and small have told me this on many
occasions. Is this accusation true ? And if so, why .<*

Some of you think that pensions are being exploited.

290

REVEILLE

Others have been misled into believing that what they have
already done for their country is enough or nearly enough.
Others again through their suffering find it next to impossible
to settle down. Some have become embittered and lost the
determination to go on. And many, many thousands must be
drifting without any sense of security in blind-alley jobs — either
through no fault of their own, or from not taking the long view
of their futures. Finally, there are those who have taken up
work entirely unsuited to their wounds or disease. Whatever
the cause the result is the same. Such men I know cannot be
happy men. They must be men who have lost their ambition.
Their old spirit of incentive, their pre-war energy and desire
have died down. They are living a restless life. In fact their
heart has gone. May I just say a few words to these ? It is
worth going on. It really is. However great the struggle
may be, whatever there may be in the back of your mind, it is
the '* continuation of effort " which is going to bring back to
you your happiness and the future welfare of the country,
to say nothing of the civilization you have saved. All
there is pride within you at what you have done. Let that
same pride inspire you towards even greater doings. After all
said and done, what is a pension ? A pension is but a reward
for what you have done, and we must never let it stop us from
doing better in the future. What you have done is great.
The example you have given has been noble, but the example
you can yet give is nobler still. You have saved the country
in the greatest crisis of her wonderful career. She still needs
you to serve and guard her in a future which because of your
sacrifices shall be greater still.

You will do all this — I have no shadow of doubt; and in
your endeavours, searching and difficult as they must be, you
will always have all the good wishes that this country can give,
including those of —

One of yourselves,

Henry H. C. Baird.

291

AN ENGLISHMAN ON THE FRENCH

FRONT.

By HERBERT WARD.

I WRITE in a warworn village. Before me the Alsatian
mountains rise in the full summer glory of their intense blue.
Beautiful is Nature, but the guns are roaring. From that
cloudless sky the sun shines searchingly down on all the heaps
of wreckage, the broken bricks and fragments of blackened
wood — once homes, for generation after generation the happy
playgrounds of joyous children ; now mere piles of ashes.
Charm and beauty all gone, swept away, reduced to rubbish !

The air is thick with pungent odours, the smell of new-
mown hay and iodoform, of burnt petrol and stagnant water.
With an unceasing clatter, horse-drawn wagons pass over the
roughly paved streets, and the lumbering motor-lorries follow
one another in a cloud of dust. Scarcely a civilian is left in
the place. The soldiers, marching past under full kit, have
flushed faces, which leave an impression as of luminous red
lanterns. Their types are as varied as their uniforms : swarthy
Arabs in yellow, with red fezes ; broad-shouldered Russians ;
lithe, tall Americans, their shirt-sleeves rolled up to the elbow,
smooth-chinned and fresh-coloured, clear of eye and loose-
jointed ; French soldiers, in pale blue uniforms bleached and
soiled, every bit of their outfit hard-worn and torn. A thick
layer of yellow dust covers everything, men, horses, and
wagons, and tones into the intense blue of the sky and
distance.

It suddenly occurs to me : Where is the sound of the
human voice ? Man is silent. And all my faculties are
strained to catch the hidden spirit of the scene, to bridge
the gap between what I am looking at and that which lies
underneath it all.

292

REVEILLE

Life in the war zone has a way ot throwing- all other life
out of focus and making it seem trivial. Here is nothing tepid,
nothing empty ; here are no idlers — not one ; no pleasure-
seekers, no sound of happy laughter ; all is earnest effort, grim
determination. A wonderful school indeed, where life's lessons
can be easily and quickly learned.

Just now I joined a group of French soldiers who had been
sent from their various stations to copy the war news from the
paper pinned on the post-office door. I stood and listened to
the clear-headed summing-up by a typical Poilu : —

*' We're fighting for our children," were his last words.
** Yes, for our children ; true, true ! "

And he who spoke that echo was a bearded reservist,
the father of four soldier sons, three of whom had fallen
in battle !

To-day is the 23rd of August, 191 8. I shall remember
this day because of a little incident. Several wounded men
have come in straight from the Front. Among them is a
man whose life is most certainly hanging over the edge, and
slipping. At his bedside I did my best to show him the
sympathy in my heart. He just nodded ; he seemed too weak
to speak. And then, after a painful silence, for I had got to
the end of my powers of expression, this desperately wounded
French soldier looked up at me and said : ** Monsieur l^officier
anglais, they tell me the news that Albert is taken. Is it
true ? "

Yesterday I had a succession of adventures which came to
a climax in a cattle truck. The night before, the town had
been severely bombed by enemy aeroplanes, so, to avoid a
repetition of the horrors, all the mothers and other women
were taking the young folk into safety. I found myself in a
train overcrowded with anxious women and weary crying
children. It was the hottest day of the summer. On my feet
sat a French boy of ten — he told me his age. Overcome by
the heat and by sitting an hour and a half in a cramped
position, he looked quite exhausted ; the corners of his mouth
drooped, and his little face was wet with tears. I tried to
comfort him, though I was pretty near collapse myself.
I patted his head and told him to hold out a bit longer, that
we should soon be ** there."

AN ENGLISHMAN ON THE FRENCH FRONT 293

Looking up defiantly, he said : —

*• No, it's not that. I want to know English. I am
learning it — it's so difficult."

The last twenty years of my life have been spent with the
French. I have enjoyed the light side of their lives, and
I have shared their sorrows. Poor dear France ! She reminds
me of a stout wooden sailing ship of the old days, the kind
of ship I used to know as a youth, when I served before the
mast. With faith in the stoutness of her build, with faith in
the courage and watchfulness of her crew, rising and falling
with reckless disdain, battered and scarred, she faces the worst
fury of the wind and sea. She rides out this tempest — with
her head to the wind !

294

FROM THE MAN'S POINT OF VIEW.

(I.)

By GODFREY BUCKLEY.

After more than three years' work among them, I try here to
record some conclusions as to what discharged disabled men
feel and want. In doing so I have no intention of depre-
ciating the excellent and devoted work of the ladies and
gentlemen who are serving the Government on War Pensions
Committees. All praise is due to them.

The average discharged disabled man believes that after he
has left hospital very little will be done for him ; and if his
disablement is such that he cannot return to his former employ-
ment, his outlook does not seem to him over bright.

On final discharge from the Army he has received a card
of instruction telling him that for information regarding
pension, training or employment he should go to his Local
War Pensions Committee.

Men complain that when they do call they cannot always
get their particular wants dealt with at once. The Committee
only sit on certain days in the weeks, and that at stated hours ;
the men often call on the wrong day, which entails another
visit. The men deem this a hardship. They may be in need
of immediate advice or assistance, and have gone full of hope
that they will get what they wanted arranged for.

One gathers, too, that those who interview them at their
Local War Pensions Committee do not always devote enough
time to explain the various trainings offered. Before making
up his mind to select a particular course of training, a man
wants to know full details of several courses, with the possible
openings for him at the end of each. All this needs much
time and patience, if a man is to be induced to take up a fresh
trade. Hurried interviews or instructions to call again, which
the men sometimes complain of, give them the feeling that no
real interest is being taken in them.

FROM THE MANS POINT OF VIEW 295

Owing to the fact that they have received little or no
information on the subject of training, the men are sceptical
about it. They very often find that when they do apply to
their Committee for a course, long delays occur before they
can enter on the training selected. Their application has to
go to the Central Committee ; then they are sent to the Trade
Advisor, who judges whether they are suitable for that course.
And often there is no vacancy for some time. To use the
men's own expression, they have been *' messed about."

The result of these delays is that many men who would
have taken up a fresh trade i( they could have been started in
it at once, give up the idea and drift into blind-alley employ-
ment, because of course they cannot afford to stay idle.

Or take the case of a disabled man applying to his Local
War Pensions Committee for employment. He is generally
referred to the nearest Labour Bureau. It is the wish of the
Minister of Labour that as many discharged men as possible
should find employment through these sources, and the Local
Committees, as a rule, have not a great many vacancies to
offer ; so of necessity they pass him on. Possibly this means
a long walk or a 'bus ride, which the man generally thinks
ought not to have been imposed on him, because he looked to
his Local Committee to find him suitable employment. All
these trifles count.

The men seem to put little faith in the Labour Bureaux ;
they say no interest is taken in them, and that often their
particular disablement is not considered. They are given a
card to an employer and they have either to take or leave the
employment offered. They regard the Labour Bureaux in fact
as soulless organizations of little use in securing them suitable
employment. This complaint, that the officials do not take
much interest in the men, may be unfounded ; it may simply
be that owing to pressure of work they have not time to find
the exact work suited to each individual disablement. But to
avoid such complaints there should surely be attached to each
Labour Bureau a separate department for the sole purpose of
dealing with disabled sailors and soldiers applying for employ-
ment. The interviewer should be carefully selected and he
should make every effort to find such employment as promises
to be permanent, or use all his persuasive powers to induce

296 REVEILLE

the man to learn a trade. He should be kept fully informed
upon all training schemes, and should be able to direct the
men how to get put into training without any delay. This
suggestion was made two years ago by the writer, but so far
as he knows has not been adopted.

A question agitating the minds of many of the disabled
is : Why, if they are able to do the work, should women be
employed ? Partially disabled men could no doubt fill many
positions now held by women, and they think that, since the
women will probably not continue working in these occupa-
tions after the war, they should have the preference because
they have fought for their country. There are cases where the
men are in the right.

The man who has received a gratuity is very often in
trouble and thinks he has been badly treated. He receives a
lump sum on discharge, larger most likely than he ever had in
his pocket before. Imagining that this will last a long time he
does not bother himself much to find work. He takes a
holiday and lives on his capital. When this has come to an
end and the rocks are ahead, he flies to his War Pensions Com-
mittee or a Voluntary Society for further financial assistance.
Unable to get anything more, he feels that the sum originally
granted to him was inadequate, and that he has been hardly
treated and paid off cheaply.

This gratuity system may be the only way to deal with
certain cases, and to some men the lump sum is an advantage
because they make good use of it in starting some small
business, and so forth. But it certainly does not stimulate the
majority to look for work at once. A weekly allowance would
in most cases be better for the man.

Many men, asked to take a course of training, say : " The
cost of livings very high just now; I'd rather get a light job
with good money at once. I mayn't like the training, and I
may as well have the high wages while the war's on, like other
chaps." The future, they say, can look after itself This ** bird
in the hand " frame of mind is very hard to combat.

Without the slightest doubt training for new trades and
occupations does not appeal to the disabled generally.
Experience shows that it requires in many cases a great deal
of persuasion and encouragement to induce a man to learn a

FROM THE MAN'S POINT OF VIEW 297

trade, and such persuasion and encouragement is usually
left until after the man is discharged and has come under the
influence of relations and friends, who are not always the best
advisers.

Every effort is made by surgical and mechanical skill to
reconstruct the man's body so as to enable him to take up some
form of work after he receives his discharge. Is the same
care taken to reconstruct his mind, and give him a clear view
of his future earning power, and the position his disablement
will place him in ?

To do this a staff of lecturers is wanted, who would visit
the hospitals and place all the advantages of training before the
men, explaining the time occupied in each course, with the
outlets at the end of them. This would greatly help to convince
the men that the Government were doing something for their
future welfare. As it is, most men leave hospital with little or
no knowledge of the courses of training prepared for them, and
they have in many cases no fixed plans for the future. Most
certainly the men do suffer from this want of knowledge and
instruction. It is quite impossible that by a casual visit to his
Local War Pensions Committee a man can properly make up
his mind on the subject of training. Only by continual listening
to competent speakers, or by being constantly talked to in
private on the matter and discussing it with his fellows, will a
man be adequately influenced.

Very few men seem to know the limitations as well as the
powers of their Local War Pensions Committees. This should
surely be explained to each batch of men leaving hospital.
They often go to them now expecting everything to be put
right, and are disappointed if the Committee is unable to do so.
So far, Committees have been given very little scope — their
hands are bound by red tape and sealed with redder official
wax, and yet the men are told that they can rely upon them in
all matters.

When a man comes home with a wound which will mean a
long time in hospital, he feels that he will get every attention
and care, and, apart from his wounds, he has nothing to trouble
him. Months pass, during which time he has everything he
can wish for. Convalescence begins, and with it his amuse-
ments. He is taken out and made much of. No one in

298 REVEILI.E

authority tells him he must consider his future, and that, if
unable to follow his old vocation, he ought to think of learning
a fresh trade or his position will be serious. If he thinks at all,
he imagines that the Government will find him a job. '* It'll be
all right," he says; *' I'm told there's lots of work and good
pay ; no need to worry."

Then comes the day of discharge and the awakening — the
suit of civilian clothes and the war badge. " Go and earn your
living ; there are training courses open if you wish, and the
Labour Bureaux if you want work ! " He then realizes his real
position and takes the first job offered, tries it for a time,
gives it up ; tries something else — and often ends on the down
grade.

To sum up : There is need of a most competent salaried
whole-time man on every War Pensions Committee and at
every Labour Bureau — men moreover who will stick to the job
when the war is ended. There is urgent need of vocational
training propaganda in hospitals. There is need of increased
training allowances. There should be less delay in putting a
man into a course ; and every care should be used to smooth
away all those little things which vex, discourage and irritate.

(II.)
By F. J. PASSMORE.

{A Discharged Soldier and Member of a Local War Pensions Committee,)

Jack or Tommy appears before a final medical board, which
agrees that medical and surgical science has done all that is
possible to restore him to health, and further treatment will
be of no avail. He changes his khaki or hospital blue for
civilian clothing, receives his discharge as being no longer
physically fit for war service, and becomes a Silver Badger.
He congratulates himself that his troubles are over; the
long months in hospital, thoughts of his long confinement, are
all vanished. Badger will rejoice in the bosom of his family.
But, poor chap, before very long he finds his troubles have only

FROM THE MAN'S POINT OF VIEW 299

just commenced. He meets a host of well intentioned friends,
including Local War Pensions Committees, with their attendant
medical treatment and training committees, Labour Exchange
authorities and employers. All have been busily engaged
conferring together for his welfare, they have decided what
will be best for him ; and Badger discovers they are under the
impression that they know exactly what he requires, without
having consulted him, or even asking him what he thinks
about his future welfare.

His local War Pensions Committee decide that he requires
further treatment (medically). Badger has had some eight to
twelve months' experience of hospital experimenting prior to
his discharge, and he has been given up as incurable by
the service medical authorities, who release no useful man.
Badger considers that he is the best judge of his own medical
requirements. But if he refuses the Local War Pensions
Committee's edict, that body has the power to recommend to
the Ministry of Pensions that his pension shall be decreased
50 per cent., so he meekly submits, as a rule. But he strongly
objects to this scheme of penalization.

Badger is requested to take up training, and is told, quite
truly, how, if he consents to become skilled, he will stand a
better chance after the war, against the sound but unskilled
man. But Badger has a wife and family to maintain, and is
aware that the training allowance of 27s. 6d., even with the
extra now to be granted, is not sufficient for that purpose ;
true, if he is trained away from home his wife and children
receive separation allowances, but the amount is still not
enough ; he must perforce obtain immediate employment at
a wage which will cover the cost of subsistence.

Badger knows that the nation possessed of the greatest
number of skilled men after the war will be pre-eminent, and
he wonders why the State cannot see its way clear to give him
an adequate allowance while training, which would not only
permit him to become a skilled worker, but prove of incalculable
value to his country.

Remembering that the Ministry of Pensions has the power
to reduce his pension in the event of his refusing further
medical treatment, and that training allowances are totally
inadequate, Badger is wondering about the talk now current

300 REVEILLE

that treatment and training should be made compulsory, and
what the penalties for refusal would be, and says to himself,
** Not if I can help it."

Badger's attitude towards these friends, who are all so
anxious to assist him, is one of suspicion. He feels that he
is being interrogated, not for the purpose of rendering him
assistance, but rather to ascertain if he really is telling the
truth. He feels that even if he has a genuine case, he will not
get much consideration, but rather a dismissal after a few curt
questions, and Badger after all is human and appreciates the
milk of human kindness ; he thinks if the friends were only a
little more sympathetic, and treated him as a human being
instead of a commodity, he would be able to get along with
them much better. If instead of ladies and gentlemen of good
intent, but little experience, his Local War Pensions Committee
were composed of discharged men who had been through the
mill as he has been through it, and endured as he has endured,
he could accept their decisions without question.

Badger finds his pension quite inadequate. He is up
against the practical proposition of supporting wife, family,
and self on the sum of 27s. 6d. per week, if he is totally
disabled. He realizes that the total disability pension of
27s. 6d. is like some of Euclid's — an absurd proposition —
in view of the present cost of living ; and he argues that all
proportionate degrees of disability pensions must be inadequate
also, hence his demand for a bonus on war pensions, now
being formulated.

Badger knows that his pension is intended to compensate
him for his reduced earning powers, according to his assessed
degree of disability. He knows that the employers are also
alive to this fact. They run their businesses for profit, not as
philanthropic institutions, and are compelled to give preferential
employment to the man with the greatest productive power, in
fact to the sound man, if possible. Therefore, the employers
may not give him the full district rate of pay. But Badger
feels that it is his duty to get the highest wages he possibly
can, which after all is only natural. Badger knows that when
the troops are demobilized he stands but a poor chance of
continuous employment, when his sound comrades will be in
keen competition with him, and his present experience of the

FROM THE MAN'S POINT OF VIEW 301

treatment of discharged men by some of the employers does
not lead him to believe in the protestations of preferential
employment. Badger thinks he understands human nature.
Most Badgers believe that the only thing which would safe-
guard and ensure to them continuous employment after the
war would be an Act of Parliament making the employment
of a percentage of disabled men by all employers compulsory.

Finally, Badger has been compelled by his experiences,
since his discharge, to come to the definite conclusion that if he
desires to be the recipient of preferential employment, adequate
pension, and humane treatment, he can only obtain his desires
by and through a bona-fide organization of discharged men.

302

«

HERITAGE.

(An Impression.)
By JOHN GALSWORTHY.

From that garden seat one could see the old low house of
pinkish brick, with a path of queer-shaped flag-stones running
its length, and the tall grey chapel from which came the hum-
ming and chanting and organ drone of the Confirmation
Service. But for that, and the voices of two gardeners work-
ing below us among the fruits and flowers, the July hush was
complete. And suddenly one became aware of being watched.

" Yes, it's that thin white windmill on the hill."

Away past the house, perhaps six hundred yards, stood a
ghostly windmill, with a face like that of a dark-eyed white
owl, made by the crossing of its narrow sails. With a black
companion — a yew-tree cut to pyramid form, on the central
point of Sussex — it was watching us, for though one must
presume it built of old time by man, it had taken charge up
there against the sky with its owl's face and its cross, a Christo-
Pagan presence.

What exactly Paganism was we do not, and never shall,
know ; what exactly Christian ism is, we are as little likely to
discover ; but here and there the two principles seem to have
married and dwell together in amity. For Paganism believed
in a healthy and joyful body ; and Christianism in a soul
superior thereto. And, where we were sitting that summer
day, was the home of bodies wrecked yet learning to be joyful,
and of souls not above the process.

We moved from the grey-wood seat, and came on tiptoe
to where house and chapel formed a courtyard. The doors
were open, and we stood unseen, listening. From the centre
of a square stone fountain a little bubble of water came up,
and niched along one high wall a number of white pigeons
were preening their feathers, silent, and almost motionless, as
though attending to the Service.

The sheer emotion of church sounds will now and then
steal away reason from the unbeliever, and take him drugged
and dreaming. Though the heart of things is too rhythmic and

HERITAGE 303

balanced for dogmas to be true, beauty and emotion, no matter
whence they come, are ever the salt of life. " Defend, O Lord,
this Thy child! . ." So it came out to us in the dream and
drowse of summer, which the little bubble of water cooled.

In his robes — cardinal, and white, and violet — the good
Bishop stood in the full sun, speaking to the crippled and the
air-raid children in their drilled rows under the shade of the
doves' wall ; and one felt far from this age, as if one had
strayed back into that time when the builders of the old house
laid slow brick on brick, wetting their whistles on mead, and
knowing not tobacco.

And then, out by the chapel porch moved three forms in
blue, with red neckties, and we were again in this new age,
watching the faces of those listening children. The goM
Bishop was making them feel that he was happy in their
presence, and that made them happy in his. For the great
thing about life is the going-out of friendliness from being to
being. And if a place be beautiful, and friendliness ever on
the peace path there, what more can we desire.-^ And yet —
how ironical this place of healing, this beautiful ** Heritage!"
Verily a heritage of our modern civilization which makes all
this healing necessary ! If life were the offspring of friend-
liness and beauty's long companionship there would be no
crippled children, no air-raid children, none of those good
fellows in blue with red ties and maimed limbs ; and the
colony to which the Bishop spoke, standing grey-headed in
the sun, would be dissolved. Friendliness seems so natural,
beauty so appropriate to this earth ! Yet they are almost
rare, those twin saviours of this torn world — just fugitives
who nest together here and there. But stumbling by chance
on their dovecotes and fluttering happiness, one makes a
little golden note, which does not fade off the tablet.

How entrancing it is to look at a number of faces never
seen before, and how exasperating ! — Each the stamped coin of
a life quite separate, quite different from every other ; masks
pallid, sunburned, smooth, or crumpled, to peep behind which
one longs, as a lover looking for his lady at carnival, or a man
aching at summer beauty which he cannot quite fathom and
possess. If one had a thousand lives, and time to know and
sympathy to understand the heart of every creature met with,

20

304

REVEILLE

exalt those who can say
expression which twines

one would want — a million! May life make us all intuitive,
strip away self-consciousness, and give us sunshine and un-
known faces !

What were they all feeling and thinking — those little
cripples doing their drill on crutches ; those air-raid waifs
swelling their Cockney chests, rising on their toes, puffing their
cheeks out in anxiety to do their best ; those soldiers in their
blue "slops," with a hand gone there and a leg gone here, and
this and that grievous disability, all carrying on so cheerfully ?

Values are queer in this world. We are accustomed to

" bo " to a goose ; but that gift of
a halo round a lofty brow is no
guarantee of goodness in the wearer. The really good are those
plucky folk who plod their silent, often suffering, generally
exploited ways, from birth to death, out of reach of the music
of man's praise.

The first thing each child cripple makes here is a little
symbolic ladder. In making it he climbs a rung on the way
to his sky of self-support ; and when at last he leaves this home
he steps off the top of it into the blue, and — so they say — walks
there upright and undismayed, as if he had never suffered at
Fate's hands. But what do he and she — for many are of the
pleasant sex — think of the sky when they get there ; that dusty
and smoke-laden sky of the industrialism which begat them .^
How can they breathe in it, coming from this place of flowers
and fresh air, of clean bright workshops and elegant huts,
which they on crutches built for themselves ?

Masters of British industry, and leaders of the men and
women who slave to make its wheels go round, make a
pilgrimage to this spot, and learn what foul disfigurement you
have brought on the land of England these last five generations!
There is no more natural loveliness in this Heritage at Chailey
in Sussex than there used to be in a thousand places which
you have blotted out of the book of beauty, with your smuts
and wheels, your wires and welter. And to what end ? To
manufacture crippled children, and pale, peaky little Cockneys
whose nerves are gone ; and, to be sure, the railways and
motor cars which will bring you here to see them coming to
life once more in sane and natural surroundings. Blind and
deaf and dumb industrialism is the accursed thing in this land
and in all others.

HERITAGE 305

If only we could send all our crippled soldiers to relearn
life, in places such as this ; if, instead of some forty or fifty,
forty or fifty thousand could begin again, under the eyes of that
white windmill! If they could slough off here not only those
last horrors, but the dinge and drang of their upbringing,
where the wheels go round and lights flare and streets reek,
and no larks sing, save some little blinded victim in a cage.
Poor William Blake :—

" I will not cease from fighting, nor shall my sword sleep in my hand,
Till we have built Jerusalem in England's green and pleasant land ! "

A long vigil his sword is keeping, while the clock strikes
every hour of the twenty-four. We have not yet even laid
Jerusalem's foundation-stone. Ask one of those maimed
soldier boys. " I like it here. Oh, yes, it's very pleasant
for a change." But he hastens to tell you that he goes in
to Brighton every day to his training school, as if that
saved the situation ; almost surprised he seems that beauty
and peace and good air are not intolerable to his town-bred
soul. The towns have got us — nearly all. Not until we let
beauty and the quiet voice of the fields, and the scent of clover
creep again into our nerves, shall we begin to build Jerusalem
and learn peacefulness once more. The countryman hates
strife ; it breaks his dream. And life should have its coverino;
of dream — bird's flight, bird's song, wind in the ash-trees and
the corn, tall lilies glistening, the evening shadows slanting out,
the night murmuring of waters. There is no other genuine
dream ; without it to sweeten all, life is harsh and shrill and
east-wind dry, and evil overruns her more quickly than blight
be-gums the rose-tree or frost blackens fern of a cold June
night. We elders are past re-making England, but our
children, even these crippled children here, may yet take a
hand. . . .

We left the tinies to the last — all Montessorians, and some
of them little cripples too, but with cheeks so red that they
looked as if the colour must come off. They lived in a house
past the white mill, across the common ; and they led us by the
hand down spotless corridors into white dormitories. The
smile of the prettiest little maid of them all was the last thing
one saw, leaving that '^ Heritage" of print frocks and children's
faces, of flowers and nightingales, under the lee of a group of
pines, the only dark beauty in the long sunlight.

3o6

SOME WAYS AND MEANS.

(I.)

Ex-Officers: What is, and what must be.
By CIVILIAN.

In the August Reveille a general survey was made of
arrangements existing arwd in contemplation for the training
and employment of the serving and invalided officer. It was
shown how it is now possible for a wounded officer to resume
his education in hospital, to continue it at a university, and if
invalided from the Army either conclude it under the Ministry
of Pensions or apply for practical instruction in a manufacturing
firm. Finally, if desirable, he can register his name for a
vacancy on the Immediately Available List of the Appoint-
ments Department of the Ministry of Labour, Gresham House,
Old Broad Street, E.G. 2.

In that article the writer outlined within a small compass
the general scheme from the trenches to the office. It was only
an outline, with here and there broad and disconcerting gaps ;
in this brief examination of '' ways and means '' an attempt will
be made to place the public and the officer in acquaintance
with broad working realities — the deficiencies of the present
and the imperative obligations of the future.

Of the moment when the officer lays aside his uniform and
resumes civilian clothes, a French delegate has used these
airy words: **The soldier vanishes — the civilian appears."
One can only envy his optimism. In actuality the invalided
or demobilized officer comes under five broad types : —

[a) Men with permanent disabilities necessitating a com-
plete change of occupation.

(d) Men with shell shock, neurasthenia, and kindred nervous
complaints.

(c) Unqualified or partly qualified men.

SOME WAYS AND MEANS 307

{d) Men desirous of change of occupation.
[e) Qualified men.

What ** ways and means " are being provided for these five
classes ?

(a) The ofHcer who is obliged to change his occupation is
in eighty-five cases out of a hundred destined for an open-air
life. What are his prospects .? So far as desire to go on the
land is concerned, he is often just conscripted by his disability.
He must compress into twelve months or less the amount of
knowledge a sound and alert man would expect to take two or
three years to acquire. And, unless he has the money to
purchase a farm, he will find no employment above that of a
farm labourer, for which he is quite unfitted. The Board of
Agriculture are of opinion that a minimum capital of ;^i,ooo
is absolutely necessary, and even then the prospects of such
officers are dependent on hard work and favourable seasons.

Unless, then, he can raise ;^ 1,000, he cannot hope to earn
a living for himself and his family. ** W^ho is going to finance
these unfortunate men ? '' Are they to be asked because of
their wounds to come down to a station in life for which they
are unfitted either by training or temperament? The King's
Fund provides small grants up to a maximum of ;^i50 for
setting up invalided officers in small businesses. The Imperial
Association for Assisting Disabled Naval and Military Officers,
I, Regent Street, S.W. i, deals with cases of hardship, and
concentrates also on training and financing ofificers for settle-
ment on the land. As the sole organization devoted princi-
pally to the assistance of officers compelled to live out of
doors, this fund deserves very generous encouragement. In
certain cases, especially of actual distress, the Disabled
Officers Fund, 4, Cowley Street, Westminster, provides
financial help. But these voluntary funds are clearly inade-
quate. The State shoulders the responsibility of training these
men ; tke State should, therefore, see this matter through.

So far as actual training is concerned, courses are provided
both by the Ministry of Pensions and of Labour, and officers
with some capital are advised to apply to the Appointments
Department, Gresham House, Old Broad Street, E.G. 2, for
further particulars.

(b) The officer with neurasthenia* and shell shock, released

3oS REVEILLE

from hospital, and in receipt of temporary retired pay, is
suddenly aware of the necessity of earning a livelihood. Many
such are medically advised to live out of doors, and officers
under {b) are transformed into {a)y which is not a desirable
shelving of the difficulty. The melancholy underlying truth
is this : Only a handful of medical men have anything but
the vaguest ideas regarding the origin, diagnosis, and duration
of shell shock. The unhappy neurasthenic runs the gauntlet
of the Army and the Ministry of Pensions, and finally is dis-
charged, uncured and unemployable. War fatigue is a mental
disorder, and ordinary clerical routine cannot be taken up by
men undergoing a period of acute mental restlessness and
irritability. Until some more deliberate action is taken, such
officers are advised to apply to the Appointments Department
of the Ministry of Labour, not for immediate employment, but
to obtain several months residence on farms. The maintenance
charges are low and the ultimate benefit is unquestionable. It
is also possible by arrangement with the Ministry of Pensions
to get hospitality under the ** Country Host Scheme." But
the whole question under (b) calls for urgent and reasonable
handling. The shell-shocked officer is for the most part
unemployable.

{c) A large number of officers at the time of joining up
had either just left school or were at the University. After one,
two, or more years these young men are invalided out, and as
the French delegate remarks, " the citizen appears." What
kind of citizen ? Unemployable — a boy who has grown skilled
in war, and is a child in the affairs of peace. A boy who is in
many cases married, and has a baby or two to add to the
perplexities of his position. What is being done for him 1
Happily there is some real hope for believing that this question
is in energetic and competent hands. An influential and
representative Committee, under Sir Alfred Keogh, has been
appointed by the Ministry of Labour, and is now dealing with
this important problem. There is reason to believe that the
unqualified officer will, sooner or later, be adequately trained
by the State. A second Committee has been appointed for
Scotland. There is a promising scheme for educating the
Army abroad. Arrangements are under consideration for
education during the period of demobilization. But at the

SOME WAYS AND MEANS 309

moment the Kitchener Memorial Fund, 34, Norfolk Street,
Strand, is the sole agency grappling with this problem. This
society provides scholarships (for commercial courses only) in
cases of young officers who left school to join the Army, and
makes grants to officers to complete their university education.

(d) Many officers desire and will desire after demobilization
to change their previous occupation, not simply on grounds of
health. The scheme of the Appointments Department, by
which officers can be instructed in short intensive courses
averaging six guineas per term for almost every trade, business,
or profession, should be carefully considered by every -officer.
It is, for example, possible after a three months' course in
aeronautical inspection work at Norwich to obtain posts
averaging about ;^4 a week ; to learn business principles at
Birmingham in twelve weeks ; to acquire a working know-
ledge of textiles in four months at Bradford. Arrangements
have now been completed by which applicants can secure
excellent training under the supervision of recognized firms,
and in many cases a subsistence allowance is provided
during instruction, after which posts for suitable men are
available.

The Ministry of Labour have recently set up a Re-
settlement Committee, under the chairmanship of Lord
Burnham, to deal with problems arising from the employ-
ment of officers ; while the District Directorate of the
Appointments Department are in touch with the employers
all over the country. Many officers are interested in the
Colonies or Colonial appointments. The whole emigration
question is now occupying the attention of the Government.
All possible information on such subjects can be obtained from
the Appointments Department, and an admirable hand-book
called "The Record of Opportunity," covering the wide
field of education and openings in employment, has been
specially compiled for the guidance of officers, and will shortly
be issued by that department.

(e) Finally, there is the qualified man. He returns with
the expectation of taking up his pen where he laid it down,
and obliterating the nightmare which separates him from 1914.
To his dismay he finds that his brain fails to respond, his
knack of dictation has disappeared, his head for figures and

3IO REVEILLE

detail is simply a legend of peace. It is becoming more and
more apparent that a man cannot spend several months or
years in the tension of war and retain the habits of the
office. The shock of the return is too swift. In the
case of shell shock it is well-nigh tragic. In the case
of the physically normal man it is considerably more than
disconcerting.

What is essential for such men is a '' brushing up " course
in business principles, or a few weeks under the supervision of
a running business. It is hoped that the unqualified and the
qualified man will both be dissuaded from rushing to place
their names on the *' Immediately Available List " of the
Appointments Department, and will rather be encouraged,
urged, helped, to acquire or regain an efficiency which shall
not be only a personal but a national possession. It is the
duty of the public as well as the various representatives
engaged on this great piece of reconstruction to see that the
preliminaries so briefly outlined above are carried through
without delay.

(11.)

The Surgical Requisites Association, Chelsea.

By MARY STOCKS.

Most of us are familiar with the vast potentialities of *' Little
drops of water, little grains of sand," but few of us are aware
of the beneficent importance of little bits of paper. Skilfully
handled and treated with ''certain deceitful liquors, mingled
with chalk and other like things," they may be turned into a
substance, hard, light, waterproof (indeed, if need be, boiling
waterproof, iodine proof and electric-current proof), ideally
suited for the manufacture of splints, rests, baths and a multi-
tude of other ''surgical requisites." Such work, evolved in the
course of three years of experiment and labour by its volunteer
members, is one part of the activities of the Surgical Requisites
Association, of 1 7, Mulberry Walk, Chelsea, and the adjoining
houses and gardens into which it has overflowed. The pro-

SOME WAYS AND MEANS 311

duction of these same surgical requisites from start to finish
involves, as anyone might suppose, a multitude of tasks of very-
varying degrees of skill, from the tearing up of paper (which
even you or I, oh, reader, could accomplish by the light of
nature), to the moulding of plastered linen on to what is left
of a soldier's leg with an open wound on it, or the construction
of a soldier's hand with one iron finger and an iron thumb,
responsive by a hair's turn to the slightest muscular movement
of the living stump. Nevertheless, the cast department where
such things are done is a grim haunt ; here the visitor may see
something of the hideous distortions of war — plaster casts of
wasted legs, clubbed feet, fingerless hands, plaster casts of
stricken shoulders with out-stretched arms, plaster casts of bent
backs and twisted necks — all awaiting the moulding of the
splints and cases whose support is going to bring some slight
measure of relief to the living man from whose bodies these
same casts were taken. One would be tempted to compare the
place to an exhibition of post-impressionist sculpture, were it
not for the fact that some of the ladies at work with paper and
plaster are themselves sculptors — and who knows what school
of art may be represented in their midst ?

But this is only one of many departments within the pre-
cincts of the Surgical Requisites Association at Mulberry Walk.
It has in addition its boot department, where it is said the
mystery of surgical bootmaking may be learned in something
like three weeks. The matter is calculated to undermine one's
respect for the old notion of professional skilled craftsmanship
with its seven years' apprenticeship. It was in this department
that a boot for the prevention of drop- foot (now a standard
pattern) was evolved by a member of the Association, working
experimentally at the call of the mother of invention.

And the same type of inventive work is being done in the
vulcanite peg department, in the surgical belt and strap depart-
ment, in the dressings department, in the bath department
(whose volunteers work joyously with an all-pervading solution
of gloriously blue copper sulphate), in the departments which
crop up at a few hours' notice to meet a sudden pressing
call for some hundreds of this or that appliance, and last, but
not least, in the carpentering department where men volunteers
co-operate in the making of splints of all kinds and from

^m-

12

REVEILLE

whence came a certain magical contrivance of frames and
weights and pulleys for the movement of helplessly bedridden
men.

There was a man whose back was bending slowly but
irrevocably to the contraction of a side wound. The pro-
fessional surgical instrument makers, under pressure of a fierce
demand, promised him help in something over three months
— by which time, it was opined, help would have been of very
little use to him. In actual fact, as things turned out, it was of
none ; for the Surgical Requisites Association had put him
right in the meanwhile with the combined aid of casts and
straps and springs.

Fig. I.

Fig. I. — S.R.A. Spine Straightener.

Fig. 2.— S.R.A. Waterproof papier-mache Head Splint ; for injury to back of head.

There was a man whose brain lay exposed through a hole
in the back of his head. There was not much that could be
done for him, but at least the Surgical Requisites Association
was able to give him, for the first time, rest with his head on^a
pillow, and a stout papier-mache sheath between his brain and
its destruction.

There are of course other devices which find more general
use, some which have become to a large extent standardized.
The fractured humerus demands in very many cases an
Acheson splint for the prevention of shoulder paralysis.

And the Hall6 boot or the Halle glove enables the drop-
foot or the stiffened hand, those common phenomena of war,
to feel their strength again.

There is then a grand variety of work to be done in the

SOME WAYS AND MEANS

313

Surgical Requisites Association at Mulberry Walk, and wide
opportunities for the utilization of any spark of inventive
genius on the part of its volunteers. Wounded men come in
from the hospitals from hour to hour, and the majority of them
have some special need which no standardized appliances can
meet. It is on such cases that the Surgical Requisites Associa-
tion has made its wide reputation in the military surgical world.

Fig. 3.
S.R.A. Adjustable Acheson Splint with hinged elbow and spring wrist support.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 4. — The S.R.A. Day-boot for Foot-drop, to be worn over a shoe or slipper.
Fig. 5. — S.R.A. Halle Glove for dropped wrist and weak fingers.

There is work therefore for the best brains that can be found
and trained ; while for those of us who can only tear up paper,
well — there is plenty of paper to be torn. .

But while one can admire these volunteers of Mulberry
Walk for their skill or perseverance or both, as the case may
be, it is impossible at the same time not to envy them a
little. So much of our necessary war work is done in the

314 REVEILLE

dark — its incentive only the impersonal consciousness of
bearing an integral part in the great social effort. Even the
munitioner knows nothing of the destination of her work — it
may help to flatten out a German trench, it may fall unused
into the hands of an advancing enemy, it may come crashing
through her own skylight one moonlit night. But the crafts-
women of the Surgical Requisites Association have inspiriting
chances of actually seeing individual results. They have
watched an eyeless, handless soldier eating his first inde-
pendent meal with a hand of their own construction. They
have heard tell of the game of golf played by an officer on his
new Surgical Requisites Association peg-leg. And they pre-
serve with pride the vulcanite limb on which a one-legged
captain ran up stairs after a nine-mile walk. True, the thing
cockled at the end of it, but then — as they point out with pride —
''there was a fault in the vulcanite; it won'f happen with the
new one." And a propos of these peg-legs — the demand is
in excess of the supply ; more volunteer workers are wanted.
Won't they come ?

The story of the foundation and growth of the Surgical
Requisites Association, the outcome of volunteer work, would
show a fine and rather romantic constructive record, but it is
too busy with its present and its future in these strenuous days
to look back at its past. It might however be mentioned that
the Surgical Requisites Association, though only three years
old, is the mother of no less than forty-four flourishing children
at home and abroad : branch Surgical Requisites Associations,,
whose leaders have learned the craft in Chelsea.

(in.)

Educational Clubs for Wounded Sailors and Soldiers.
By JULIE HELEN HEYNEMAN.

The urgent need of providing occupations for wounded
men while they are still in hospital is now so generally
recognized, that it may be of interest to sum up conclusions
based on experience of three years at California House, and of
nearly two years at Kitchener House.

SOME WAYS AND MEANS 315

California House, at 82, Lancaster Gate, London, was
started on an impulse of pity, with little perception of the
magnitude of the issues involved. Wounded Belgian soldiers
crowding the old skating rink at Aldwych clamoured to be
given "something to do." It seemed rudimentary common-
sense, therefore, to provide them with a place to do it, and to
find them some occupation, not only worth while for its own
sake, but of benefit to them in the future. We approached the
question of occupations with an open mind, without precedent
to follow, for no similar institution existed on which to found
theories.

Unable to make themselves understood, Belgian soldiers
felt unspeakably forlorn and at a loss in London ; our first duty
was to teach them English. French, Italian, Russian, and
Spanish followed as a natural development. All our men have
learnt English, several have added a working knowledge of as
many as three languages ; of these, more than one have found
employment at the Censor's office or as interpreters.

In these early days, it did not occur to us that we were
*' training" men; merely that we were preparing them for
future training. We approached each question without
prejudice and with the utmost simplicity. Paralysed men and
wounded soldiers who had lost one or both legs soon began
to appeal to be allowed to attend the Club. An omnibus was
hired to call at the hospitals for helpless patients. We concluded
that cripples, who were unlikely ever to be able to use their
legs, must be persuaded to cultivate manual dexterity. A class
in applied design instantly suggested itself. After a very short
experiment, we recognized that in order to concentrate a
wounded man's attention, to encourage him to steady effort —
above all, to combat his natural mental and physical lassitude —
any attempt at serious handicrafts must be made not only
absorbingly interesting, but almost immediately productive.
Without this spur to keep ambition alive, few men persevered,
and of those who did, the greater proportion were satisfied with
a very low grade of accomplishment. The moment they began
producing for sale purposes, incentive was given to try for
better quality and greater technical skill. These classes of
applied design included the simplest forms of bookbinding,
wood-carving, chip-carving, fretsaw work, designing, drawing,

3i6 REVEILLE

painting and modelling, and have been, almost from the start,
practically self-supporting ; even though each man has been
paid, according to his skill, at a rate varying from lo to 50 per
cent, of the price of the article, and although materials are
increasingly expensive and difficult to procure.

We have taught theoretical mechanics, including mathe-
matics, chemistry, &c. ; and we have given commercial classes
both in French and English. Some of our worst cases of
disablement are now wholly self-supporting. A peasant wheel-
wright from a small village has found regular employment as a
wood-carver, though he has lost both legs, and though the
pension allowance is far smaller than would be the case if a
British soldier were concerned. Another soldier who was
paralysed from the waist downward, and received instruction
before he was able to walk, is earning good wages at gesso and
composition work.

Such men will not be crowded out after the war, if their
work can stand comparison with that of able-bodied men.
Moreover, in Belgium, with the general destruction of churches,
town halls and private houses, the after-war demands will far
exceed any possible supply. No man at California House,
whatever his disablement, has ever been presumed to be beyond
help. One soldier, suffering severely from shell-shock, with
shrapnel wounds in the head, appeared at first to be practically
an imbecile. He could not move his jaws, and his food had to
be pressed between his set teeth ; he was stone deaf, and his
voice was a mere distant thread of sound. He expressed
himself later as having been dead for a year, and only come
to life again with the feel of the glue-pot, the paper, or the
brush in his hands, with which he was, half mechanically,
induced to help bind simple note-books, blotters, &c. He
proved himself to be a man of conspicuous intelligence, and
has long been independent.

Another, paralysed as the result of shell shock complicated
by meningitis, unable to use either hands or feet, was carried
about like a bundle of old rags. Every effort was exhausted in
attempting to arouse him from the utter melancholy into which
he had fallen. Finally, in a moment of inspiration, it was
decided to ask him to undertake the tuition of two of his
illiterate compatriots. Amazement at the request, abrupt

SOME WAYS AND MEANS Sip-

realization that he might still be of use in the world, startled
him so effectually out of the quagmire of apathy and depression
into which he had sunk, that his slow and painful recovery,
protracted over many weary months, dated from that instant.
He is now cheerfully employed in one of the military offices
in France.

More than 500 wounded Belgian soldiers have taken
advantage of the opportunities offered, free of any charge, at
California House. Of this number, practically all — except
those who have recovered and returned to the Front, or at
present under treatment in hospital — are to-day self-supporting.

When we began the same sort of work for the benefit of
British sailors and soldiers at Kitchener House, 8, Cambridge
Gate, Regent's Park, grave doubts were expressed as to
whether British soldiers could be induced to come, and whether
they would grasp the opportunities offered them.

We have, in the main, followed the lines laid down at
California House, varying our programme according to the
needs of the moment and the expressed wish of the men
concerned.

During 191 7 our attendance reached nearly 6,000, and ^^
per cent, attended the classes. This year up to the end of
August our attendance reached nearly 5,000, and over 50 per
cent, attended the classes. This record was established in
spite of the difficulties of transport, bad wounds, and often
almost impossible weather.

Numbers, however, are very misleading. We might have
achieved much greater results if we had received support
from the Press, and, above all, support from the hospitals them-
selves. It has been heartbreaking to go to ward after ward of
the hospitals and find, after nearly two years of unremitting
labour, that not one man in a hundred is aware of a club
existing simply and solely in his interest. We meet with un-
failing sympathy, but a complete failure to translate that
sympathy into action. There seems to be no hospital organi-
zation prepared to aid us, not only by allowing, but by actually
urging, seriously wounded men, condemned to remain for long
periods in hospital, to take advantage of what we are ready to
offer the moment their physical disabilities allow them. To

3i8 REVEILLE

do this ourselves, with the great number of hospitals in the
London area, and the vast number of men concerned, is quite
impossible.

Nor did the Pensions Ministry for a long time realize that
we were preparing the ground and sowing seed, of which they
might hope to reap the harvest in the increased numbers of men
willing to complete the training begun with us.

But at last, so we are told, we are to have official recog-
nition and support. For several months the Local Pensions
Committees have been sending us those cases of total disable-
ment which they find it impossible to include in their training
schemes. A man who cannot take the full pensions course of
thirty hours a week should not be deprived of all means of
re-education. We might save these gallant and broken men
months of bitterness of spirit and utter disheartenment if our
work for them could be begun — not after months or years of
idleness, indifference and depression, the natural result of their
sufferings, but before hope and an independent spirit are
almost crushed out of them.

If our training club can achieve even a limited success, at
very small outlay (the British Red Cross Society grant us ;£ioo
a month) against such terrible odds, and by such uninstructed
methods as we have been obliged to employ, what could not
have been accomplished if we could have secured expert pro-
fessional support ! What might not still be accomplished if the
best craftsmen of the day would combine and form a con-
sultative committee laying down a programme to be followed,
not only by one such working club as Kitchener House, but by
a hundred others all over the country, united by one aim, co-
related, working together, exchanging experiences, possibly
even instructors and lecturers, where wounded men might find,
not only the means of advancement and re-education, but such
a lively, warm, and friendly atmosphere of comfort, cheerful-
ness, and industry as creates the will and resolution to take
full advantage thereof! If all these working clubs were at the
same time made productive, and depots for the sale of work
provided, they would soon be nearly self-supporting.

SOME WAYS AND MEANS 319

(IV.)

The Lord Roberts Workshops.

By MARGARET ELEANOR SALE.

The Lord Roberts Memorial Workshops were founded for
the purpose of providing permanent employment for those men
who are too badly disabled to compete in the open labour
market. It undertakes to train and employ the men in such
work as their disabilities allow them to undertake, and at which
they can be sure of. earning at least a living wage.

The fund raised to commemorate the great Field Marshal
was allocated to the Incorporated Soldiers and Sailors Help
Society to be used for this purpose, and in March, 19 15, the
first factory was opened at Fulham, London. Since then the
work has developed and extended in a remarkable manner.
There are now eleven large workshops in being in different
parts of the kingdom and before the end of the present year
three more will be started. The buildings and equipment are
provided from the Lord Roberts Memorial Fund, but once fully
equipped the workshops are, as far as possible, self-supporting.

Nearly 1,600 disabled men have already been admitted,
the majority of whom remain as permanent employes. Their
wages are given without any regard to the pensions they
receive from the Government, and all are given equal chances.
The minimum starting wage is ^i per week, which rises
automatically to a minimum of 30s. at the end of six months.
Most of the men, however, are earning considerably more by
that time, and in many cases are sufficiently skilled to receive
the trade union rate of pay. It is interesting to note, too,
that the authorities have been able to raise disabled men, who
were unskilled in any trade before the war, to positions of
trust as foremen and instructors, whose places were at first
necessarily filled by skilled civilians.

In a limited space it is impossible to go into the details of
the industries which have been established, the immense sales
organization, the co-ordination between branches, and the
hundred and one other sections of the scheme which are to
make of the whole a concerted industrial concern capable

21

320 REVEILLE

of holding its own in competition with other manufacturing
bodies.

The main purpose of this short article is to suggest to the
pubHc in what way this great institution can form a very-
necessary adjunct to the training schemes at present on foot.
Although the disabled man can get work at the moment, all
too easily at an inflated and artificial wage, it must be fully
recognized, by himself and the public generally, that such work
and such wages cannot last. When able-bodied, skilled men
come back from the battlefield, the hard-headed employer
will not be able to afford to keep a one-armed employe when
he can get a two-armed, capable man, in his place. The time
must come when such hand-to-mouth positions can no longer
be had for the asking. Competition will be fierce, and the first
to feel the pinch will be the unskilled, or semi-skilled disabled
man who has not taken advantage of training.

The present idea of the Lord Roberts Memorial Work-
shops is to provide accommodation for 5,000 men, but it
might be the nucleus of an all-embracing and a perfect
scheme, and by means of a special arrangement with the
State be developed into an enormous industrial concern,
self-supporting as far as possible, but subsidized sufficiently
to allow of the most modern equipment and the most perfect
industrial conditions.

At present there is only one link between the Pensions
Ministry and the Workshops, a link which should undoubtedly
be strengthened and added to if each is to assist the other as
it ought to do. The existing arrangement is that the Work-
shops take through the Pensions Ministry only one-armed men
who have applied for training, with the guarantee that at the
end of six months these men shall be given permanent employ-
ment at the minimum rate of 30s. per week, this being, of course,
in addition to their State pension.

This arrangement is good so far as it goes (for few outside
employers, if any, will tackle the question of employing the
one-armed man), but it is hoped that co-operation will not
cease there. The experience that the Workshops have gained
in the training and employment of these men during the past
three and a half years should be of enormous value to the
Ministry and to the world at large.

SOME WAYS AND MEANS 321

In one section alone, that of supplying the necessary
appliances and tools to assist the one-armed man to work,
the experience of this institution is undoubtedly unique. And
this invaluable experience is at the service of all who are
prepared to take part in the great work of helping the disabled
man to regain his '* place in the sun."

Let it not be said that any stone has been left unturned,
any links in the chain left disjointed in this great recon-
struction. Only the closest and most disinterested co-operation
can make a complete success of the whole.

We have got to make certain that no man who has lost a
limb in the service of his country can justly reproach us with
neglect. The gravity of the situation is undoubted, but the
Lord Roberts Memorial Workshops are half way towards a
solution of a large part of it. With the co-operation of other
bodies and the whole-hearted support of the public, it can
become a great force in the Empire, and a worthy memorial
to the man whose name it bears and to the soldiers and sailors
he loved so well.

322

DAWN ON THE SOMME.

By ROBERT NICHOLS.

Last night rain fell over the scarred plateau
And now from the dark horizon, dazzling, flies
Arrow on fire-plumed arrow to the skies
Shot from the bright arc of Apollo's bow ;
And from the wild and writhen waste below,
From flashing pools and mounds lit one by one,
O is it mist or are these companies
Of morning heroes who arise, arise
With thrusting arms, with limbs and hair aglow
Toward the risen god, upon whose brow
Burns the gold laurel of all victories,
Hero and hero's god, th' invincible Sun?

J918.

I

v^^fm?^^:

7^

W

Waiting.

by Leon de Smet.

3^3

NOTES.

By the EDITOR.

Our disabled men are now being discharged only from certain
specified centres. This would be an admirable improvement,
affordinor the chance of influencinor the men to take "after-

o o

treatment " and training ; but, unfortunately, most of them are
kept at these centres very few days, sometimes only two or
three. Everyone agrees that if a man is not influenced to take
after-treatment and training before he leaves hospitaly not much
can be done. Yet the success of the Ministry s schemes depends
on the mens taking after-treatment and training. Surely,
surely this vital link must be forged at once. The articles by
Mr. Dudley Myers, Mr. Buckley, Major Coupland, and Mr.
Allan White demonstrate the importance of appointing whole-
time civilians with properly constituted bureaux and all facilities
to attend to this matter at all important hospitals and dis-
charge centres. From General Goodwins article I gather
thankfully that the matter is engaging the earnest attention
of the War Office and Ministry of Pensions. The extreme
importance of selecting the just-right people for these posts if
instituted will not have escaped notice. I think they should be
chosen without distinction of sex ; indeed I believe women
will be found as good as men, or better, at this work, which
requires delicate and sympathetic handling. In the meantime
much can be done in every hospital, whether men are dis-
charged thence or not, if the Staff, or those members of it
who have a gift that way, will discuss with the really disabled
men their future prospects, and turn their minds towards the
need for specially fitting themselves to meet a future, which is
not a matter of just these next three or four years when work
will still be plentiful, but of the lean years which must certainly
come, and many of them. Our disabled are most of them,
young.

324 REVEILLE

I HAVE been wandering among Local War Pensions Com-
mittees. A great obstacle in the way of men taking training
has been the insufficient allowance of 27s. 6d. This has
recently been supplemented. Singk men are, in effect, to
have I OS. clear beyond the sum they pay for board and
lodging, up to a maximum of 35s. That is to say, if a single
man can prove that he has to pay 25s. for his board and
lodging, 7s. 6d. of it will be paid — or if he has to pay 20s.,
then 2S. 6d. of it will be paid— by his Pensions Committee.
This arrangement seems to let in human nature, to say nothing
of landladies. Moreover, many single men live at home.
Married men are to receive up to an extra 7s. 6d. When one
considers how tremendously the price of living has gone up ;
how every article of food and clothing, fuel, lighting, everything
practically, except railway transports for the working man, has
nearly or more than doubled in price, and how hardly this state
of affairs presses upon small incomes, one realizes indeed how
vital are very generous allowances to the Ministry's schemes
of training in these days.

The monetary difficulty, too, appears to stand in the way
of men taking treatment after their discharge. A man, with a
wife and family, who ought to go into hospital for after-
treatment, naturally hesitates to abandon his high wages, and
reduce his family's comfort.

The following are the expressed views of an expert on the
treatment question. Men won't take after-treatment because : —

They are ** fed-up " with hospital, and " fed-up " with
discipline.

They can get work at good wages.

Many of the hospitals have a bad name for vexatious
trifles.

Men who have been treated and partly cured by a certain
doctor strongly and naturally object to going under fresh
doctors who know nothing about their cases.

The allowances are not high enough.

He suggests : —

Greater elasticity and more of the human touch all through ;
and that the men should be consulted and their wishes met so
far as possible.

Increase of allowances in the case of married men : and

NOTES

6^:)

bonuses to all married men and single men who take after-
treatment.

He well says : They can now be penalized for refusing
treatment ; if so, they should be rewarded for taking it.

If these improvements were made he thinks that the
"compulsory" treatment reserve, once suggested, might not
be necessary.

At the informal Conference held at Birmingham in early
September, a representative of the Ministry of Labour thus
outlined the Ministry of Labour's efforts.

Prior to the men's discharge they get into touch with him
through the Military authorities, by means of a pamphlet
called: ''Notes for Ex-Service Men." A sympathetic repre-
sentative of Labour interviews him at the discharge centre,
takes all particulars of his case, and gives him advice. These
particulars are sent to the Employment Exchange nearest the
man's home, which thereon writes him a sympathetic note
asking him to register. If the man has travelling difficulties
facilities are provided. An attempt is made to create confidence;
and in most Employment Exchanges special departments have
been set up to deal with the disabled. Three hundred Advisory
Committees, composed of equal numbers of employers and
trades unionists, have been formed, and bring the work into
touch with social life. One hundred and thirty thousand men
have been found employment. A long view of the situation
is taken, and lists are being compiled of suitable occupations.

Many people regard this account of things as far too rosy,
as yet. It represents, no doubt, what the Ministry of Labour
desires to accorpplish ; how far real achievement has gone, I am
unable to say.

At this same Conference the following points were driven
home by various speakers : —

It is fatal to discharge men without thorough instructions
as to their future.

It is fatal to send a disabled man out to a job without most
careful regard to his suitability thereto ; if he does not get it,
or cannot keep it, he becomes discouraged.

326 REVEILLE

It is fatal to keep men hanging about waiting to begin training
courses. They ought to be able to begin at once.

It is fatal to keep men waiting for operations and physical
treatment generally. Speed, in fact, is the essence of the whole
work. Speed, and the personal touch.

Apropos — on a day of summer 1 went over Summerdown
Convalescent Camp, in the half-ring of the downs just behind
Eastbourne. It was recommended as a model, and I should
think it is. Certainly it seemed a marvel of minute organization,
with a minimum of red tape. Colonel Bostock, the Com-
mandant, believes in, and applies, the personal touch. The
trouble about the personal touch is this : You can't fake it.
Either your job and your men interest you beyond other
things, or they don't. Where, as in his case, they do, you
can do wonders with it. Places become living, which are
only too often dead ; the cast-iron hoops drop off the system,
yet leave it every bit as systematic as it was. How far
Colonel Bostock has succeeded in passing his secret on to
other Commandants I know not ; but I believe many have
gone to Summerdown to learn it. There is always the danger,
of course, that the personal touch may become a mannerism,
which can be seen coming round the corner ; but, after all,
when it has become that, it has ceased to be the real thing.

I HAVE received the enclosed : ** With its current issue
the Canadian Gazette publishes a Canadian Red Cross number.
This number, printed on art paper, profusely illustrated, and
with a cover in two colours, presents for the first time a
complete record of the service and organization of the Canadian
Red Cross Society during the years 19 14 to 19 18. The
number contains specially contributed messages from Sir
Robert Borden, Sir George Perley, Sir Edward Kemp,
General Currie, General Turner, and others. The price of
this special issue of the Canadian Gazette^ which will consist
of 88 pages, is is., post free is. 3d. Copies may be obtained
on application to the publishers, 76 to 82, Gresham House,
Old Broad Street, London, E.C.2."

NOTES 327

Under the editorship of Mr. W. G. Clifford and Captain
H. H. C. Baird, D.S.O., a fortnightly journal called The
Ex-Service Man has begun what I hope will prove a really
successful career. It is described as " An independent journal
for those who have served," and should go far to meet a badly
felt want. It can be obtained from the publisher of The
Ex-Service Man, i, New Street Square, London, E.C.4, at a
subscription rate of 8s. for six months.

The diamond-cutting industry at Brighton under Dr.
Burnie seems to have taken firm hold. Further workshops
are being built close to the existing premises. When they
are completed, and I hope it may be soon, where a hundred
and fifty of the disabled are now working, fifteen hundred will
be turning the queer, rather beautiful, natural crystals into the
radiant gems of commerce. The men find it nervous but
absorbing work. The following story is told of a gentleman
who insists that these amateurs can't cut diamonds. He took
his imperfect diamond to a local jeweller : the jeweller quietly
turned it over to the disabled soldiers to re-cut. The gentleman
now exhibits it with pride as proof that : "After all, you see,
only the old professionals can do the trick." When the work-
shops at Wrexham and elsewhere have been erected the
diamond-cutting industry will absorb 2,500 of our disabled
men. It needs good eyesight, and both hands, of course.

Sir George Frampton's "War Memorial Tapestry Guild"
is an interesting venture, the object of which is "to train
and employ disabled soldiers with artistic instincts to w^eave
tapestries in the manner of the finest of those surviving from
the past." Anyone who wishes for information anent the
scheme should apply to the Hon. Sec, War Memorials
Tapestry Guild, 11, Dorset Square, N.W. The Earl of
Plymouth is President ; and Sir George Frampton, R.A.,
the Hon. Director of the work, is already in touch with
the Ministries of Labour and Pensions. *^ While subject to the
spirit and rules of true decorative art, the new tapestries must
not shun their own age. They must show what modern

328 REVEILLE

warfare is, at once horrible and sublime." These words of a
contemporary are too telescopic. War is not sublime ; human
nature is sublime in the midst of the unmitigated horribleness
of war. It will be a misfortune if this tapestry-weaving should
lend itself to the glorification of war. There is some danger
here. But, seeing that it is of little use to train and employ
disabled soldiers in work which is not to be of a permanent
nature, I hope the Guild will not confine themselves to war,
but will go on to commemorate peace and its activities. In
fact it might well begin with that, and leave the commemoration
of war to the illustrated papers. ''It is intended that the
artists and artist-craftsmen engaged in production, whatever
their position, shall participate in the proceeds after all
legitimate claims have been discharged." That is excellent.

I LEARN that at the request of the Shepherd's Bush Special
Military Surgical Hospital, the Princess Louise Special Military
Surgical Hospital at Chailey, briefly described in the last
number of Reveille, and the subject of the impression called
** Heritage " in this number, is about to double its accommo-
dation for wounded soldiers. The gift of a sixteenth-century
house and gardens close by will set free the whole of the
Kitchener huts (built by the crippled boys themselves last year)
for the use of the soldiers. Instead of forty-five soldiers now in
residence the colony will then accommodate over one hundred.
The '' soldier students " (a phrase coined at this hospital) are
so-called in virtue of the scheme of educative convalescence
evolved at Chailey after many years' experience with cripples
at the Heritage Craft Schools there. It aims not only at
restoring the wounded soldier to bodily health, but at training
his mind and strengthening his character, ready for suitable
and remunerative work when he is discharged. The old Sussex
game of stoolball is played there. The Y.M.C.A. are building
a recreation hut for lectures and entertainments. Even in
mid-winter there need not be a dull or idle moment. Every
man will have some interest or craft. The hospital apiary,
the rabbit hutches, the new chicken houses, are all the work
of the ''soldier students" in the workshops. Others attend
- visiting classes for cinema operating, motor mechanics, electrical

NOTES 329

engineering, diamond polishing, basket making, tailoring, boot-
making, commercia! studies.

The chief patroness of this unique hospital is the Princess
Louise ; the president, the Bishop of London ; the vice-
president, Lady Katherine Somerset. The officer commanding
is Mrs. C. W. Kimmins, the Old Heritage, Chailey ; the
quartermaster and hon. treasurer, Miss A. C. Rennie.

The next number of Reveille will, I hope, contain
accounts of Canadian and Australian schemes of restoration,
and deal, inter alia, with our own attempts to settle disabled
soldiers on the land. Though re-settlement of the land is the
most important of all our after-war problems in the judgment
of this writer, he confesses to wondering at present whether
the land is the place for the disabled, except of course for those
who must now live an open-air life. A conference of those
interested in this branch of restoration seems absolutely essen-
tial. I would urge the Ministry of Pensions in conjunction
with the Board of Agriculture to inaugurate such a conference
forthwith, and evolve some coherent and comprehensive plan.
Perhaps they may have before these words are read.

A LADY writes asking that illustrated magazines should
be sent freely to shell-shock hospitals — ''magazines like The
Strand and The Windsor, and fairly up to date. Am I very
exacting? It is for the men who have given their health of
mind for us." I think we might remember to do that.

The wonders wrought at special nerve hospitals, described
in Major Hurst's article, should be made known to everyone.
There must be thousands of men discharged in the early days
of the war, and thousands of our civilian population whose
disabilities, being purely functional, can be cured by psycho-
therapy. Truly a new door has been opened into the palace
of health.

Dr. Varrier-Jones's stirring plea for consumptive soldiers
in this number of Reveille will move us all to realize perhaps

^ #

330 REVEILLE

the most pitiful of all the many tragedies of the war. Their
case stands quite alone, quite outside the main currents of
disablement, because of the semi-ostracism which the infectious
nature of the disease brings with it. Dr. Varrier-Jones's
solution, founded on experience, really seems the only way out.
What it nakedly comes to is this : Either we let these men,
who fought for us and contracted or developed the disease
while fighting, have a lingering death, more or less speedy, for
their reward ; or we take the problem of their salvation up with
botb hands, and, in Fplte of the cost, give them their only
chance. I think the article shows conclusively that ihere is no
middle policy. My grateful country — which is it to be ?

All communications to : The Editor of "Reveille,"

21, Bedford Street,

London, W.C.2.

33»

THE NEW ROYAL WARRANT.

The principal provisions of the Royal Warrant of April 17,
19 1 8, regulating the pensions of soldiers disabled, and of the
families and dependants of soldiers deceased, in consequence of
the present war, are set forth below in a summarized and
explanatory form.

Temporary Allowance pending Award of Pension.

A soldier discharged as medically unfit for further service,
or while suffering impairment, may be granted a temporary
allowance of 27s. 6d. a week, together with children's allow-
ances at the full rate, until his pension is fixed. If, by reason
of his disablement, he needs hospital treatment he may receive
it gratis.

Men *' suffering impairment ' are men who being of low
health category and having been discharged as surplus to
requirements in that category, are found to have suffered
impairment.

Pensions and Allowances to Disabled Men.^

Conditions entitling Men to Pension. — (i) The man must
be discharged as medically unfit for further service or while
suffering impairment; (2) his unfitness or impairment must be
certified as either attributable to or aggravated by military
service during the present war ; and (3) the disablement must
not be less than 20 per cent, of total disability.

Gratuity or Te^nporary Allowance. — If the first two of the
above conditions are complied with, but the man's disablement
is less than 20 per cent, of total disability, he may receive a
gratuity or temporary allowance, the grant not to exceed ;^20o.

* A man whose disability is due to his serious negligence or misconduct will be
regarded as ineligible for pension or allowance, and his family or dependants will
also be regarded as ineligible.

332

REVEILLE

SCALE OF PENSIONS THAT MAY BE GRANTED FOR SPECIFIC

INJURIES.

Specific injury

Loss of two or more limbs

Loss of an arm and an eye

Loss of a leg and an eye

Loss of both hands or of all
fingers and thumbs

Loss of both feet

Loss of a hand and a foot

Total loss of sight

Total paralysis

Lunacy

Wounds, injuries or disease
resulting in disabled man

being permanently bedridden
Wounds of or injuries to inter-
nal, thoracic or abdominal
organs, involving total per-
manent disabling effects ...

Wounds of or injuries to head
or brain involving total per-
manent disabling effects, or
Jacksonian epilepsy

Very severe facial disfigure-
ment

Advanced cases of incurable
disease

Amputation of right arm at
shoulder joint

Amputation of leg at hip or
left arm at shoulder joint

Severe facial disfigurement

Total loss of speech

Short thigh amputation of
leg or of right arm above
or through elbow

Total deafness

Amputation of leg above knee
(other than 4) and through
knee or of left arm above or
through elbow, or of right
arm below elbow

Amputation of leg below
knee (including Symes' and
Chopart's amputation) or
of left arm below elbow

Loss of vision of one eye

Loss of thumb or of four
fingers of right hand

Loss of thumb or of four
fingers of left hand, or of
three fingers of right hand

Loss of two fingers of either
hand

Disablement Pensions

o V V

M o o

Per
cent.
100

90
80

70

60

50

40
30

If not entitled to a Service Pension

s. d.

42 6

38 3
34 o

29 9

25 6

21 3

17 o
12 9

8 6

«3U,
O fc.

SiB

s. d.
376

33 9
30 o

26 3

22 6

189

15 o
II 3

7 6

O <n

S. d.

35 o

31 6
28 o

24 6

17 6

14 o
10 6

7 o

O ^

s. d.
32 6

29 3
26 o

22 9

19 6

163

[3 o
9 9

6 6

s. d.
30 o

27 o
24 o

18 o
15 o

12 O

9 o
6 o

Sfi;

s. d.

27 6

24 9
22 o

19 3
16 6

13 9

II o
83

56

^o -a

Note. — In the case of left-handed men, certified to be such, the compensation in respect
of the left arm, hand, &c., will be the same as for a right arm, hand, &c.

THE NEW ROYAL WARRANT 333

Amount of Pensio7i. — A man may be granted either a dis-
ablement pension or an alternative pension. A disablement
pension is ordinarily temporary at first and it continues to be
renewed until the man's disability becomes fixed or disappears,
when the pension is made permanent or ceases. This pension
is fixed in accordance with the scale on the opposite page.
If the disablement is not in this list the pension is assessed at
the degree in the list most applicable.

In addition to his disablement pension a man is granted
children's allowances as shown below.

A man who already has a disablement pension may apply
for an alternative pension in lieu of his disablement pension
and children's allowances if the total of (1) his disablement
pension plus (2) his children's allowances (if any), p/us (3) the
average earnings of which he remains capable, are less than his
pre-war earnings. The aim is to make the man's post-war
income as nearly as possible equal to his pre-war earnings, and
if the pre-war earnings did not exceed 50s. a week this aim is
actually accomplished and the post-war income is brought bp
to the pre-war earnings. If, however, the pre-war earnings
were over 50s. a week, the result aimed at can but partially be
obtained, as only the pre-war earnings up to £^ are taken into
consideration and only half the excess of the pre-war earnings
over 50s. is allowed for.

Example, where the pre-war earnings did not exceed 50s.
a week : —

A man now capable of earning ... ... ... 20s. a week

and before the war earning ... ... ... 45s. „

would have up to ... ... ... ... ... 45s. „

less what he is capable of earning ... ... 20s. „

which gives as his alternative pension ... 25s. „

This 25s. with his earnings of 20s. makes up the 45s. he
was earning before the war.

Example, where the pre-war earnings exceeded 50s. a
week : —

A man now capable of earning...

before the war earning ...

would have up to ...

and half the excess of 80s. over 50s.

making

less what he is capable of earning

leaving as alternative pension ...

20s. a

week

80s.

i»

50s.

a

15s.

if

65S.N

>>

20s.

}i

45s.

a

334 REVEILLE

The highest alternative pension a man can obtain, if for
instance his pre-war earnings were ;^5 a week or over and his
earning capacity was nil, would be 75s. a week.

The earnings of a man who has lost both legs, both arms,
or the sight of both eyes are regarded as nil.

Pensions on Re-enlistment. — A disabled pensioner who re-
enlists receives his appropriate disablement pension just as if
he had not re-enlisted, but he does not get children's allowances
in addition as they are entitled to separation allowance.

Service Pensions. — A Private receives any service pension
in addition to his pension. It is otherwise with Warrant or
Non-com. Officers, who receive either their service pension
plus the Private s rate of pension, or their full rate of pension
according to their rank as shown in the scale given without
the service pension.

Miscellaneous Provisions. — Paid acting rank at the tiqie of
disablement or of removal from duty by reason of the disable-
ment carries with it the pension corresponding to that rank.

If a temporary disablement pension does not continue more
than a year a gratuity of £'^ may be granted to the pensioner.

Where a pension is made pe7^7nanent it cannot be decreased
on account of a mans earning capacity ; but it may be increased
if his disablement has substantially increased.

Where a man requires constant attendance he may be
allowed an additional pension not exceeding 20s. a week.

A man s pension and allowance may be reduced one half if
he refuses to undergo treatment certified to be necessary in his
interests.

Where the disablement does not show until after a man's
discharge he may claim a pension as though he had been
discharged as medically unfit for service, such pension to date
from the establishment of his claim.

Non-attributable Cases. — Men whose unfitness is not due
to Military Service may be granted a gratuity or temporary
pension which may amount to /150 according to length and
character of service. This may be paid out in weekly sums.

Children's Allowances and Pensions.

To be entitled to a children's allowance a child must have
been born before or within nine months of the father's

I

THE NEW ROYAL WARRANT 335

discharge, except in the case of children's allowances to a man
under treatment or training.

Children's allowances are 6s. 8d. for the first child, 5s. for
the second, and 4s. 2d. for each child after the second.

The allowance is granted for each child under 16, but it
may be continued beyond .that age where the child is only
receiving a nominal wage, or is being educated, or is incapable
through physical or mental infirmity of earning a living.

A man drawing a disablement pension has, in addition to
that pension, children's allowances corresponding to his degree
of disability. For example, if half disabled he gets half the
children's allowance for each child, if one-fifth disabled he gets
one-fifth of the children's allowance. There is no difference
between the allowance for the child of a Private and for that of
a Warrant or Non-commissioned Officer.

A widow who draws a " widow's' pension gets the full
allowance for each child, so do the " separated wife " and the
" unmarried wife " as long as the children are with her.
Children's allowances continue after their mother's re-marriage.

Motherless children and children removed from the control
of their mother may be granted a pension not exceeding los. a
week ; where two or more are with the same person the
pension will be reduced to 9s. 2d. for each child after the first.
Illegitimate children of men who have died may be granted a
pension not exceeding 6s. 8d. a week.

Treatment and Training.

Treatment. — Treatment may be granted free in the case of
any man who in consequence of his disablement is certified to
need medical treatment, whether such disablement is due to
military service or not. Where the disablement is due to
military service there is no time limit, and not only his family,
but the man may be granted an allowance. Where the dis-
ablement is not due to military service treatment is limited to
the duration of the war and one year afterwards, and no allow-
ance is paid to the man (other than 'any temporary allowance
that may be due to him), but his family may be granted the
usual allowances.

Training, — Training will be granted free in the case of any

22

336 REVEILLE

man whose disablement is due to military service and as to
whom it is decided that he should, in consequence of his dis-
ablement, receive training. At the termination of training a
bonus equivalent to 5s. for every week of training may be
awarded and a sum not exceeding ;^io may be granted for the
purchase of tools if required to be provided by the man in the
trade in which he has been trained.

Allowances for Treatment and Training. — During treat-
ment (except as above stated in the case of non-attributable
men) and training, an allowance equal to the highest disable-
ment pension, according to his rank, is given to the man, and
he is given, in addition, the full children's allowance. If the
treatment or training necessitates his living away from home
his wife receives an amount equivalent to a *' widow's" pension,
or a dependant supported by him up to the time when his
treatment or training began may be granted such support up
to I OS. a week. If, however, it would be to his advantage a
man may have instead an allowance equal to his alternative
pension on the basis that his earning capacity is nil, and in
such case there would be no additional allowance to wife, child,
or dependant.

From the allowance 7s. a week is deducted in respect of a
man's maintenance in an institution.

Widows' Pensions, &c.

The term "widow" does not include a widow whose
marriage took place after the termination of the war, or after
the discharge of the soldier, or after the receipt of the wound
or injury which caused his death ; nor does it include a widow
who was separated from her husband at the time of his death.

On the death of her husband a widow receives £^, and £\
for each child, to meet expenses consequent on her husband's
death.

The Minister is empowered to terminate or suspend the
pension of a widow for misconduct, and also to provide for the
administration of a pension on behalf of a widow and her
children.

Widow whose Husbands Death is due to Military Service. —
The widow of a soldier who is killed in military service or

THE NEW ROYAL WARRANT 337

who dies within seven years as a result of wounds or injuries
[received in, or of disease contracted on, or aggravated by,
[active service, receives a ** widow's" pension equal to half what
fwould have been her husband's disablement pension at the
[highest rate ; she also receives full children's allowances ; and
m reaching the age of forty-five is. 3d. a week is added to her
** widow's" pension. If, however, she was married to the
rsoldier prior to the commencement of the war (or enlistment),
,nd she can show that her " widow's " pension together with
[any children's allowances is less than two- thirds of any alterna-
kive pension that might have been awarded to her husband had
he survived and been incapable of earning anything, she may
be granted an alternative pension equal to two-thirds of what
would have been her husband's alternative pension, as com-
puted above, instead of her " widow's " pension and children's
allowances. The highest amount which a widow could obtain
as alternative pension would be 50s.

A widow undergoing a course of training may be allowed
I2s. 6d. a week for thirteen weeks, and her training fees may
be paid.

A widow's pension ceases on re-marriage, but she may then
be given a gratuity equal to one year's " widow's " pension.

The widow o( a. /fensione7^y who at the time of his death was
drawing a pension of not less than los. a week, may, if not
otherwise qualified for pension by reason of the death being
due to the pensioner's former military service, receive a pension
of not more than half her husband's pension, but it must not
exceed what would have been her " widow's " pension and it
ceases on re-marriage.

Widow whose Husband's Death is not due to Military
Service. — Such a widow may be granted a temporary pension
of' 1 5s. a week for the period of the war and twelve months
afterwards.

Dependants.

Separated Wives, — The separated wife of a soldier who has
died in consequence of military service, may be granted the
amount her husband contributed to her support up to 13s. gd.
a week ; if the support was less than 3s. 6d. the pension will be
made up to that sum. The usual allowances will be made for

336 REVEILLE

man whose disablement is due to military service and as to
whom it is decided that he should, in consequence of his dis-
ablement, receive training. At the termination of training a
bonus equivalent to 5s. for every week of training may be
awarded and a sum not exceeding ;!f 10 may be granted for the
purchase of tools if required to be provided by the man in the
trade in which he has been trained.

Allowances for Treatment and Training. — During treat-
ment (except as above stated in the case of non-attributable
men) and training, an allowance equal to the highest disable-
ment pension, according to his rank, is given to the man, and
he is given, in addition, the full children's allowance. If the
treatment or training necessitates his living away from home
his wife receives an amount equivalent to a ''widow's" pension,
or a dependant supported by him up to the time when his
treatment or training began may be granted such support up
to I OS. a week. If, however, it would be to his advantage a
man may have instead an allowance equal to his alternative
pension on the basis that his earning capacity is nil, and in
such case there would be no additional allowance to wife, child,
or dependant.

From the allowance 7s. a week is deducted in respect of a
man's maintenance in an institution.

Widows' Pensions, &c.

The term ** widow " does not include a widow whose
marriage took place after the termination of the war, or after
the discharge of the soldier, or after the receipt of the wound
or injury which caused his death ; nor does it include a widow
who was separated from her husband at the time of his death.

On the death of her husband a widow receives £^, and £\
for each child, to meet expenses consequent on her husband's
death.

The Minister is empowered to terminate or suspend the
pension of a widow for misconduct, and also to provide for the
administration of a pension on behalf of a widow and her
children.

Widow whose Husbands Death is due to Military Service. —
The widow of a soldier who is killed in military service or

THE NEW ROYAL ^»^ARRANT 337

who dies within seven years as a result of wounds or injuries
received in, or of disease contracted on, or aggravated by,
active service, receives a "widow's" pension equal to half what
would have been her husband's disablement pension at the
highest rate ; she also receives full children's allowances ; and
on reaching the age of forty-five is. 3d. a week is added to her
•'widow's" pension. If, however, she was married to the
soldier prior to the commencement of the war (or enlistment),
and she can show that her *' widow's " pension together with
any children's allowances is less than two-thirds of any alterna-
tive pension that might have been awarded to her husband had
he survived and been incapable of earning anything, she may
be granted an alternative pension equal to two-thirds of what
would have been her husband's alternative pension, as com-
puted above, instead of her " widow's " pension and children's
allowances. The highest amount which a widow could obtain
as alternative pension would be 50s.

A widow undergoing a course of training may be allowed
I2s. 6d. a week for thirteen weeks, and her training fees may
be paid.

A widow's pension ceases on re-marriage, but she may then
be given a gratuity equal to one year's " widow's " pension.

The widow oi 2l pensioner, who at the time of his death was
drawing a pension of not less than los. a week, may, if not
otherwise qualified for pension by reason of the death being
due to the pensioner's former military service, receive a pension
of not more than half her husband's pension, but it must not
exceed what would have been her " widow's " pension and it
ceases on re-marriage.

Widow whose Husband's Death is not due to Military
Service. — Such a widow may be granted a temporary pension
of' 1 5s. a week for the period of the war and twelve months
afterwards.

Dependants.

Separated Wives, — The separated wife of a soldier who has
died in consequence of military service, may be granted the
amount her husband contributed to her support up to 13s. gd.
a week ; if the support was less than 3s. 6d. the pension will be
made up to that sum. The usual allowances will be made for

33^ REVEILLE

the children if maintained by her, even though the man did not
contribute to her support.

Unmarried Wives. — If a woman has lived as his wife with
a soldier who has died in consequence of military duty, and
has been substantially dependent upon him, and has drawn
separation allowance, or was entitled to it, she may receive
I OS. a week for the period of the war and twelve months after-
wards. If she has children for the soldier in her charge she
gets the usual allowances for them and her los. a week con-
tinues until twelve months after the last child has gone or
has ceased to have pension. If she is too old and infirm to
support herself the los. a week may be continued.

Parents: Dependency Pensions. — The parent (or parents)
of a soldier who has died in consequence of military service
may get a pension equal to the weekly value of the assistance
they may have had from the soldier before the war (or enlist-
ment), up to 15s. a week; but the pension will not be less
than 3s. 6d. a week, although the assistance may have been
less. In reckoning the assistance given the cost of the soldier's
keep when he lived at home is deducted.

Pensions may be granted in respect of two or more sons
who assisted the parents before the war (or enlistment), but
the total coming to each parent must not exceed 15s. a week.
Earnings do not affect these dependency pensions.

Parents : Special Pensions. — Parents whose son has died
in consequence of his military service, and who are too old or
infirm to support themselves, and are in need, and have no
other children who can support them, may be granted a pension
not exceeding 15s. a week. This pension may be given even
though they had had no help from their son.

Parents : Special Gratuity, — If the soldier died from causes
not due to the war, his parents may be given a gratuity if they
were dependent upon him, or if they are too old or infirm to
support themselves and are in need.

Minor Provisions. — There are also provisions with respect
to other dependants, re-marriage, interpretation, &c.

Sailors and Marines.

The Order in Council regulating the pensions and allowances
of Sailors and Marines disabled and the pensiond and allowances

TABLE A

339

to the families of Sailors and Marines deceased, during the
►resent war is practically identical with the Soldiers' Warrant
jxcept that the disablement pension scale is the same for all

Ltings, additions to pension being made, in accordance with
existing regulations, for the possession of good-conduct badges
>r medal for long service and for petty time or N.C.O. time.

urther additions to pension are made in respect of service at

le following rates : —

Men of 6 years' service and under 12 years'

11 12 ,, „ lo ,,

>i lo it if 21 ,,

i» 21 ,, ,, 25 ,,

25

and over

Weekly

s. d.

1 o

2 O

3 o

4 o

5 o

TABLE A.

RETURN OF OFFICERS AND MEN PENSIONED FOR DISABILITY FROM
OUTBREAK OF WAR TO AUGUST 31, 1918.

^esight cases

rounds and injuries to leg (necessitating amputation) ...

bounds and injuries to arms (necessitating amputation)

bounds and injuries to leg (not necessitating amputation)

bounds and injuries to arms (not necessitating amputation)

bounds and injuries to hands (not necessitating amputation

rounds and injuries to head

[ernia ...
Miscellaneous wounds and injuries ...
Chest complaints
Tuberculosis
Rheumatism
Heart disease
Epilepsy ...
Nervous diseases —
Shell shock
Neurasthenia
Miscellaneous
Insanity ...
Deafness...

Frost bite (including cases of amputation of feet or legs)
Miscellaneous disabilities
Not classified (awards made by War Office and Admiralty which have lapsed or not
come up for renewal of Ministry of Pensions)

Total

Total
11.347
11,536
5,910
50,590
37,074
17,987
16,370

3,391
25,049

47,078

27,424

41,699

4,257

25,165

3,888

7,731

3,392

81,381

708

. 421,877

340

REVEILLE

3g53

TABLE B

341

•^■^ ^' "55

ii =-5 I

rt 5 "2 w
"rt ^ "3 ^

! -§2

CO

6

5fj3

O

3
a.

o

c

tliJ 3

— e rt «<

.2 ^ .2 rt -o

cs c •-<

3 «« S'o^ _

E=|c ' ^ = ^

^ E.^ g I S f a. «

^ in
^ bfigii-g 3> O I

o •- — 4;

■ti ea I C u I ^ >% I

t

S fi « _rt w

2 ?. «? « I T

rt^.

o
^ V u o

= >• I § 1

. W I y

4) P* — -^ -a u2

a

s

I

K
Q
>

c

CS

\-yi

50 «9.. i "

C/2 « S

is •" ills-

3 2

c

. O.^ 3j= i2 « ««

oQ'^.nBn'^ \ • S ^

^!^o

j= Q- « ^ CT! i S

4-^ §:2 ..s §.1 1'^ 3.2

4> 3 ^" t; 1 1 ^ — rt^ Wg

^ 2 'c"^ ' "^ -5S "" O . *" G

J2 3 .

clS

Y 3 1 H ««

'^ 13 "C i S
c c^ .2 5

P J= 57 4> ^

6

If

CO

6

I

C
ei

J3

o L « 2

•2 o 1 - 8 ?«

I'C

.t: .s V ^ .K ,^
k. M u i^ w

rS= 35-5
* -S -Si c^ -= ■=

^ 4J I I C

'S -a 2 I o
•2 5 Ji,*« >^-

SB Q,4j
e« *- O 4) 3

c w 3 4} -i n
cs*^ 3 ^ cJ

•Sf-C ° ' ? 3

-- s o ' o
• ca ^ ci o e4

^ 5 3^ ovi:

^ 2 • t -i S > -«
-a ^ iJ J= ^ o cr) -2

« iS :^ • > Tj "S •

ia.2l=;c5.2»0§S

B

3

0

M

W

^

^

4

"S

M

V

V

c

M

JH

bfl

'Z
1

1

5

M

3

V

&

•-*

i

JG

rt

M

«

^1

0 a

s

*. rt

is

1

1 T3

2

CU

li

^1

c

c

1

•=^

1

li

wv5

c
a
2

il

dd

2

CO

^a

^

^

W M

^

V) ti

11

1

ill

a 0 '^

E a

a

VO

S2

'O

£

2S

NO

c >»

c c

o o

a a

^a

-^•^ o

PQU <

o

S o

U cd c

CO 2 5

a 2 2

SS-3 -5.2
5 S c i2 S

"^ II

§g^

C '2

C -C I rt -JS ^

5^ 2-g S i c

u»

1=3^.2

5-9 a "

•J 4J r; j;
ta o c -5

342

REVEILLE

•c

cO a.

I "S^.iijS o^
Q *s c/5 o c/5 15 ^

C/3

. 0)

OS
c I 55

O *j H

&A

O

3 3
OuO.

s s

• to cJ ^ • ^

-s I

^ SS.2 .2

K-J »~^ rt cJ cJ

6

c/5'§ S V

" rt 2 I

I =5 o S

o b "> g

O (u rt rt

f b/! S

r- <u T

o P « i

o

I

" 3

6 i

^vi:

«.2 '

C X3^

3 '"' *5 -fl

f § S '

•^^§ I

3O O- 3
.0

O

2-5

C/3 Y

O

3.y bfl

O C G

^ 2'3

1 1 a

o

c/5
6

1^

X o

IS

(3 C
O O

s s

I I

c 'ST c o

o^ o ex

S g S S

o ^2 3

^ S

^ c bag.
2 -C .£ « biO

^ S o -2 ? £ «

^ o
5 ^

: : ^S

a, :-f —

ooQi-jSpkc/3 g<

H : : : • :

u : : : : :

<

z .S

< «

H C C ^ .5

J o .bjo 0) > rr

H

OS 13

f^ o
Z o

o
O to ^
Z <

TABLE C

343

TABLE C.

COURSES OF TRAINING UNDER THE MINISTRY OF

PENSIONS.

An asterisk (*) against any subject denotes that a Local Technical Advisory Committee
has been formed by the Ministry of Labour for that subject in the centre concerned.

NORTHERN AREA.

Superintending Inspector — Colonel C. B. Little, C.M.G., Sun Buildings, Collingwood Street,

Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Secretary of yoint Disablenumt Committn — A. M. Oliver, Esq., Town Clerk's Ofl&ce,

Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Local Committee
Darlington . . .

Durham

Newcastle-on-Tyne

Northumberland
South Shields
Cumberland ...

Process •
Commercial

Boot making and repairing ...
Retail tailoring
Mechanical drawing and
tracing

Dental mechanics

Forestry

*Boot making and repairing ...
* Cinematography

Electrical work and Switch-
board work

Wireless telegraphy ...

Clerical work...

Carpentry

Waich and clock repairing ...

Dental mechanics ...»

Motor engineering

Tailoring

Motor tractor work

Poultry farming *

Motor mechanics

Mixed arable and dairy
farming

Where held

Darlington Technical College and Dar-
lington Central Commercial School
Technical College, Darlington

Consett Technical School, Durham
Egglestone

Co wen Home, Newcastle-on-Tyne

Rutherford Collie, Newcastle-on-Tyne

Messrs. George and Jobling, Newcastle-
on-Tyne

Messrs. Sinclair, Ltd., Benton, New-
castle-on-Tyne

Motor Sup. Co.'s Works, Newcastle-
on-Tyne

Cumberland and Westmorland Farm
School (Penrith) ; Cumberland and
Westmorland Education Committee
(Penrith)

YORKSHIRE AREA.

Superintending Inspector — R. E. Westaway, Esq., 37, Petergate, York.

Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — Captain R. G. Angus, Education OflSces, Leeds.

Barnsley Tailoring Bamsley Technical School

Boot repairing and making „ „

(hand-sewn)
Mine deputy work ... ... ,, „

Commercial ... ... .^. ,, „

Electrical engineering ... „ „

/

344

REVEILLE

Local Committer
Barnsley

Batley

Bradford

Huddersfield

Leeds

Sheffield

Wakefield

Process
Watch and clock repairing

and making
Basket making
Carpentry

Clogging

Basket making

Colliery steam tender sur-
veyors, store-keepers, time-
keepers, lampmen, &c.

Hand and power loom weaving

Motor mechanics
Dye works' chemists
Drawing and designing
Cabinet making

Boot and shoe making and

repairing

Electrical work

Higher commercial work ...

Chemistry

Tailoring

Commercial (ordinary)

Power loom weaving and

other textile processes

*Boot repairing and making ...

Tailoring

Motor engineering and driving

Leather work...
"Cinematography

Chemical work

Sanitary inspector ...

Electrical engineering

Woodcarving and modelling

Tram car driving

Commercial ...

Oil-can makers

Where held
Barnsley Technical School

Pindar Oaks Hostel, Barnsley
Technical School, Batley

Technical School, Bradford
School of Art

Technical College, Huddersfield

Central Technical School, Leeds

East Riding.Kingston-
upon-Hull

Maintenance and

typewriters
Lettering for printing trades

Stencil plate cutting

Ticket writing

Woodcarving and modelling
Market gardening, stock

breeding, &c.
Dental mechanics ...

Glass and lamp blowing
Silver smithing

Boot making and repairing ...
Gardening

Commercial ._.
Sign writing ...
Mechanical draughtsmanship

Agricultural basket making. ».

Leeds City Council

Northern Institute, Leeds

T. Webster and Sons, Ltd., Kirkstall,

Leeds
repairs of Remington Co., Ltd., Leeds

Leeds School of Art

Leeds University Experimental Farm,

Garforth
Public Dispensary

Glass Technology Department
Technical Art School and Workshops

(later)
Norbury Training Hostel

Wakefield Technical College

Hull Basket Co., Ltd.

NORTH-WESTERN AREA.

Superintending Inspector — The Hon. E. Cozens- Hardy, The Hollies, Woolton, Liverpool.

Secretaries of Joint Disablement Committee — (a) Lancashire and Westmorland:
Sir Harcourt Clare, County Offices, Preston ; {b) Cheshire : T. W. Potts, Esq., Queen's
Buildings, S. Peter's Square, Stockport.

Blackburn

Motor mechanics and driving

and clerical work
Motor mechanics and driving
Boot making and repairing ...

Blackburn Technical School

Messrs. Compton and Davies
Workshops in Blackburn

TABLE C

345

Local Committee
Bolton

Bootle
Burnley

Lancashire . . .

Liverpool

Manchester -

1 Nelson

^ Preston

Salford

St. Helens ...
Wigan

Westmoreland
Cheshire

Process
Motor mechanics .^ ,^
Textile (all processes)
Engineering draughtsmen ...
Mechanical engineering

Electrical wiring .« .^

Commercial subjects...
Textile commercial subjects

Agriculture ... .^
Poultry keeping
Dairy farming & horticulture
Agriculture and allied subjects

Clerical work...
*Boot repairing and making ...

Electrical work
•Cinema operating

Carpentry and joinery

Plumbing and gas fitting ...

Masonry

Drawing and design ...

Carving and inlay

Cabinet making

Painting and paperhanging...

Masonry

Bricklaying and plastering ...

Dental mechanics

Clerical work...
•Cinematography

Sub-station attendants

Woodworking machinists ...

Benchwork & cabinet making

Tailoring
*Boot making and repairing....

Watch and clock repairing ...

Upholstery & french polishing

Jewellery making and re-
pairing

Dental mechanics ... ....

Wireless telegraphy ...

Painting and decorating

Assistant designers and clerks

(textile)
Clerical work...
Elementary woodwork
Boot and shoe making and

repairing
Bespoke tailoring ... .^

*Boot repairing and making ...
Motor driving and repairing...
Plumbing

Steam tractor driving
Painting" and decorating
Basket making
Plumbing

Tram car driving

Motor mechanics and driving

Coal mining .„

Clogging ,^ '

Boot making and repairing ...
Bespoke tailoring .^ .„

Commercial ...

Engineering drawing and

tracing

Forestry «»

Where held
Technical School, Bolton

Bootle Electrical Works
Technical College, Burnley

County Council Farm,Hutton,nr.Pretton
i> It ti

»> ft t>

Farms throughout N.W. area

Oulton Street School
Friends' Institute, Islington
Central Technical School, Liverpool

City School of Art, Liverpool

Dental Hospital, Pembroke Place

Mosley Street School, Manchester
School of Technology, Manchester

Mill Street School, Ancoats, Manchester

Messrs. Pendlebury's, Ltd., Manchester

Dental Hospital of Manchester
City School of Wireless, Manchester
Municipal School of Art, Manchester

Municipal Textile School, Nelson

Preston Technical School

Hostel Local Technical School, Preston

Victoria Technical School, Preston

>* it tt

Race Course, Cromwell Road, Salford

*> tt tt

Local workshops

Garage lent by Bleachers' Association

Royal Technical Institute, Salford

The New St. Helens and District

Tramway Co.
Mining and Technical College, Wigan
Mining College, Wigan
Workshops of Master Cloggers, Wigan

Allen Technical School, Kendal

»» >> II

Verdin Technical Institute, Northwich

^ Delamere Woods

346

REVEILLE'

Local Committee

Process

Chester

... Switchboard work

Commercial

Boot and shoe making and

repairing

Crewe

... Motor tractor work

Motor mechanics

Stockport .►,

.►. Boot repairing

Where held
Electricity Works, Chester
Miss Davies, Business Training College
Bishop Graham (late) Council School

Crewe Technical Institute

»» >»

Old Grammar School, Stockport

EAST MIDLANDS AREA.

Superintending Inspector — W. E. Hincks, Esq., 8, Highcross Street, Leicester.
Secretary — F. W. Brooke, Milton Chambers, Milton Street, Nottingham.

Derbyshire

Leicestershire

Leicester

Northampton
Nottingham ...

Nottinghamshire
Soke of Peterboro'

East Midlands

Boot and shoe making and Derbyshire Workshops

repairing
Small Holders' Course

Acetylene welding ...

Commercial subjects

Electrical work
Painting and decorating
Central lathe turning
Light gardening and dairy

work
Basket work ,

Comptometer operating
*Boot making and repairing ...

Hosiery manufacture

Hosiery salesmanship

Electrical work

Boot and shoe machinery ...

Ticket writing

Cabinet making

Sign writing ...
*Tailoring

Mechanical engineering

Printing

Carpentry

Bookbinding

Northamptonshire ... Forestry

Commercial subjects

Chemistry and dispensing ....
Mechanical engineering
Cabinet making

Cinematography

Fancy leather work

Circular latch needle web

knitting
Boot making and repairing ...
Latch needle making

Making of fruit baskets

Gardening
French polishing
Commercial subjects...
Farm training

Midland Agricultural and Dairy College

(Kingston)
Loughborough Technical School

Midland Agricultural and Dairy College

and Farms
Messrs. Peach and Pick, Dryad Lane

Works, and Tech. College, Leicester
Comptometer Training School
Municipal Technical Art School

Castle Ashhy (Marquis of Northamp-
ton), Wakefield (Duke of Grafton),
Overstone (Lady Wantage), Harles-
den Woods (Earl Spencer)

Northampton Technical School
University College, Nottingham

Boulevard Manufacturing Co., 1 1, Byard

Lane, Nottingham
Messrs. J. B. Lewis and Co., Haydn

Road, Nottingham
Attached to Technical Institute
Messrs. Jardine, Chelsea St. Factory

Horace Mills, Newark-on-Trent, and
Trent Basket Co., Newark-on-Trent

Local gardeners

Mr. J. W. Williamson

Commercial School

Hempstead Hall (Hempstead, Essex)

TABLE C

347

WEST MIDLANDS AREA.

Superintending Inspector — B. Plummer, Esq., i, Newhall Street, Birmingham

Secretary »/ Joint Disablement Committee — Major T. J. Richardson, Council House,

Birmingham.

Local Committee
Birmingham ...

Dudley
Smethwick ...

Staffordshire. „
Stoke-on-Trent

Walsall

Warwickshire
West Bromwich

Wolverhampton
Worcestershire

Worcester ..

Process

Motor work ...

Mechanical engineering

Electrical engineering

Bootmaking and repairing ...

Clerical work...

Art metal work

Furniture and leather work

Attendants at Poor Law
Institutes

Making of artificial limbs ...

Commercial ...
^Jewellery and silversmithing
♦Cinematography

Dental mechanics

Diamond cutting

Pen grinding ...

Golf club making

Piano tuning ...

Light farm work

Motor mechanics

Boot repairing
Lamp work ...

Electrical wiring
General office work ...
Signwriting and lettering ...

Mechanical engineering

Market gardening
Commercial ...
Watch and clock repairing ...
Box making ...

Fancy leather

Boot repairing
Tailoring (wholesale)

Boot making and repairing ...
Brush making
Village saddlery

Cabinet making
Chair making...
Upholstery
Tailoring

Motor engineering ...
Electrical engineering
General iron work, sheet

metal work
Motor tractor work ...
Commercial ... ....

Boot repairing
Basket making
Motor mechanics
Glass work
Hamper making

Forestry

Boot making and repairing ...

Where held
City Garages
Municipal Technical School

Monyhall Colony

Outside firms under Local Committee

Lawrence's College

Vittoria Street School

Various Local Cinemas

Army Dental Workshops

Ginder and Ginder

Marrian's, Great Barr Street

County Chemical Co., Bradford Street

Riley's, Constitutional Hill

Turf Pit's Farm, Erdington

Priestley Motor School

Messrs. Little, Netherton

The Thomson Glass Co., Harts Hill

Smethwick Technical Institute

County Met.and Eng.Inst., Wednesbury

Mr. T. B. Key, Trentham
Technical and Art School
Hanley School of Art

Messrs. Nicholson and Lord

Art School

Local factories

Messrs. J. Shannon and Sons, Ltd.

Midland Counties' Institute, Knowle

»> »» »»

Various village saddlers in County

Messrs. A. G. Turley, West Bromwich
>« >» »i »>

Messrs. Morrisand Dixon, W. Bromwich
Technical Institute, Wolverhampton

School of Commerce
County workshops

»» »»

Local garages

Messrs. Webb and Corbett, Stourbridge
The Evesham Basket Company, Ltd.,

Evesham
County landowners

Local workshops

348

REVEILLE

SOUTH MIDLANDS AREA.

Superintending Inspector — Wills Taylor, Esq., 19, Abingdon Street, S.W.i.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — C. R. Hoare, Esq., Pinner's Hall, London, E.G. 2.

Local Committee
Hertfordshire

Huntingdon

Luton

Watford

Bedford

Process
Market gardening

Swiss embroidery, weaving...

Glass house culture

Basket making

Straw hat making

Electrical work

Li^ht bench fitting work and

brass finishing
Boot making and repairing ...

Colney,

Where held
The Floral Farm, London

St. Albans
The Garden City Embroidery Works,

Letchworth
Lea Valley and District Growers

Association
Earith

Factory in Clarendon Road
Watford Electric Manufacturing Co.

Training Centre

EAST ANGLIA AREA.

Superintending Inspector—]. A. Fowler, Esq., 2, Royal Arcade, Norwich.
Secretary op Joint Disablement Committee —

Cambs. ... ... Retail bespoke tailoring

East Suffolk Fruit and vegetable culture...

Ipswich ... ... Sign and ticket writing

*Furniture making (upholstery)
Light metal work
Jewellery

Isle of Ely Fruit gardening, flowers and

vegetable
Motor engineering ...

Norfolk Forestry

Small holders' course

Norwich Boot making and repairing ...

Commercial ...
Agricultural motor tractor ...
Engineering (electrical)
Engraving
Meial work ...

School of Art, Cambridge
HoUesey Bay Farm Colony
Under Local Education Authority

>> ><

Municipal School of Art

Messrs. Mann, Egerton and Co., Bury

St. Edmund
Earl of Leicester, llolkham
Colonel Petre, Westwick
Wiveton Hall, Cley, Norfolk
Technical Institute

School of Art, Norwich

HOME COUNTIES (NORTH) AREA.

Superintending Inspector — Wills Taylor, Esq., 19, Abingdon Street, S.W. i.
S4cretary of Joint Disablement Committee — W. P. Harding, Esq. , Town Hall, Wood Green.

Colchester
Edmonton
Middlesex

Tottenham
West Ham

Tailoring
Basket making
Boot repairing

Dental mechanics

Motor engineering ...
Coach painting
Glass drawing
Basket making
Hand-loom weaving ...

Commercial ...

Electrical engineering
Acetylene welding ...

Premises of Crowther Bros., Colchester
Technical Institute, Edmonton

G. Thackeray, Ealing ; G. H. Standen

Southall ; and other firms
Mr. Summers, Hounslow; Mr. Simpson,

Uxbridge; Mr. Lakeman, Uxbridge
Central Engineering Works,Northwood
Mr. Dunkley, Ealing
Messrs. R. Johnston and Co., Yiewsley
Hounslow Polytechnic
Ealing School of Weaving

Tottenham Polytechnic

Technical Institute, West Ham

TABLE C

349^

Local Oommttee
Willesden ...

Southend-on-Sea

Process
Boot and shoe repairing
Watch repairing
Biscuit making
Market gardening
Pig and poultry keeping
Electrical engineering

Watch and clock jobbing
Hand tailoring

Where held
Willesden Polytechnic

McVitie and Price, Ltd., Willesden
Church Army Gardens, Stonebtidge

»» »• i>

British Thomson- Houston Co., Ltd.

Building attached to Technical School

SOUTH-EASTERN COUNTIES AREA.

Superintending Inspector — Brigadier-General D. G. Prinsep, 19, Abingdon Street, S.W.
Secretary of Joint DisabUment Committee — 9, Pembroke Avenue, Hove.

K»NT

Surrey

Croydon
Wimbledon

Fruit growing .« .^

Agriculture .., .„

Boot repairing

Boot making and repairing...

Electrical wiring

Trunk making

Dispensing and photography

Basket making

Agriculture .« .►.

Mechanical drawing and

tracing
Electrical work
Art metal and metal plate

work
Whitesmith and tinsmith's

work
Brush making
Cabinet making
French polishing & upholstery
Commercial subjects ..
Surveying

Cricket-ball making ...
Basket making .^ .^

Smallholders' course
Mechanical, civil and colonial

engineering
Cricket and hockey ball

making

Motor tractor work and market

gardening
Commercial work ... .^

Estate work and forestry
Boot making and repairing...
Boot making and repairing ...
Golf club making

Commercial classes ...
Electrical work .^ .^

Brass engraving
Builders' drawing and tracing
Electrical work
Engineer's drawing and

tracing
French polishing and cabinet

making
Hamiy-nien's cla"5s ...
Letterwiitingan'1 illuminating
Motor engineering ...

Pottery design

Stained glass work ...

Fruit farms in Kent

Wye College, Kent

Factories and workshops in Kent

Messrs. Randall and Co., Maidstone

Chatham Dockyard

Technical Institute, Tunbridge Wells

'» »» li

Messrs. J. Far man, Langley, near

Maidstone
Hurst Place, Sidcup
Erith Technical Institute

The Limes, Luton

Messrs. Couchman, Maidstone
S. P. Saunders, Maidstone

>» i>

Maidstone Technical Institute
Rochester Technical Institute
Messrs. T. Ives, Tonbridge
O t f o r d Co-operative Agricultural

Trading Society
Otford Smallholders Limited
Crystal Palace School of Practical

Engineering
Messrs. A. Reader and Co., Teston,

and Maidstone

Woldingham

Technical Institute, Kingston
Ockham Park, Ripley
Technical Institute, Woking
Technical Institute, Reigate
Messrs. Cann and Taylor, East Sheen<

Central Polytechnic, Croydon

>» >> If

Wimbledon Technical Institute

350

REVEILLE

Local Committee
Wimbledon

East Sussex

Brighton

Eastbourne

Hastings
Hove ►w.

West Sussex
Worthing

Process
Tailoring

Photography

Motor tractor work ...
Carpentry and joinery
Commercial work

Boot repairing

Gardening and estate work...

Waterproof cover and Canvas

making and mat making

Boot repairing

Commercial design work

Commercial subjects...

Confectionery

Diamond cutting and polishing

Diamond cutting engineers...

Dispensing

Electrical work

Electrical wiring

Letter cutting

Mechanical drawing and

tracing
Sign writing and lettering ...
Surveying

"Tailoring

Metal work, fitting & turning
Builders' drawing
Cabinet making
Wood carving

Hairdressing

Aircraft work

Boot repairing

Baking and confectionery ...

Ladies' tailoring

Bread baking...

Storekeepers, packers, sales-
men

Storekeepers, clerks, engine
and boiler fitters

Fruitgrowing

Motor tractor work ...
Agriculture ...

Fruit growing under glass ...
Watch and clock repairing ...

Where held
Wimbledon Technical Institute

Mr. T. Bailey, Crowboro'

Eridge Castle

Messrs. Green, Hailsham

Municipal Technical College, Brighton

Local hairdressers, Brighton
Technical College and Workshops

Caddies' Workshop, Royal Eastbourne

Golf Club
Private firms

Mr. William Hill
Clarke's Bread Co.
Automobile Accessory Co.

Brighton and Hove General Gas Co.,
TJy West Street, Brighton

Barnham Nurseries

Rice Bros., Horsham

160 farms and market gardens in Sussex

Local fruit growers
Mr. Alfred James

SOUTHERN AREA.

Superintending Inspector-

-Brigadier-General Phipps Hornby,
37, London Road, Reading.

V.C, C.B., C.M.G.

Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee— ^)^. C. Pratt, Esq., Mayor's Office, Town Hall,

Portsmouth.

Berkshire

Horticulture ...
Agriculture
Estate work ...
General farm work ...

Saw milling

Motor tractor work

Electric lighting

General estate engine work ...

Basket making

Cane chair seat making
Forestry

Royal Gardens, Windsor

Col. Morrison's Estate, Basildon

TABLE C

351

Local Committee
Reading

Hampshire

Bournemouth ..

Portsmouth

Southampton

Buckinghamshire

Oxfordshire
Oxford

Process
Dairy work (cowkeeping) ...
Butter making

Poultry keeping

Horticulture

General agricultural work ...
Motor tractor work ...

Market gardening

Steam tractor work

Minor machine operations and

fitting, turning and brass

finishing
Minor machine operations and

fitting, turning, and brass

finishing
Motor tractor driving and

repairing
Market growing

,, ,,

Fruitgrowing...
Drilling, fitting, turning, and

brass finishing
Cabinet making

Drilling

Art pottery ...
Boot repairing

Fancy leather work

Tailoring
Clerical work ...
Basket making
Electrical engineering
General engineering ...

Motor tractor work

Boot making and repairing ...

Motor mechanic

Commercial work

Brush making

Motor driving and mechanics

Cabinet making

Cabinet making, French

polishing and upholstery
Cinema operating
Electrical engineering
Commercial

Furniture

Forestry

Boot repairing

Tailoring

Electrical engineering

Fancy leather work ...
Boot making and repairing

Where held
College Farm, Shinfield
British Dairy Institute, Reading
College Farm Institute, ,,
»» »> »i

Sparsholt Farm Institute
Messrs. W. Crowdy, Fording Bridge
Messrs. W. H. Rogers & Sons, Bassett
Messrs. Tasker, Andover
Hartley University Coll., Southampton

Messrs. Thomycroft & Co.

Messrs. Colliss & Tilling, Andover

Mr. T. Smith, Fareham
Mr. T. Millett and Son, Elsom
Messrs. J. B. Groom & Son, Gosport
Messrs. White Bros., Itchen

Messrs. Laverty and Sons, Kingsgate

Winchester
Messrs. Dixon and Hutchinson, Ltd.,

Itchen
Art Pottery Works, Poole
Bournemouth Municipal College

Mr. King

Portsmouth Municipal College

John Palmer, Ltd., Portsmouth

R.N. A., Eastney Barracks, Portsmouth

Messrs. Spickernell and Co., Lake

Road, Portsmouth
Messrs. Wendover, Southsea

Theatres of Cinema Exhib. Association
Hartley University Coll., Southampton

>> »> u

High Wycombe local factories and

workshops
Great Missenden (Earl of Bucks)

Local county workshops in Oxfordshire

Local county workshops

Works of the Burford, &c., Electric

Light and Power Co. , Ltd., and other

centres
Messrs. Dunhill, St. Aldates', Oxford
Workshops under the Local County

and Technical School

SOUTH-WESTERN AREA.

Superintending Inspect&r—] . Radcliffe, Esq., 8, The Close, Exeter.

Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — H. W. Wood, Esq., 8, The Close, Exeter.

Gloucestershire ...

23

Ticket writing and lettering
for commercial art purposes
Basket making

Forestry

Eistate carpentry

Hand-loom weaving

School of Arts and Crafts, Gloucester

Mr. Henry Finch, Pitt Street
Forest of Dean
Technical School, Gloucester
Humphries and Co., Stroud

352

REVEILLE

Local Committee Process

Bath Commercial ... ^

Bristol ... .... Clerical work

Electrical handymen...
•Tailoring (retail, bespoke,
and wholesale)

Aircraft (fusilage)

•Boot repairing and making ...

Cabinet making

Chair making

Upholstery

Toymaking ....

Ticket writing

Engineer's tracers
Builders' draughtsmen

Designers

Manual instruction ...

Brass work

Cabinet v/ork

Jewellery

Silver work

Pottery

Printing

Masonry

Mosaic work

Plaster work ...

Brush making

Carpentry

Swindon ... Painting and decorating

Writing and illuminating ...
Chemical work

Commercial work

Jewellery and enamelling .»^.
Light woodwork ... .►,

French polishing

Engineers' tracers
Mechanical drawing ...

Metal plate work

Lettering and signwriting ...
Pottery design

Poultry keeping

Gardening and fruit culture

Stained glass work

Woodcarving ...
Basket making
' Motor tractor worjc and motor
repair work
Sub-station work

Wiltshire Power loom weaving

Painting leading to lining and
wood and ironwork in
vehicle building

Painting of agricultural imple-
ments and road vehicles

Poultry farming

Dbvonshirb ... Boot making and repairing ...

Plymouth Boot making and repairing ...

Agricultural basket making...

Dorset Basket making

Where held

Technical School, Guildhall
Merchant Venturers' College, Bristol

Messrs. Ridingberry and Co.
Municipal School of Art

Royal Blind Asylum
Technical Institute

Mess

s. Skurray's Works

Swindon Corporation Electricity
Department

Royal Carpet Factory Co. , Wilton
E. C. Chequers, Chippenham

E. W. Maundrell, Colne

Mrs. K. M. Knight, Manor Farm,
near Salisbury

Messr. Ford and Penny, Ilfracombe

Technical School
Mr. S. C. F. Clarke

Training workshop, Blandford

TABLE C

353

NORTH WALES AREA.

Superintending Inspector — W. Lewis, Esq., lo, Mcnai View Terrace, Bangor.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — G. Lerry, Esq., 4, Overton Arcade, Wrexham.

Local Committee
Denbighshire

Flintshire .^

CarDarvonshire
Montgomery

Process

Market gardening

Electrical wiring and fitting...

Repairers to gas and electri-
cal plant

Repair and maintenance of
public lamps

Electrical wiring

Blacksmithing

Cabinet-making

Clogging and boot repairing

Coach painting and wheel-
wrighting

Painting and paperhanging ...

Toy-making .,.

Electrical work

Clerical work

Toy-making and rural indus-
tries

Watch repairing

Inspector of weights and
measures

Diamond cutting

Automatic machine work ...

Switchboard work ...

Cable jointer and meter fixer

Agriculture ...

Forestry

Forestry

Where held
Wrexham Garden Village

,, Corporation Elec. Dept.
Colwyn Bay Urban District Council

Plas Power Colliery Co., Broughton
Messrs. Francis and Sons, Colwyn Bay
Messrs. W. Aston and Sons, Johnstown
Messrs. Fletcher, Wrexham
Messrs. Francis and Sons, Colwyn Bay

Mr. E. Jones, Wrexham
North Wales Toy Factory
Messrs. H. D. Carter
Education Offices, Ruthin
Vale of Clwyd Toy Workshop

Messrs. Butt and Co., Wrexham
County Inspector, Wrexham

Acton Park, Wrexham
Phoenix Works, Rhuddlan
Rhyl Electricity Works
Rhyl Urban District Council

Madryn Castle Farm School
GwydyrUchaf, Rhydycrena, Bettws-y-

Coed, Penrhyn
Lake Vymwy, Liverpool Corporation

SOUTH WALES AREA.

Superintending Inspector — T,
Secretary of Joint

Glamorgan

Caidiflf

Newport

L. Jenkins, Esq., Rooms 6 and 7, Metropolitan Bank Buildings,
Castle Square, Swansea.

Disablement Committee — S. Ackland, Esq., 28-30, Western Mail
Chambers, Cardiff.

Electrical work (mining) ...
Mechanical work (mining) ...
Chemical work (mining)
Surveyors and tracers

Ferro-concrete work

Magneto work

Colliery weighsmen

Horticulture

Boot-making and repairing...

Commercial

Tailoring

General preliminary educa-
tional class
"Cinema work...

Architectural draughtsman-
ship

Clerical work

Cabinet-making

Jewellery .„

Upholstery ..-

Treforest School of Mines,

Green Farm Colony
Technical Institute

Penylan Cinema, Cardiff
Technical Institute

354

REVEILLE

Local Committee
Rhondda
Swansea

Radnorshire
Llanelly

Process
Boot repairing

"Dental mechanics
Motor mechanics
Engineering ...
Draughtsmanship
Steel works chemist ...
Cleaning and making

jewellery
Watch and clock repairing ...
Coach painting

Motor tractor work

Commercial work

Massage and electro-medical

treatment
Commercial ...

Where held
Council School, Lhvynpia
Technical College

of School of Arts and Crafts

Rock Spa Institute, Llandrindod Wells
Business College

Rock Spa Institute, Llandrindod

Wells
Higher Elementary School

LONDON AREA.

Supet intending Inspector — Wills Taylor, Esq., 19, Abingdon Street, S.W.i.
Secretary (London W. P. C.) — Mrs. Wood, 43, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.i.

London

*Cinema work

*Tailoring

Electrical work

Commercial work

Architectural draughtsman-
ship
*Boot making and repairing

and leather work
*Leather goods

Motor mechanics
*Dental mechanics

Baking and confectionery ...

Cutting of precious stdnes ...

Military embroidery ...

Press and tool making

Cigar making...

Scientific glass blowing

Lip reading ...

Nautical cookery

Printing

Scientific instrument making

Gold and silver smiths' work

Watch and clock repairing ...
Electrical sub-station work...
Watch and clock repairing ...
Cabinet making

Drawing and design (furniture)

Machine work

Upholstery
Chair making...
Wood carving

Printing

Commercial work

Brickwork

Carpentry and joinery

Masonry

Painting and decorating

Plumbing

Builder's office work

Optical mechanics

Commercial work ...

Regent Street Polytechnic

Cordwainers' College

Workshops
Battersea Polytechnic
Borough Polytechnic

»» »>

Workshops, Hatton Gardens, E.C.
Miss Symonds, 399, Oxford Street
Metalcrafts Training Institute
Workshops in London
Muller, Orme and Co., Holborn
Fitzroy Lip Reading College
Sailors's Home School
St. Bride's Institute
Various Workshops

School of Arts and Crafts and work-
shops
Northampton Institute

>» »>

Horological Institute
Shoreditch Technical Institute and
workshops

School of Art, Kensington, and work-
shops

St. Bride's Foundation School of
Printing

Clark's College

Brixton School of Building

Various workshops, &c.
Pitman's School

TABLE C

355

SOUTH-EAST SCOTLAND AREA.

Superintending Inspector — W. L. Howe, Esq., 42, Frederick Street, Edinburgh.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — Sir Thomas Hunter, City Chambers, Edinburgh.

Local Committee

Process

Where held

Edinburgh . . .

... Upholstery

Tynecastle School and Workshops
&c., Edinburgh

French polishing

»> »t »»

Cabinet making

)* I) >*

Motor tractor work

)) i> ,1

Tailoring

>> M ?,

Boot-making and repairing ...

West Fountainbridge School

Commercial

,, „ and Edin
burgh School Board

Dental mechanics

Dental Hospital and School

Engineering

Heriot Watt College

Motor engineering

»i i»

Drawing

>» »»

Sub-station work

>* >i

Electrical work

j> i>

Haddington...

.. Agriculture

Ground of Scottish Veterans, Long

niddry
Technical Institute and local factories

Hawick

.. Tweed and hosiery manu-

facture

Galashiels ...

.. Woollen manufacture

South Scotland Technical College

Midlothian ...

.. Hand loom weaving

Messrs. A. J. McNab, Edinburgh

SOUTH-WEST SCOTLAND AREA.

Superintending Inspector— ]. F. Shillaker, Esq., 38, Bath Street, Glasgow.

Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee— YL, R. S. Wood, Esq., 48, West Nile Street,

Glasgow.

Ayrshire

Glasgow

Lanarkshire
Renfrewshire

Fancy box making ...

.Bee keeping

Poultry keeping
Gardening

*Hand tailoring

Mine firemen ...

Wireless telegraphy

*Boot making and repairing ...

*Cinematography

Commercial classes ...

Furniture

Motor mechanics

Hair dressing...

Toy making ...

Box making ...

Saw milling ...

Acetylene welding

Basket making

Umbrella-frame making, um-
brella repair and finishing,
and umbrella silk cutting

Tweed weaving

French polishing

Machinery

Upholstery

Cabinet making

Chair making...

W. A. Smith, Ltd., Mauchline

West of Scotland Agricultural College

Technical College

Messrs. R. and J. Allan, Glasgow

B.B. Cinemas, Glasgow

Athenaeum

Messrs. Wylie, Lochhead, Kent Road,

Glasgow
Apex Motor Engineering Co., Glasgow
Mr. Jones' Workrooms, 61, Park Road
Messrs. Anderson and Henderson

Glasgow Technical School
Mr. John Dove, 44, St. Andrew's Sq.
Geo. Preston and Co., Union Street,
Glasgow

Messrs. A. and J. MacNab, Strathaven

Messrs. John McGregor and Sons,
Potterfield, Renfrew

356

REVEILLE

CENTRAL SCOTLAND AREA.
Superintending Inspector — W. L. Howe, Esq., 42, Frederick Street, Edinburgh.

Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — F. L. Humphrey, Esq., 30, Whitehall Street

Dundee.

Local Committee

Dundee

Fifeshire

Perthshire ...
Forfar

Process

Agriculture

Clerical work

Boot making and repairing

Gardening
Cabinet making

Mining

Electrical engineering

Mechanical engineering

Recording;

Forestry

Gardening ... .... ^

Motor engineering ...

Where held

Skerry's, Bruce's, and Paton's Colleges
Messrs. Carmichael and Sons, and

Messrs. Malone
St. Andrew's Provincial College, Dundee
Messrs. Justice and Sons, Dundee
School of Mining, Cowdenbeath
Fife Mining School, Cowdenbeath

Keir, Dunblane
»> »»

Messrs. Alexander, Simpson and Co.
Castle Street, Forfar

NORTH-WEST SCOTLAND AREA.

Superintending Inspector — Major Sir John Sinclair, Bt., D.S.O., Caledonian Hotel, Inverness.

Joint Secretaries 0/ Disablement Committee — Charles Michie, W. Murison, Orthopaedic
Annexe, Charlotte Street, Aberdeen.

Aberdeen

Architecture

Electrical work

Cookery (nautical)

Artistic wood and metal work
Stonecutters and masons
Boot repairing
Mechanical engineering

Languages

.Wireless telegraphy ...
Commercial work

Hand work ...
Aircraft manufacture
Hand loom weaving...

Robert Gordon Technical College

Scottish Wireless College

Under School Board (Lawrence's School

of Shorthand)
School Board of Aberdeen
Scottish Aircraft Factory, Forberfield
Seaforth Hand Loom Weaving, Cults,

near Aberdeen

NORTH IRELAND AREA.

Superintending Inspector and Secretary of /oint Disablement Committee-
24, Mayfair, Arthur Square, Belfast.

■H. G. Stevenson,

Belfast

Co. Armagh.

Londonderry
Portadown .

Commercial work

Boot repairing

Tailoring

Hair dressing

Jewellery ' ...

Hotel servants

Trunk making

Hand loom weaving

Clog making and boot
repairing

Commercial work ,

Cloth passers

Wood work and cabinet

making, including metal

work

Skerry's College
Technical School

Messrs. McDowell & Co, High Street
Various hotels

Erskine and Sons, Ltd., North Street
Blighty Homespuns

Joseph Hoy, Armagh

Hughes' Academy, Foyle Street
Technical School

TABLE C

357

MIDLAND IRELAND AREA

Superintending Inspector— C. A. Pim, Esq., 42, York Street, Dublin.
Secretary's Address— i^z, York Street, Dublin.

Local Committ««
Dublin

King's County
Wexford

Co. Kildare ...

Process

Care of horses

Optical instruments ...
Motor mechanics

Boot repairing

Manufacture of artificial limbs
Carpentry

Clerical

Cutlery repairing

Hotel assistants

Tailors' cutters

Watch and clock jobbing . . .

Forestry

Rough gardening

Basket making

Furniture making ...

Toy making

Toy making

Boot and shoe repairing

Harness & saddlery repairing
Motor tractor work

Where held

Riding Academy

Sir Howard Grubb & Sons

Technical School

Grendon & Sons, Kingstown

Messrs. Smith & Sheppard

Disabled Soldiers' Workshops

Ross's College, Mr. Sparkwell Brown

Messrs. Thoman, Read & Co.

Various hotels and clubs

Messrs. Horan's Workshops

Messrs. West, Weir, and Chancellor &
Sons

Department of Agriculture and Techni-
cal Instruction for Ireland

Albert Agricultural College, Glasnevin

Soldiers' and Sailors' Help Society

Messrs. Aylesbury, Edenderry

Enniscorthy Co-operative Agricultural
Society

»> »> j»

Joseph Millne, Kilgowan, and The
North Kildare Farming Soc. , Naas

SOUTH IRELAND AREA.

Superintending Inspector — C. A. Pim, Esq., 42, York Street, Dublin.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — City Hall, Cork,

County Cork ... Gardening Castle Martyr, Co. Cork

Tool and implement handle ,, „

making

Tipperary Boot and shoe making ... Training Centre in Tipperary

Harness repairing ,, „ ,,

Basket making ... ... ,, „ ,,

Commercial... ... ... „ „ ,,

Water ford Commercial Technical Institute, Waterford

Basket and hamper making „ ,, „

Limerick Basket and willow work ... Limerick Basket Co.

John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd., 83-91, Great Titchfield Street, London, W.

Advertisements

^HE need for a reliable preparation which can be prescribed as a
diet rather than a drug, makes itself felt especially in cases of

NEURASTHENIA, HYSTERIA, EPILEPSY,
AND MENTAL DISORDERS.

Where continuous bromide treatment is necessary, the daily use of

' Sedobrol ' combined with the withdrawal or limitation of salt, has

proved an excellent routine treatment. (Ulrich).

A Cup of Hot 'SEDOBROL'

has the flavour of a savoury bouillon, and is made in a few moments.

'Sedobrol' Roche contains 17 grs. (ii gm.) of Sod. Bromide in
combination with fat and spicy extractives of vegetable proteins.

' Sedobrol ' Roche is Palatable, Assimilable, and Safe,

Dose , One or more tablets at bedtime or whenrver necessary.
In tins of 10, 30, 60 & 100 tablets, of all Cbemists.

Descriptive literature and specimen from

The Hoffmann- La Roche Chemical Works. Ltd^
7-8 idol lane, london. e.g.

With Headquarters in Basle, Switzerland,

Established in 1898.

A SEDATIVE DIET

Face Inst mn'ter

VI

Advertisements

ARTIFICIAL LIMBS

MAKER OF

LEGS, FEET, ARMS, HANDS,

EARS, NOSES, CRUTCHES

and APPLIANCES.

Oiir "VICTOE" models are quite a
revelation in Artificial Legs. Comfortable,
sileut and perfect in movement. They give an
easy supple step, with a lightness hitherto
unknown.

SOLE MAKER OF THE FAMOUS "FLEXIBLE ' ARTIFiOIAL NOSE

Illustrated Catalogue and Self-measurement

Forms free upon application.

HORACE V. DUNCAN,

Consulting and Manufacturing Anatomical Mechanician,

16, YORK PLACE, BAKER STREET, LONDON, W. 1

(One minute Baker Street Station).

IfiT. R. GROSSffilTH'S

ARTIFICIAL

LEGS, ARMS, HANDS AND EYES.

Established in Fleet Street 1760.

Prize Medals :
LONDON, PARIS, DUBLIN, AND
ROEHAMPTON EXHIBITION. 1915.

Accurate Fitting Guaranteed.

Perfect Comfort. Extreme Lightness.

NATURAL MOVEMENT.

BRITISH MANUFACTURE THROUGHOUT.

Illustrated Catalogue Post Free of

W. R. GROSSMITH, 110, Strand, London,

Telephone: Gerrard 918.

Advertisements vii

Telephone-GERRARD 5864. T«l«Kram«— " E8PRINQAL, EU8TRD, LONDON."

A. E. EVANS,

38, FITZROY SXREST, JBI.1l.

Factory-HERTFORD PLACE, WHITFIELD STREET, W.I.

ORTHOP/EDIC APPARATUS to enable the
permanent or temporarily injured and deformed
to walk without crutches or sticks,

SPECIAL BOOTS for all feet troubles.

EVERY AID to enable war-crippled men to
resume work and become useful citizens.

CONTRACTOR TO HfS MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT.

Maker to the RoyaJ National Orthopaedic Hospital; Queen Mary
Hospital, Roehampton, &c., 6:c.

LONDON, BRUSSELS, BERNE, LAUSANNE and GENEVA.

AJTARDED GRAND PRIX, MED. CONGRESS, LONDON, 1918.

Contractor to the WAR OFFICE, BELGIAN COMMISSION and leading
MILITARY ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITALS.

me.,

Maison M. Schaerer, S*' A

British Manager and Director, Albert Edwards,
FOE THE FAMOUS AND GENUINE

ALBEE'S

BONE-GRAFTING SET.

Experts in STERILIZATION, OPERATING TABLES,
and HOSPITAL FURNITURE, &c.

Write for Particulars. 'Phone: Museum 1719.

Vlll

Advertisements

Actual
8ize.

TYCOS"

SPHYCMOIVIANOMETER

For determining both the DIASTOLIC
and SYSTOLIC Readings of

Arterial Blood Pressure.

The simplest and most quickly ad-
justed instrument for determining
Arterial Blood Pressure. No leather
cuff, hooks or buttons. Accuracy and
rapidity assured.

Sensitive but not delicate — soundly
constructed, not easily deranged.

CAN BE CARRIED IN THE POCKET IN ANY
POSITION, AND IS ALWAYS READY FOR USE.

Full particulars free on request. Instruments sent on
approval post free on receipt of card. ObtainabU from
all reputable dealers.
MANUFACTURED BY

MAODONALD ROAD, WALTHAMSTOW, LONDON, N.B.

LURENS
STERILE CATGUT.

Trade (Bartlett Process) Mark.

The Standard in the World's Largest Clinics

BECAUSE

It is the highest development of the catgut ligature.

It is sterile, antiseptic, supp'e, elastic, strong, easily seen.

will not untwist in using, and is more than usually

resistant to absorption.

THE ONLY IODINE CATGUT GUAKA TEED AGAINST DETERIORATION.
Sizes : 00-4 Plain ; 00-4 Tanned.

Write for free sample and Catalogue to —

josspm: jdavis.

Wholesale Agent,

13, POLAND STREET, LONDON, W. 1.

Advertisements

The Aibee Electro-Operative Bone Set.

LET NATURE'S OWN MATERIAL MEND UNUNITED FRACTURES.

By using Dr. Fred H. Albee's technique and the Genuine Albee Electro- Operative
Surgery Outfit you are sure of success. It is the only one in which the automatic
chuck is bound to be sterilized with the shell. Ask your Dealer for detailed
information and price list.

New Fracture and Orthopaedic Table

(Designed by Dr. Geo. W. Hawley, Assistant Surgeon at the Hospital for Ruptured
and Crippled, New York.)

This table was designed to provide for the suspension and immobilization of the
extremities and trunk without lifting or disturbing the patient. The flat table top is
made so that the large section drops, leaving a hip rest and back rest projecting.

The head end moves on rollers so that it can be adjusted to fit diflferent subjects-

The table can also be used for the application of jackets (recumbent position),
spica after excision of the breast, also in hernia work.

Manufactured by

THE KNY-SCHEEEEE CORPORATION,

404-10, West 27th Street, NEW YORK CITY.

Sole British Agents : —

M. FAVARGER & CO., 34, Bloomsbury Square, London, WX.i.

To be obtained through High-class Surgical Instrument Nouses.

GOLD MEDAL. DIPLOMA OF HONOUR. GRAND PRIX.

Member of the Jury and Hers Concours at International Exhibition.

AMYCAINE

(Bi-HydPoch!opide of Amyleine and Novocain).

The New French Anaesthetic. A substitute seven times less Toxic than Cocain.
Non-irritant, powerfully Haemostatic. It is antiseptic and unaffected either
by heat or light, while its action is rapid and lasting.

AMYCAINE

Is the finest Anaesthetic for both General and Local Anaesthesia, supporting the
heart and preventing the collapse of the patient owing to its powerful
HEMOSTATIC PROPERTIES. It has none of the disadvantages of Cocain or
Chloroform. No unpleasant>fter effects occur in the employment of AMYCAINE.

Opinion of a Public Health Officer :—

"I have used your AMYCAINE and find it rery satisfactory."

M.D., D.P.H.

SAMPLE AND LITERATURE ON APPLICATION.

Sole Agents for Great Britain, Colonies, Dominions and U.S.A. :

ADDCTCT P. on ^'*5' WOOL EXCHANGE,
• DnLLt I 01 UU<) london, e.g. 2.

'Phone Central 350-2. Inland Telegrams :" Abrtzic&l, 'Phone, Loudon.

Advertisements

Arthromctry, or The Measure-
ment of the Movements of Joints.

Being Notes of a New and Simple System
for showing the Mobility of Injured Limbs
by means of an Instrument called an Arthro-
meter. By W. Wilbbaham Falconeb,
Superintendent of Mechanical Treatment at
the Red Cross Clinic for the Physical Treat-
ment of Disabled Officers. Foreword by
R. FOETESOUE Fox, M.D. Price 2/6 net,
postage 4d.

The Future of the
Disabled Soldier.

By C. W. HuTT, M.A., M.D.Cantab.,
D.P.H.Oxford. Crown 8vo. With 11 full
page Illustrations. Price 6s. net, postage 6d.

The Discharged
Consumptive Soldier.

By Thomas Denman, Clerk to the Brighton

Insurance Committee. Crown 8vo. Price

Is. net, postage 2d.

Religion and Realities.

By Dr. Henby Maudsley. Crown 8vo,

Cloth, gilt lettered. Price 8s. 6d. net.

postage 4d.

Mind and the Nation.

By J. H. Paesons. Demy Bvo. Price
7s. 6d. net, postage 6d.

Rural Water Supplies and
their Purification.

By Sir A. C. Houston, K.B.E., M.B. Cloth.
Price 7s. 6d. net, postage 6d.

The Problem of the Nations:

A Study in the Causes, Symptoms, and
Bffects of Sexual Disease, and the
Education of the Individual Therein.

By A. CoBBETT- Smith, M.A.Oxon., F.R.G.S.

Royal 8vo. Cloth. Price Is. 6d. net,

postage 8d.

A Lecture on Means for
the Prolongation of Life.

By Sir Herman Weber, M.D., F.R.C.P.

Fourth Edition. Demy 8vo, pp. 246, cloth.

Price 4s. 6d. net.

On the Influence of Muscular
Exercise on Longevity.

By Sir Herman Weber, M.D., F.R.C.P.
Fcap. Svo. 6d. net, postage 2d.

A Searchlight on Germany,

Germany's Blunders, Crimes and
Punishment.

By Dr. William T. Hornaday, Member Board

of Trustees, American Defence Society.

Price 3d. net, postage Id.

BLENOSAN

CAPSULES

As a routine
treatment for

BENITO -URINARY CONDITIONS,

BLENOSA.N is a mixture of the finest
East India Santal Oil with a specially
prepared fluid extract of Kava-Kava. It
is presented in the form of accurately-
measured Capsules, and affords an ideal
medicament for the treatment of all
inflammatory conditions of the urethra.

BLENOSAN is an improvement upon
the ordinary Santal, and the full pro-
portion of the alpha resin of Kava-Kava
ensures all the ansesthetic and diuretic
properties of the root in a standardised
and dependable form.

BLENOSAN CAPSULES conse-
quently are indicated in all pathological
conditions which affect the genito-urinary
system, including acute Cystitis, Vagi-
nitis, and Leucorrhcea, and where intense
hypereemia and swelling of the mucous
membrane give rise to a diminution of
the urinary canal.

BLENOSAN CAPSULES are well
adapted for the continuous and system-
atic treatment of such cases, and are
being used with excellent results by
many of the most experienced and
successful Physicians.

BLENOSAN CAPSULES can be
prescribed for a course of treatment
extending over two or three weeks.

SPECIMENS and LITERATURE sent on APPLI-
CATION to MEDICAL PRAGTITIONBRS and
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTS.

JOHN BiLE, SONS & DiNIELSSON, Ltd.,

83-91, Ot. Titchfield St., Loudon, W. 1.

ROBERT FERRER, Ltd.,

Manufacturing Chemists,

98-lOi, Oakley Street, Westminster Bridge
Road, LONDON, S.E. 1.

Telegrams

Ferbfcbimus, Lamb, London."
'Phone : Hop 1904.

Canadian Office :

Stevenson Building (Room 305),

110, Church Street, TORONTO,

ONTARIO.

Advertisements

CORY BROTHERS ZT^^'.^TZ'^r.

SUPPLY- rBatabltMbed BiMbt YearMj

^^^anl^^ SURGICAL ENAMELLED,

INVALID DRESSINGS GLASS

FURNITURE: APPLIANCES: Ch"nA WARE.

ESTIMATES (free) for the Equipment of

Red Cross and Private Emergency Hospitals

At low competitive prices.
A Senior Representative will call by appointment.

P»tronU«d by the War Office, British Bed Cross Society, French, Belgian and Serbian

Relief Funds, ftc.

Telegram: TO^phone:

CoRTBBosiM, LosDOK. MuscL'M 1152-3 (2 lines).

CORY BROS., S4 & 56, Mortimer St., London, W. 1.

I (Bight doors from GREAT P0RTL4HD STREET, W. 1.)

DEFORMITIES OF THE FEET

UNSIGHTLY HIGH BOOTS ABOLISHED.

Booklet " Mechanical Orthopedics " free to members of the Profewion.
Pamphlet " Appliances for the Lame " sent free to readers mentioning this magazine.

Appliances supplied to the War Office, Principal Hospitals, &e.
Gold Medals and Awards obtained London, Paris, Chicago, &c.

THE O'CONNOR EXTENSION CO.,

SURGICAL BOOT SPECIALISTS,

2, Bloomsbury Street, London, W.C. 1.

Telephone: 2142 MUSEUM.

Surgical Manufacturing Company
ASEPTIC FURNITURE formOSPITALS,

R. 7140.
Aseptic Table.

25 X 16 2S X 16 3D X 18

£380 £3 1S0 £4 76

R. 7 £83.

Aseptic Table,

Extending.
£4 0 0

R. 7147.
All Metal Table.

25 X 16

£2 2 0

,^:^:"'-\*'^^^^f^r

A

R. 7143.
Anaesthetic Table.

16 X 16

£4 4 0

R. 7161.
Aseptic Table.

36 X 12

£4 15 0

R. 7165.
Aseptic Table.

25 X 16 28 X 16 30 X 18

£4 5 0 £4 15 0 £5 5 0

HOSPITAL LOCKERS.

Prices according to Quantity.

R. 7260. R. 7264. R. 7263. R. 7278.

General Catalogue of Hospital accl iDvalid FDrnitore, Ac, post free on application.

83-85, MORTIMER STREET, LONDON, W.I.

(Two doors from Great Portland Street. W. 1.)

PsS587/22649/2a8/^9-18/2,^,000. Johh Balk, Sons & Dakibmson, Ltd., 88-91, Gt. Titch»i«ld St., Lokdow, W.l.

London: PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE
To be purchased through any Bookseller or directly from H.M. Btationeey Officb

•t the following addresses ;
Imperial House, Kingsway, London, W.C. 2, and 28, Abingdon Stbeet, London, S.W. 1 ;

27_ PWTTRTl STnWTTT VfAKrHirtWW.lt ' 1^ Ht. AKTiTJTTW'R r.TtWRrTTVn" CknTtlfrir ' 93 "POTITW STREKT..

DEVOTED TO THE DISABLED SAILOR & SOLDIER
EDITOR -JOHN GALSWORTHY

ASSISTANT editor: ---CS EVANS

No. 3. FEBRUARY, ISI9.

Artists who were at the Front (No.3)
An English Mother (Poem)

Spirit and Letter

How Paris Welcomed the King

Picket: July, I9I6

The Loser

Soldiers Two

Night on the Convoy

The Appeal

The Why of the King's Fund ...
Pensions and Parliaments

The Progress of Training
Australia and Canada

The Cost of Consumption

The Ex-OfHcer Problem

Treatment by Speech and Song

Converting the Public

The Pilkington Hospital

Land Settlement and the Disabled

**The Crystal Horse"

Sospan Fach ; Sacrifice ;

Nov. 11,1918

A Brown Girl spoils the Picture...

Views of Employers

Les Blesses

Illustrations

"A Green Hill Far Away" ...

Death in Battle

"The Awful Tournament"

Miscellaneous. Summary of the

Max Beerbohm
Robert Bridges
John Galsworthy
Edith Wharton
H. Granville Barker
Hilaire Belloc
Elizabeth Robins
Siegfried Sassoon

Will Dyson

The Rt. Hon. John Hodge, M.P.

Lt.-Col. Sir Arthur Griffith-

Boscawen, M.P.
Major Robert Mitchell, C.B.E.
Lt.-Col. Long ; Lt. Morton ; H. A.

Kennedy ; Col. Tory
Economist
H. B. C. Pollard
Lt.-Col. Frederick W. Mott, M.D.,

F.R.S.
Douglas G. McMurtrie, U.S.A.
James R. K«rr
Major Harding ; T. H. Mawson ;

Dr. Forteseue Fox

William Nicholson

Robert Graves ; Chris Massie ;

Ralph Mottram
A. Neil Lyons
Roger T. Smith ; A. H.
English Orderly
T. Hilditch ; Dr. R M. Walmstey ;

Clark's College; James Savidge
John Galsworthy
Clive Hamilton
Jean de Bosschere

Royal Warrant. Tables.

1*^=^

HALF-

Advertisements

The ftlbee Electro-Operative Bone Set.

LET NATURE'S OWN MATERIAL MEND UNUNITED FRACTURES.

By using Dr. Fred H. Albee's technique and the Genuine Albee Electro- Operative
Surgery Outfit you are sure of success. It is the only one in which the automatic
chuck is bound to be sterilized with the shell. Ask your Dealer for detailed
information and price list.

New Fracture and OrthopaBdic Table

{Designed by De. Geo. W. Hawley, Assistant Surgeon at the Hospital for Buptured

and Crippled, New York.)

This table was designed to provide for the suspension and immobilization of the

extremities and trunk without lifting or disturbing the patient. The flat table top ia

made so that the large section drops, leaving a hip rest and back rest projecting.

The head end moves on rollers so that it can be adjusted to fit different subjects*

The table can also be used for the application of jackets (recumbent position),

spica after excision of the breast, also in hernia work.

Manufactured by

THE KNY-SCHEEKER CORPOEATION,

404-10, West 27th Street, NEW YORK CITY.

Sole British Agents : —

M. FAVARGER & CO., 34. Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.i.

To be obtained through High-class Surgical Instrument Houses.

LONDON, BRUSSELS, BERNE, LAUSANNE and GENEVA.

AWARDED GRAND PRIX, MED. CONGRESS, LONDON, 1913.

Contractor to the WA.E OFFICE, BELGIAN COMMISSION and leading
MILITARY ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITALS.

me..

Maison M. Schaerer, S*' A

British Manager and Director, Albert Edwards,

41, BQi*nex*s Sti»©€it, IST. 1,

FOB THE FAMOUS AND GENUINE

ALBEE'S

BONE-GRAFTING SET.

Experts in STERILIZATION, OPERATING TABLES,
and HOSPITAL FURNITURE, &c.

Write for Particulan. Phone : Musbum 1719.

A

n

^

-^

\,

r

%1

i^P^^^^r^WIIS^

:!?

i^H

^<^i^-^

REVEILLE.

No. 3. FEBRUARY, 1919.

AN ENGLISH MOTHER

(On looking into Masefield's "Old Front Line").
By ROBERT BRIDGES.

No country know I so well as this landscape of Hell.

Why bring you to my pain the shadow'd effigys

Of barb'd wire, riven trees, the corpse-strewn blasted plain ?

And the names — Hebuterne, Bethune and La Bassee —

I have nothing to learn — Contalmaison, Boisselle,

And one where night and day my heart would pray and dwell ;

A desert sanctuary, where in holy vigil

Year-long I have held my faith against th'imaginings

Of horror and agony, in an ordeal above

The tears of suffering, with aid of an angel :

This was the temple of God ; no mortuary of kings

Ever gather'd the spoils of such chivalry and love ;

No pilgrim shrine soe'er hath assembled such prayer—

With rich incense-wafted ritual and requiem,

Not beauteous batter'd Rheims, nor lorn Jerusalem.

December, 191 7.
24

The Writers alone are responsible for the Opinions
expressed in their Articles.

SPIRIT AND LETTER.

By JOHN GALSWORTHY.

How difficult it is to keep the breath of life in any large work
of public utility. How fatally easy to become bureaucratic and
treat creatures of flesh and blood as if they were automatons.
To change from keen folk only too ready to help, into formal
persons carrying on from a sense of duty, is an unconscious
process only too rapidly accomplished.

Slow petrifaction of eager humanity by the drip thereon of
forms is minor tragedy being played all the time on thousands
of tiny stages. Nor is that drip the only petrifying agency.
Those of us who have dabbled in philanthropy know well what
paralysis can come over sympathy out of mere damned iteration.
In truth man is not constituted to deal out sympathy and living-
helpfulness wholesale ; at least, he very rarely is. He loves
helping Tom, he likes helping Dick, he wonders if he likes
helping Harry, and is sure he dislikes helping Bartholomew.
Fortunately, this fatal decrescendo is retarded in the matter of
our disabled by consciousness of a debt owed and a genuine
desire to pay it ; but it is not wholly overcome, it cannot be,
while man remains what he is, a being who needs novelty to
keep eagerness alive within him. And the worst of it is, no
disabled man who comes for help and sympathy is petrified.
No, indeed ! His case is as new to himself as a bud just
opened ; his feelings as real and poignant as departmental
sympathy is liable to become blunt and weary.

Just think what lies behind every letter written by a dis-
abled man to the Ministry of Pensions or to his Local Com-
mittee, and of what has gone on in the soul of him before he
forces his body to enter precincts where his future shall be
wrapped into filled-up forms and bandied from one to another.
We never realize how passionately we prize our independence
and how deeply interesting we find our own futures until we
have to submit them to be delved into, docketed and doled out.

SPIRIT AND LETTER 361

And to have to submit them at the end ot four years of risk
and hardship and pain which have saved the country must
indeed seem like insult added unto injuries.

Departments are no less sensitive than individuals, and we
intend no unkindness by these remarks — far from it, being very
conscious that we should not be able to keep as soft beneath the
drip of forms or remain as sympathetic under iteration as do
most of our officials. Departments are as human nature makes
them, and human nature must always be taken with a prayer.
Many devoted men and women are working departmentally for
the disabled : they deserve nothing but sympathy and respect,
and certainly receive them in full measure from ourselves.
They are serving their country, often by a patient, featureless
labour which should earn them crosses of merit.

But the fact remains that in departments generally '* forms"
tend to bury human sympathy, as falling leaves to bury babes ;
they mean delays, and delays are dangerous. If, then, we may
venture, we urge departments ever to keep before their eyes and
minds the intense reality, the agonizing importance that each
"case" which comes before them has for the man who is that
case. We English are not good at wearing our hearts on our
sleeves nor adepts at showing our feelings. Of the disabled
who come — nervous, stolid, stoical, surly — all could a tale
unfold of issues so moving to themselves that each formality
and delay must seem to them almost ridiculous ; and many
no doubt could sit down and cry at what seems to them the slow
inadequacy of things, if crying were permitted to a Briton.

Without " forms " confusion would, of course, be worse con-
founded, but between that confusion and delays which produce
in the minds of countless sufferers from the war a rankling
sense that justice is being grudged them, there is a mean
which, if not golden, is at all events far better than either of
those extremes. It is worth while to take many risks to
save sending men away with the feeling that they were owed
bread and have been given stones. Now that we have the
measure of this great problem at last, we hope it may be
possible to open the money bags wider, and to bring forth their
contents quicker. We hope the time has come, too, to see
whether " forms " can be reduced in number, simplified in
phrase, and issued faster. A sense of injustice among silver-

362 REVEILLE

badge men is ill-balanced by a few millions saved to the pockets
of us taxpayers. To put it on the lowest ground, the unrest
which a sense of injustice will cause in this country for the next
generation will cost taxpayers fivefold those few millions in
the long run. Better be recklessly liberal than even more
recklessly thrifty.

In our conviction the really successful man in the affairs of
this life is not, as most suppose, the hard-headed bargainer,
but he who of his own accord ever offers rather more than his
neighbour, or opponent, would naturally expect to get, provided,
always, that he offers out of a good heart. In this particular
matter of our disabled we would all, including the Treasury
(no less composed of human beings than other departments),
prefer to be generous ; but we all seem to be afraid for each
others' pockets. Under the weight of this vicarious caution,
the breath of life is in danger of being squeezed out of what
should be a work of broad and human gratitude. We have
spent money like water to win the war ; dare we grudge money
to put on their feet again those whom we have used in the
winning ?

The great trouble, of course, has been the alarming rise in
the cost of living. Pensions and allowances which seemed
generous, became skimpy. The price of food, fuel, lighting,
and perhaps clothing will come down rather quickly now ;
if not, there are very hard times in front of British Industry.
We hope wages will remain comparatively high, but unless
they are lowered to some extent, industry, even on a profit-
sharing basis, will never pay its way under Peace conditions.
The first need of Peace, therefore, is the employment of
released energy in producing food, coal, and better and more
abundant transport, for unless the prime costs of living are
lowered wages cannot be.

Many of the other costs of living, however, such as taxes,
rates, rents, furniture, and amusements are likely to remain
high, much longer than food or coal. In any case the assess-
ment of increase to pensions and allowances is extraordinarily
difficult. The costs and conditions of life will be shifting for
some time to come. And in future the average cost of living,
carefully calculated, should surely be made known, monthly at
least, in order that the public may be acquainted at all times

SPIRIT AND LETTER 363

with the exact proportion which wages, pensions, allowances,
&c., bear to that cost. One of the chief reasons of social bitter-

^ness and suspicion in the past has been such general ignorance

[on this important point that public opinion has never been able
to judge the merits of discontent for itself. Pensions and
illowances have recently been increased by a 20 per cent.
)onus ; but even that generous addition hardly makes up as
^et for the rise in the cost of living. Men still hesitate

[to take training ; for human nature is very fond of the

lird in the hand. The counter-attractions of war- work

rages are of course diminishing already, but the change is

>low, and it is now that disabled men who cannot take up

[their old work must be trained if they are to hold their own
^hen demobilization is in full blast.

If the breath of life is to be kept in this work of restoration,

\elasiic financial help is a vital consideration. We should like,

for instance, to see swifter discretionary powers given to the

local committees to tide men over tight places ; a momentary

'ant of money is a very usual block on the line of a man's

[new departure. We should like to see (though this by no

[means affects disabled men alone) all officers and men whom
the country trains for agriculture supplied with capital really
sufficient to start them in their new calling. To put men on
the land, without a fair chance of making good there, would be
flagrant instance of fulfilling the letter of restoration and
leglecting its spirit. The two essentials of settlement on the
land, whether of able or disabled soldiers, are, first, most careful
>election of the candidate, and, second, adequate financial
)acking. In every direction we should prefer to see the State
;oing a little in advance of disabled men's demands, instead of
lagging a little or far behind them, out of too tender regard
for the taxpayer's pocket. What sort of sanctity would that
)ocket now be enjoying if it had not been for these disabled
len ? It goes without saying that we want neither folly nor
extravagance, but we do want very great liberality.

There are those debateable cases, too, where the sufferer's
private sense of justice turns away lacerated by refusal based
on the letter of the law. Take the much-vexed question of
whether illness — say tuberculosis — for which a man is discharged
was caused or aggravated by military service. Such a man,

364 REVEILLE

if his medical board decides that it was not so caused or
aggravated, receives free sanatorium treatment and separation
allowances while he is there, but no pension. He cannot be
kept indefinitely in a sanatorium ; he will not be permanently
cured when he is discharged, he will only have learned under
what conditions he can keep the disease arrested ; but he will
have no pension to help him to those conditions. He naturally
says to himself: "They passed me fit when I went into the
Army : they were glad enough to get me. I did my bit.
In doing it I developed this which was not developed when
they passed me in, or they would not or should not have
done so. / ought to have a pension^ Logically he may not be
right ; his military life may have been holding the disease down
rather than exciting it. But our point is this : The letter of the
Law forbids the pension. The spirit ought to welcome the
chance of giving it. Such cases may be few, but tuberculosis
is only one of the many diseases for which men are discharged,
and many a mickle makes a muckle. Far better to take a little
more liberty with taxpayers' pockets, than to risk the lives,
or the future earning power, of men who have so well served
their country, and send them away fasting, but full of indig-
nation. The State, like the humblest citizen, cannot have it
both ways. If it talks — as talk it does, with the mouth of
every public man who speaks on this subject — of heroes, and of
doing all it can for them, then it must not cheese-pare as well,
for that makes it ridiculous. Britain has climbed the high
moral horse — as usual — over the great question of our disabled ;
she cannot stay in that saddle if she rides like a slippery lawyer.
In all cases of doubt, then, let us err on the side of generosity.
So much for spirit and letter on the economic side. On the
human side the need for breadth and living sympathy is even
more important. If we were a hard-driven official buried up
to the eyes in work, we should be exasperated if we were
urged by some irresponsible pen to be broader and more
sympathetic ; but if we were a disabled soldier making an
attempt to get on terms with life again we should be still more
exasperated if we were met with a lack of breadth and sympathy.
The gods have been good to us who, by accident, have stayed
at home, and very evil to these our brothers who went out to
fight. Whether we be officials, employers, or merely people in

SPIRIT AND LETTER 365

the street, anything we can do for them can at least be done
patiently, ungrudgingly, with a real desire to forestall their
wants ; for otherwise we are weighed in the balance and found
to be base metal. In all this work, changes in the Warrant,
alteration in machinery, renewals of personality, must be for
ever going on. The one thing which need not change is the
spirit in which we try to serve those who have truly served us.
It is lugubrious indeed to think that in the hearts of many
men injured in this war there burns, sometimes fiercely, a feeling
that the country they have served is grudging them a fair
recovery and a decent living. The country is not grudging
it to them, but, because there is so much ''letter" to the
work of restoration, with all that this^ means of delay, of hope
deferred, and sick hearts, it must often seem so. " Letter," we
well know, is necessary, only it should be watched and kept in
bounds as much as possible, even though our officials are hard-
worked, often over-driven. To a man who is hungry the know-
ledge that a benevolent person has a full meal waiting for him in
a room with a padlocked door is of little use. Men judge intention
by very simple things. Little obstacles seem to them as big as
mountains. When their wives and children want this necessary
or that and they themselves the other, and those necessaries are
not quickly forthcoming, the State may proclaim its good inten-
tions all day to ears which have no power of hearing. The
disabled soldier is often no doubt an impatient and restive man
— what should we be if we had lived his life these last four years ?
So much the more need for patience and sympathy in those who
want to help him. Understanding is what he wants, more even
than he wants larger pensions and better allowances. He wants
to feel that those whose duty and pleasure it is to deal with his
hard case can realize the nature of that case in terms of human
emotion, that they can really understand how such and such
extra amount means that he won't have to watch a woman or a
child he loves growing bleak and pinched in the face, or feel
himself always a little below par from want of proper food, or
air, or leisure ; that to get a training in what he really fancies,
instead of in what others fancy for him, may mean all the
difference between an interesting future and blank drudgery ;
that to go back under a doctor who has begun his cure and
gained his confidence, would be half the battle of recovery.

366

REVEILLE

We repeat our admiration of the devoted work so many
men and women are doing ; we record our conviction that
in the Minister who is now laying down office we have had a
leader who has always encouraged to the full of his powers the
human side of this great question ; and we think that the
Ministry of Pensions, considering all its difficulties, has done
better than could ever have been expected. But in a world
where mstchines rule, and we strike more and more the statis-
tical attitude, we need all the broad humanism we can get,
so that when an applicant comes into office or institution he
may always feel friendliness around him, and know that he will
be treated not in accordance with the letter, but with the spirit
of the law.

Z^7

HOW PARIS WELCOMED THE KING.

By EDITH WHARTON.

It was a great pity that it rained so hard! Everybody, of
course, tried to make the best of it. The facetious said it was
"more English," and the sentimental that *' all the sunshine
was in our hearts."

But, all the same, there was a sense of general disappoint-
ment at Nature's strange oversight (her first since the signing
of the Armistice) in neglecting to turn on the sunshine in
honour of one of the greatest Days that civilization has ever
known. Besides, the good people of Paris, who had been so
lavish of their bunting, at a time when bunting costs as much
as butter, would have liked King George to see their Union
Jacks challenging the breeze instead of weeping into the
gutters.

However, there it was ; there the rain was. It came early,
determined not to miss a moment of the show, and in fact
arrived in time to spread a nice brown carpet of grease all the
way from the end of the crimson carpet rolled down the steps
of the Bois de Boulogne Station, to the beginning of the one
rolled down the steps of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

There was one good thing, as it turned out, about this
early-bird behaviour of the rain ; for it set about with such
matutinal zeal to drench decorations and spread mud that
everybody knew from the first what was to be expected, and
prepared accordingly. And, moreover, when the King actually
arrived, the senseless extravagance of the downpour had led to
bankruptcy (as any thrifty experienced cloud-committee could
have told it) ; so that all umbrellas were furled before the
crash of the first gun announced that the royal train had
reached Paris.

Even if the rain had kept up, the high spirits of the crowd
would have defied it ; and to see it sneaking away just as the
show began added to the general hilarity by reminding the
lookers-on of a certain '* strategical retreat " which had set it
the example not so many weeks ago.

So, towards two o'clock of November 28, 191 8, the rain
left Paris just as King George reached it ; and the royal and

o

68 REVEILLE

presidential and ministerial carriages rolled down the Avenue
du Bois de Boulogne and the Champs Elys6es under an
inoffensive grey sky, and between thousands and thousands
of dripping but rejoicing people.

Then, as the cannon roared (at last with such a peaceful
roar I), and the crowds grew denser and the cheers louder, one
began to be actually glad of the rain, glad of the wet flags, the
demoralized wreaths, the wrecked decorations ; for they left no
semblance of a stage-setting between Paris and the guest she
was greeting, no possibility of an idea that the public was **out
for the fun,'' and not for the event that occasioned it.

No : Paris had stood there for hours in the rain for the
conscious deliberate purpose of showing her great Ally how
she loved him ; and even to a spectator placed, as I was, on
a balcony of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and cut off from
a sight of the immense crowds in the Champs Elys6es and the
Place de la Concorde, there was no mistaking the unanimity
of their welcome.

How many thousands and thousands of French throats
must it not have taken to send up that mighty continuous roar
that came to us through the trees and across the river in the
thick, muffled, rainy air ? The French are not natural-born
cheerers ; all Anglo-Saxons in Paris must have been surprised
at their inarticulateness on Armistice Day. They can sing and
talk and quarrel with the best, but they are too civilized to
vent their emotions in mere shouting ; yet when the King
came they found their voices, and roared and roared as if they
had been British or American, or both in one.

It was a magnificent and mighty show, that short quiet-
coloured line of victorias and landaus driving slowly down
between two walls of shouting spectators ; a plain unadorned
show, symbolic rather than pictorial, as democratic shows tend
to be ; but all the better for that, since it brought the public
and the protagonist so much nearer to each other.

It was a magnificent and mighty show ; and no one
appreciated its significance and importance, or rejoiced in both,
more than the Americans in Paris, who know how all-essential
it is for the welfare of the world that the great sister nations
facing each other across the Channel should unreservedly
rejoice and be glad in each other's honour.

I lay a special stress on America's warm participation in

HOW PARIS WELCOMED THE KING 369

the King's welcome because, as every one knows, one of the
subtlest devices of recent German propaganda has been to play
off American popularity in France against British. I suspect that»
since our troops and the British have been on French soil, we
have both of us been, in turn, popular and unpopular, and that
the supposed general attitude towards us has really been, in
most cases, the individual attitude of some particular Frenchman,
soldier, civil servant, tradesman, shopkeeper, or whoever you
choose, who happened to have a momentary grievance against
a particular Briton or American, or a momentary reason for
applauding one or the other of our races, and who aired his
satisfaction or his grievance.

Most generalizations, when run to earth, turn out to have
originated in some one person's drawing rash conclusions from
his limited special experience, and handing them on in axiomatic
form as the result of the wisdom of the ages. " They say "
is usually ** he " or *' she says " at its source ; and if it is
depreciatory the stream widens quickly and soon becomes
a flood.

It would have been a miracle if either Britons or Americans
had been always and everywhere beloved during their sojourn
on French soil. Some of them — individually — are not so very
lovable at home, and we know that foreign travel does not
always improve the temper. And think of France, so set in
her ways, so self-centred, so perfectly satisfied to be France
and nothing else — think of her having to entertain so many
millions of guests, all full of goodwill no doubt, but knowing
as a rule nothing whatever of the ways she is so set in, nothing
of her religious, social, domestic, culinary or other peculiarities
— fighting for her for all they were worth, but upsetting so
many of her most cherished and peculiar little habits !

It would have been too stupid for German propaganda not
to see its chance and insinuate, now : "Are the British doing
all this just for love of you ? " and now : '* Don't you see how
much easier it is to get on with the Americans than with the
English ? "

French individualism and conservatism too often meet such
suggestions half way, and hand them on ; but luckily France
as a whole has always known better, and she showed it the
other day when she made the grey clouds ring with her
welcome to King George.

370

PICKET: JULY, 1916.

By GRANVILLE BARKER.

" You're for picket, sir," says the orderly.

We have an orderly to clean our barrack-room. And for
Colonel's inspection on Saturday it certainly is so aggressively
clean, so immaculately, protestingly spic and span, that the
sight would make any Colonel, you'd think, suspicious of what
its state may be on — Thursday, let us say. But he'd never be
such a poor sportsman as to turn up then. No ; the Army is
either on parade or off. A Colonel has, it seems, many of the
attributes of our childhood's God. The Sergeant- Major stands
to him — and us — very much as did our head nurse. But he
does not, thank goodness, shake a warning finger and exclaim :
** Children, whatever you are doing the Colonel always sees ! "
So sometimes that pathetic orderly can get the barrack room
clean, and at other times — well, at other times it's Thursday.

The orderly is pathetic because the war has recalled him to
barracks. I guess him to have been an ostler in some omnibus
stables in civil life. A decaying trade, I suppose, but cheer-
fuller than this. As we come in from parade he'll eye us as he
might his returning horses, though with less favour. Some of
us are **sir " to him, and some are not. It is hard for him to
reconcile our anomalous cadethood with any one correct attitude.
In the old Army etiquette was certain and settled. But at
us white-banded-what-d'ye-may-call-ems most of the privates
of the permanent cadre wink pallishly. N.C.O.s may call us
rather aggressively by our names, by our Christian names if
they know them. We observe of course a stony correctness
towards officers, who are as stonily correct in return. For the
orderly these considerations are complicated by tips.

He gives a limited hand to cleaning 7is^ too. We are more
closely inspected, by a long way, than is the room ; and,
while buttons I can do, and boots I am a fair dab at, pipeclay

PICKET: JULY, 1916 371

is for long a mystery to me.^ So, when the dread word falls
that one of us is for picket or for guard, the helping hand
must be unlimited a full hour. The honour of the room will
be involved in my appearance for one thing. For another
there's my chance of ''getting off."

" But you won't get off," says the orderly. " Picket never
does. Give us your boots."

I give him my boots and search for a clean cap-band.

•' A picket from number nine did once," says the orderly.
*' But the guard can't have been up to much. And Fraser
in number nine he's for guard to-night. He'll have their
kit."

One man too many, it must be explained, is detailed for
picket and guard, and on a preliminary inspection the smartest
gets off. Much competition then in smartness ; and room
number nine has furnished itself, if you please, with a special
guard kit, kept immaculate for these occasions.

" Everything," says the orderly, ** boots to gloves."

And number nine boasts that you'll never find a man from
that room on guard.

The orderly does his best by me.

'* Here's a better belt than yours," he says, " but you might
step up here after first relief and put your own on. I'll never
get this the same again."

My left boot baulks him.

"Must have put some grease on it somewhere," he says.
" That's as bright as it'll come. And look at the other [ You'd
better wear Mr. Bullock's boots."

" Won't he mind ? " I ask.

** He won't mind," says the orderly.

I leave that barrack-room like a debutante to her first ball.
Woe betide me if I speck my specklessness or blur my
shininess. There is mud on my way. I circumvent it, like
a cat, walking rather crampedly, I must confess, in Mr.
Bullock's perfect boots.

I join the other candidates for *' getting off." Three of

' Pipeclay properly so called is out of date. There are selections of patent
things, penny tins of them, in the dry canteen nowadays. I fancy some fine
war fortunes may have been made out of the cleaning of soldiers' buttons and
belts.

372 REVEILLE

them are at high-water mark of immaculate splendour. The
fourth is but humanly correct and clean.

''I'm for it," he says. "You chaps . . . two hours'
sweat or tip j^our orderly half a crown . . . and then it's a
toss up."

More immaculates arrive, and we mutually inspect each
other.

The Sergeant arrives. He falls us in and inspects us,
touches us up here and there, is precise as to position of a
lanyard. '' And, for Gawd's sake, don't finger your sword like
that," he says. He stands us at ease, and '"shuns "us, and
stands us at ease again. Da capo, da capo^ da capo.

The Orderly Officer arrives. He has a sword which he
draws in a deprecating way. We are definitely *' 'shunned,''
and the ordeal begins.

I am glad that a few weeks in the Army has taught me not
to want too irresistibly to smile on these occasions. But
there is something amazingly comic about it. Mrs. Jarley's
waxworks ! Our cap-badges, our caps, our white bands. Our
jacket-collars — are they properly stiffened? (We wear jackets
and not tunics, please note, and we stiffen the collars of them.)
Our lanyards, our buttons — every button ! Our belts — and the
jacket is lifted to see that the belt makes no false show. Our
gloves, our breeches, our puttees, our boots. I trust he has
noticed that our faces are clean. If the Board School question
came, *' And have you washed behind your ears ? " I should
never be surprised.

He is passing at the back of us now. He overlooks me
and my neighbour most cursorily. Picket will not "get off,"
that's clear. Spurs are the immediate test, I can feel that —
and he's pausing there on the right, pausing rather long. It's
a near thing between two of them. Then — ** Lift your feet
up," I hear him say. "That'll do." Then " Lift your feet up"
again. He is looking at the blacking on the insteps of their
boots! It is a near thing. Then "Two paces to the rear ;
march." Which of the immaculates it is I cannot see ; the
communist from number nine or another.

The Sergeant marches us off and there is the outgoing
guard to face us as we halt, trying to look as if they cared not
a damn about being relieved. Their Bombardier says to our

PICKET: JULY, 1916 2>72>

Bombardier, '' Since taking over this guard nothing unusual
has occurred." He says it most solemnly. Then we set to
partners, and the old guard marches off.

Picket goes to the stables, which are quieting down now for
the night. Half a dozen horses are sick. Poor beasts, they
have no understanding of it at all, and they turn you such
a questioning eye. Have you done this thing to them ?

" Can't you cure me at once, can't you bridle and bit what's
wrong and drive it away ? But if you can't, oh, do leave me
alone."

One of them has — is it strangles ? ** The animal displays a
tendency to lie down, and must not be permitted to do so,

Kr in his struggles serious injury may result," says the text-
ook. A stableman stood by to prevent him lying down and
wore at him, not unkindly, the while. Other things were
ractised on him, too, which I noted, and in consequence did
very well with '* strangles " in the horse-management exami-
nation a week later. "It's an ill wind . . ."

All's quiet at last, except for the clicking of hoofs and the

rattling of chains. The stable bars are up, but doors are to be

left open though through this summer night. I fall to trying

how slowly I can pace my rounds ; how I can vary the going of

them. I begin to regret Bullock's boots, since the splendour

of them has availed nothing, and my feet ached enough with a

day's barrack tramping to start with. Never mind, we are

beating the Germans. / am beating the Germans. I am

beating them by pacing these stables this summer evening in a

heavy cap and stiff collar and Bullock's boots. And it is only

thus that they can be beaten, only through this that the world

can be free again. Whereat I am content and would (God

knows !) be more content with more discomfort, content to offer

some real sacrifice. But to that test we bring all the use of

these seemingly useless things ; the hither and thither and up

and down ; the discipline which is to be an outward and visible

sign of the new-born military grace within. My patience only

springs, when, admitting our every ignorance of military ways,

they will not answer to that test.

It was dark and the searchlights had begun to make theii
rectilinear patterns in the sky when I was relieved.

374 REVEILLE

I picked up the remnants of a meal. I changed Bullock's
beautiful boots for my own and the comparative comfort of
them. I settled in a corner of the guard room to read.
Green's " English People " is a good war-time book. What
we Britons have tumbled through in our time ! But a guard
room is not the place for reflective reading. I tried my drill
book. '* At the command — " and so on for great lengths.

Later came another two hours' tramp round the stables
while the barracks went to bed ; and I asked them " who went
there " and they said they were my friends. This time my
lantern was a companion of a sort. I looked in on the sick
horses, too. They turned uneasily at the swinging light.

"And now," said I, after second relief, "I'll get some
sleep." Against orders or not, off come my spurs and my
boots and jacket and belt. Woe betide me if we are suddenly
"turned out!" But sleep comes hardly in a guard room.
Only the boy trumpeter slept ; and he snored, unforgettably,
unforgivably. And late-comers tumbled clattering in and
tumbled clatteringly out, and the atmosphere grew very thick
indeed.

I was safely up and out at two. I yawned as I took the
lantern ; the other picket yawned as he gave it me.

It was a queer two hours that followed.

Darkness but for my lantern. Sometimes a lean cat would
slip across the light, searching its prey or its kind.

Silence, but for the noise the horses made. I have a fancy
that in these quiet hours thoughts are born to them— embryo
thoughts that perish when any sound or sight brings back their
easy servitude again. For here, to-night, 1 am in common case
with them as they stand uneasily in their stalls ; and I, threading
my path, now this path, now that, till surely one has threaded
them all, find even as a horse must find —

" I have bumped this corner of the manger, I have run my
nose along it, I have bumped that. I have stretched up till the
rope checked, I have stretched down, I have nuzzled that lump
of salt wherever it will go. I have stamped with this hoof and
that ; first, one, two, three, four ; now, three, two, one, four ;
then, four, two, three, one ; now, one, three, four, two ; and so
on and on ! "

Just so, I pacing my round, counting my steps, lulled by

PICKET: JULY, 1916 375

rhythm, and by number which is rhythm, fall into some such
automatism, out of which (for me certainly) a thought will be
born. As now. My mind says Barren Figtree ; and then
Baron Figtree. (This is from a book of a hundred riddles that
I had as a small child :) " What English nobleman is mentioned
in the Bible ? Baron Figtree." Or did they spell it *' Barren."
This unaccountable mental motor within me plays elaborately
with delicacies of pronunciation for purposes of a pun. Barron
or Baren ? Barron Figtree ; Baren Figtree. The thing obsesses
me for a whole round of stable A. If I don't shake it off I'll be
asleep. I stand and stamp the ground and work my neck,
stretch it and strain it even as the horses do, that being the
recognized safeguard.

At this point of mentality then I am on quite common
ground, I do believe, with my stable companions, restless and
rhythmic near me. For me, with reasonable human arrogance
be it said, it is a descent. This is not true thought, if by
thought we mean idea bridged more or less creatively to idea.
For them it is the present summit of self-consciousness perhaps.

Number Forty-three there, the off-wheeler, still and atten-
tive ; he is not asleep. Something quite alien to fodder,
stables, harness — something from beyond all the animal ex-
perience that he has fulfilled has settled on his brain — as a fly
settles. It makes no movement, no demand, but it is there, a
strange, insistent, troubling thing. Presently it will fly away,
and with relief he'll fall to his instinctive round again. But
back and back it will come to him, and to his generations, in
differing and developing forms till a memory is created and
questioning begins ; and questioning brings answer, and from
that grows.

To-night (this is the complement of my fancy), I, sleepy on
my round, have been back to that point from which Forty-
three, he and all his kind, are moving, ever moving upward in
the scale of things.

And so, it being four o'clock, comes my relief. I seek the
guard room ; as I pass the sentry he gives me a wry grin.

There, on the little hammock beds let down, lie the '* spare
parts " of this machinery of watch and challenge. But really,

25

376 REVEILLE

says the unregenerate civalian in me, one policeman would do
the whole job more efficiently and with much less chatter.

The light is very dim, the air all blind v/ith smoke ; and —
oh, but they do reach the very extreme of ugliness as they lie
there. Only the trumpeter boy redeems the group, and he
still snores.

There's anarchy in sleep. There's the damned truth of
the world without false shame, false pride. Whence has had
to come much regimenting, much etiquette and law and war.
For the hardness of our hearts ? For the slackness of our souls
and the feebleness of our minds?

To picture the true worth of our wise men, picture them
asleep. The House of Commons and the House of Lords, all
unreservedly asleep. The Cabinet, the Bench of Bishops, the
War Office — snoring. Carlyle saw them naked and it soured
his mind to them for ever. See them asleep and snoring,
it might well dip you in despair.

I step gingerly to the spare hammock bed and lay myself
down. Soon, as upon Forty-three, the off-wheeler, settles the
obsessing image of such an idea, as, waking him, should
welcomely bring sleep to me. But some too tired part of my
brain perversely combats it, leaving poor ine the helpless
battleground till —

The small trumpeter has tumbled up to help blow reveille.
I tumble up at the sound, for once a welcome sound. Cap,
boots, spurs, British warm and blanket ; Green's " English
People" and my gloves, I tumble off with them and to myi
barrack room again.

Another day begun ; of hither and thither and up and
down.

Ill
THE LOSER.

By HILAIRE BELLOC.

He had a pair of silver studs

That kept his cuffs from playing tricks ;
He lost them . . with some other duds . .

At Rome, in 1896.

He lost a lot of other things :

His sword, his scabbard, and his spurs,
His medal, and a pair of rings . . .

(And both of them, by God, were hers ! )

He lost his innocence (of course !)
The day before the flight began.

He lost his saddle and his horse,
His bag, his bridle, and his man.

He lost his temper after that,

And then he lost his lighter touch ;

He lost his papers and his hat;
He lost (it didn't hurt him much !)

His way of launching easy jests,
His way of giving graceful praise,

His way of entertaining guests.

His way of . . . all his little ways.

He lost his head completely, and
He lost promotion for a cert. ;

And, what was worse, he lost his hand
By amputation, and it hurt.

He lost his money and his heart.
His life, and didn't count the cost ;

And even those who took his part
Admitted that the man had lost —

His character, his care for truth.
His honour and his self-control.

The love that graced his early youth,
And lastly his immortal soul.

378

SOLDIERS TWO.

By ELIZABETH ROBINS.

When I think of the difficulty confronting those who have in
hand the tasks set forth by Reveille, I am reminded of two
types of soldier who would never be cured by the same
machinery. They represent for me the two poles of the
problem. One of those men will never want to do anything so
much as to talk about his new experiences. The other will not
tell you enough for you to help him.

With the first my acquaintance began and ended in a
hospital ward. He was there a long time, and for long he was
too weak for talk. He whispered and gesticulated ; nothing
could keep him quiet except morphia. When his conversation
became more audible, I was horror-struck at this fragment that
reached me as I passed : '' That cuckoo of a doctor." He
hailed a convalescent who halted his wheeled chair to hear. . . .
Yes, the sick man was at it again — complaining. Not a com-
forting grumble, which does the patient good and no one any
harm. This was a sly, laughing mockery. '* That cuckoo of a
doctor."

With my pile of books on my arm, I hurried past. I always
hurried past that bed. Examples of courage all around me and
not an ounce of it in my heart. Here was a case still too
serious to need the ministrations of a librarian, yet not too
serious but what strength could be found to undermine con-
fidence in the hospital. He talks like that because the surgeon
is a woman, I decided. The man didn't know his luck. And
so, when the long, clay-coloured face looked out at me over the
bedclothes, I could find it in my heart to be glad that, in
addition to his wound, he had some trouble with his eyes. 1
needn't try to find out whether he preferred Conan Doyle to
Jack London, or whether he was one of those agreeable
" finds " who would ask you wistfully if you had a poetry book
or something about " Exploring."

Those were the early days of the war. But we librarians
had already been taken into the confidence of certain soldiers '

SOLDIERS TWO 379

for whom we had written letters, or done some trifling extra
service. " When us chaps found they'd sent us here, we thought
we hadn't a dog's chance. We ain't worth botherin' about " —
and that was why they'd been sent to the Women's Hospital.

We watched that opinion change, as convoy after convoy
passed through those four-and-thirty wards. We saw how the
spreading confidence helped the hordes of wounded newly come.

And now, here was this grey slum-product, with the lifeless
wisps of straight black hair hanging over a damp forehead ; his
weak eyes seeing everything ; his long-lipped mouth with not
one upper front tooth left, uttering disaffection ; restless,
talking, for ever talking. On the smallest provocation, or
none, he would shoot out a skeleton arm to fumble in a back-
handed way behind the locker-curtain. Out he would bring a
horrible little bag of trophies ; the nozzle of a bomb, some
battered souvenirs, two German buttons. He would tell the
story that belonged to each, and by an implacable sequence
go on to describe how he got his wound, and how " that
cuckoo "

The back of my forbearance broke the day he engaged a
newcomer in the next bed.

" Why do you call your doctor a cuckoo ? '' I demanded.

" JVas a cuckoo," he said, laughing that toothless laugh.
'' You see, I was hit just "

"Yes, yes" — I knew about the dreadful business.

'* An' this cuckoo of a doctor took five pieces of shrapnel
out o' me. Five. An never gives one of em back !''

" Oh, that's why " I began to turn over in my mind

the possibility of letting the doctor know how she had out-
raged the passion of ownership for metal fragments which had
been carried with so great inconvenience in the hero's vitals.

"I said to him: 'Is that all there is.^' Yes, that
cuckoo of a doctor at Boolong I'm tellin' you about. ' I
ain't sayin' but there's more,' says 'e. ' There is more.
But that's all I'm going to meddle with.'"

And then at great length the pleading of the cadaverous
patient and the flat refusal of the Boulogne surgeon to operate

any further. ** I says to the lady when I come 'ere ."

And then, if you could fancy such a thing, you were to believe
that the patient had explained the exact situation and what the

38o REVEILLE

surgeon was to do. ** I got to have it out, lady," I says. "It
ain't worth me thinkin' o' goin' home with that shrapnel worrin'
me inside like that." He'd much rather die and be done
with it.

The lady had said the Boulogne surgeon was right.
The irritant fragment was in a bad place. " But we'll feed
you up and get you to sleeping better, and then we'll see."

Again that motion I'd grown familiar with. The bony
forearm shot out of the covers, and plunged behind the
curtain. "And now you can see! S/ie don't go chuckin'
away other folks' belongin's. Not she! Had it there, all
ready for 'em to show me, when I came round."

He fished out of his calico bag a ragged piece of iron.
He pointed out a yellow stain. '' Poison, that is. Think o'
carryin' that home in your gizzard 15,000 miles. I says to that
cuckoo in Boulong : ' I come too far, doctor, and I got too far
to go to be carryin' that about.'"

I looked at the slum face. '* Where do you live } " I
asked.

He named an island in the South Seas. Eighteen years
ago an enterprising Lancashire builder had accepted a contract
for a bank and a block of offices to be erected in the principal
town. Among the workmen taken out, my clay-faced friend,
then sixteen or seventeen, '' thought it'd be good for me 'ealth."
He had prospered, done a little contracting on his own account,
married, had several children, felt himself a pillar of the little
community, consisting of 1,200 British in addition to the native
population. The first ship, that took to those remote shores the
news of August, 19 14, sailed home with volunteers. " How
many " did I think took that first chance to go and fight a batde
15,000 miles away.'^ That 1,200 British included babies and
old men, w^omen and children. How many did I think came
back to fight with the first ship .'^ ''Fifty of us able-bodied
men. That's twenty per cent, of our population. By the first
ship. I says to that cuckoo '

In return for his story I told him how on my first trip back
from America after England declared war, the Atlantic liner
was crowded with British : men from Manitoba and the farthest
North ; ranchers from Texas and Colorado ; professors from
the colleges ; business men from everywhere, leaving their

SOLDIERS TWO 381

material advantages behind them, like my South Sea Islander —
steaming home along all the lanes of ocean. . . .

We talked about what that stood for. And often we had
spoken of the hold England had upon her sons. We spoke of
English gendeness. I told him If I hadn't learned before what
the English tradition stood for, I would have learned It In that
hospital — from soldiers. It had fallen to me to know the plain
people of a good many lands. I could compare.

I tried to make him see the significance of that miracle of
good feeling and good manners which had brought success out
of a gentler rule than military hospitals had ever tried before.
We knew something of the record these men (all sorts and
conditions, mind you) had brought from the battlefields. It
couldn't beat their record here. We'd heard about Kultur.
But we had seen here In this hospital a civilization of the spirit,
which was perhaps the thing best worth keeping alive in the
world.

I drove a bargain with the South Sea islander. He was to
add this miracle to his war experiences, and I would spread
abroad the story of the English in the Pacific. His delight
when I came back and said I had been talking about him to
a county magnate, who had found the South Sea story one
of the most effective passages In his recruiting speeches.
** That fifteen thousand miles of yours has shortened the
distance to the nearest recruiting station for more than one
man ! "

He smiled his toothless smile : ** Pity your friend couldn't
have shown 'em the piece of shrapnel ; that cuckoo said he

didn't dare ." He had the bag out in a trice, and the trophy

on the counterpane. '' I've been wanting to ask you. How'll
I have it set ? Silver, or gold ? "

I thought silver. But he inclined to gold ; he pointed out
It would match the poison stain. It would also go *' with me
watch-chain.''

I could see it, dangling. I could hear him leading the
conversation round to it all the way back to the South Seas.

It might be well if the majority were as direct, as simple, as
ready to let us ''share." Such men will be easier to help than
a certain Sussex gardener.

A man of medium height, compacdy built, with Norse blue

382 REVEILLE

eyes, and a slow smile. After many many months of hospital
he was beginning to get back his fine country colour, doing
odd jobs in my garden. Not from him — from his wife — I heard
of the awful blowing away of flesh and muscle from back
and arm. Between elbow and shoulder the arm was no bigger
than her wrist. A number of operations had left him with a
wound which still swelled and discharged, a wound which the
young wife had to dress morning and evening. Twice a week
he must needs go to the hospital. When I understood his
condition better I knew he oughtn't to do any but the very
lightest work. I told him so. He seemed to agree.

When I came home I could see he had done a great deal.
I asked what I owed him. He submitted a paper setting forth
the work, and a wholly inadequate charge. I pointed out the
self-evident fact.

" I can't ask what I would before the war," he said, making
his first reference to the fact of his service. '' I don't call
myself able-bodied now."

I learned his method of work, how he managed to use a
heavy, clumsy wheel-barrow, by means of a cord round his
neck and the one strong arm. I heard of his rolling the lawn.
All done with one hand, he assured me. From an upper
window I happened to catch sight of him, rolling the turf above
the drive, where it narrowed to meet an iron fence. I saw him
struggle with the heavy roller, as It all but ran off the foot-high
turf to the gravel. Both hands on the bar, he pulled the
weight back. I ran down to speak to him.

It hadn't hurt him ; did him good. Took some o* the
stiff feelin' out.

I interrupted him. *' Oughtn't you to carry that arm in a
sling ? "

I thought he looked a little "conscious," and stubborn too.
'' Don't they tell you at the hospital ? "

He mumbled : " Oh ! the hospital ! "

Then I took him to task. He ought to do what his doctor
told him. He could wear the sling part of the time anyway.

He wouldn't answer.

But his wife did. " He won't wear a sling," she said
resignedly. "He says when he wears a sling people takes
too much on theirselves with sympathy."

3^3

NIGHT ON THE CONVOY.

(Alexandria — Marseilles.)

By SIEGFRIED SASSOON.

Out in the blustering darkness, on the deck

A gleam of stars looks down. Long blurs of black,

The lean Destroyers, level with our track,

Plunging and stealing, watch the perilous way

Through backward-racing seas and caverns of chill spray.

One sentry by the davits in the gloom

Stands mute ; the boat heaves onward through the night.

Shrouded is every chink of cabined light ;

And sluiced by floundering waves that hiss and boom

And crash like guns, the troopship shudders . . . doom !

Now something at my feet stirs with a sigh ;

And, slowly growing used to groping dark,

I know that the hurricane-deck, down all its length,

Is heaped and spread with lads in sprawling strength —

Blanketed soldiers sleeping. In the stark

Danger of life at war, they lie so still,

All prostrate and defenceless, head by head . . .

And I remember Arras, and that hill

Where dumb with pain I stumbled among the dead.

We are going home. The troopship in a thrill

Of fiery- chambered anguish throbs and rolls.

We are going home . . . victims . . . three thousand souls.

A/ay, 1918.

you saij to us England -
d our soul-
joung who were broken
3u might be whole.

TmeAppeac.

Vincent Brook. 0»y4 Sor, L-U*"*" CKbtf"

;85

THE WHY OF THE KING'S FUND.

By the Right Hon. JOHN HODGE, M.P.

In continuation of the article which appeared in the last
number of Reveille, on the King's Fund for Disabled Officers
and Men, I should like to present a few arguments in justifi-
cation of the existence and continuance of this necessary sup-
plement to State provision. There has been a persistent
agitation in certain quarters against the Fund, but the argu-
ments used are not difficult to refute. They might indeed
be applied to all other voluntary funds, and it is significant
that the King's Fund alone should have been selected for
attack.

I submit a proposition with which every fair-minded man
must agree — that there is room for effort on behalf of the
disabled outside the operation of State schemes, however full
and generous they may be. It is conceivable that in arrange-
ments yet to be made by the Ministry of Pensions and the
Ministry of Labour for the employment of disabled men,
special facilities may be provided for those who require to be
reinstated In businesses which they possessed before enlist-
ment, and which have either lapsed or been neglected in the
absence of the owners. But everyone must realize that an
enormous number of men will require something more than
what the State would be prepared to give. The additional
grant of money from the King's Fund will mean greater success
for the efforts of the Government in whatever direction they
may be made. State machinery, with its elaborate regulations,
cannot be adjusted to the individual requirements of every
man. In my opinion there is an immense field of usefulness
for the King's Fund, as results hitherto achieved amply
prove.

386 REVEILLE

Inflexible Regulations.

Whatever may be done by the State for the reinstatement
of men, the immediate necessities of the situation have been and
are being met by the King's Fund. Hitherto this work has
not been covered by any other agency, and but for the money
voluntarily subscribed a great deal of genuine hardship would
have existed. Before the State can do the work satisfactorily
it will have to overcome the difficulty of discrimination between
one case and another ; that is, if money grants are to be paid
to individuals according to the extent of their requirements
and capacity to make good use of any financial help afforded.
Flat-rate arrangements undoubtedly destroy the elasticity
associated with voluntary funds.

A most illuminating comment upon the inflexibility of
regulations is supplied by two recent reports of the Committee
on Public Accounts in August and November. In those
reports the Minister of Pensions was taken to task for having
gone beyond the strict interpretation of the Royal Warrants
under which he acts. In other words, by the strict letter of
the regulations certain generous interpretations in favour of
the disabled men were regarded as ultra vires and outside his
discretionary powers. We do not want this rigidity in deciding
whether a man requires £\o, or £^o^ or ;^ioo, to set him on
his feet. That is one good argument in favour of the King's
Fund.

A flat rate may be adequate in one case, but totally
inadequate in another : Old Age Pensions provide an example
of what I mean. No discrimination can be made on personal
grounds, and even an attempt to draw a hard-and-fast line
between hardship and no hardship in the qualification for the
extra 2s. 6d. recently added to the 5s. was to all intents and
purposes merely a modification (very difficult to carry out) of
the flat rate principle. The King's Fund grants are adjusted
according to the amount a man requires to re-establish his
business, or to set him up in another business which he has
not been in before, but which is suited to his disablement, the
primary object being that his earning capacity should be
increased.

THE WHY OF THE KING'S FUND 387

The Margin of Error.

It has been suggested that mistakes may be made and that
money may be given to the wrong man under the elastic
arrangements of a voluntary institution. But there is one rule
that should always be observed in matters of this kind, and it is
that if mistakes are made they ought to be made on the side of
generosity. I fear that under a code of rules and regulations
if mistakes were made the administrators would inevitably err
on the other side. Local War Pensions Committees have
already had experience of the two systems working side by
side, and I leave it to them to say which they prefer. There is
no doubt about the opinion of the 8,000 men who have already
benefited to the extent of close upon ;^200,ooo, and 12,000
more whose applications are being dealt with.

It has been said that the scheme will fail because ;^3,ooo,ooo
is altogether inadequate. The reply is that it is not intended
that every man should receive a grant. Half of the men
discharged as disabled go back to their old occupations, and
do not wish to start out in business for themselves. There
remain, however, great numbers who do require this additional
assistance on re-entering civil life.

Statutory Sanction.

Another criticism I have noticed is that the Minister of
Pensions is acting ultra vires in asking support for a voluntary
fund. This is untrue. Parliament gave its sanction and
approval to the acceptance and administration of voluntary
gifts, the provision being contained in Section 6 of the Naval
and Military War Pensions, &c. (Administrative Expenses
Act), 19 1 7. That section reads : —

*' It shall be lawful for the Minister of Pensions to accept any gift
of money or securities, by will or otherwise, to be applied wholly or
mainly for the purpose of assisting disabled officers and men after they
have left naval or military service, and the widows, children, and other
dependants of deceased officers and men, and subject to any trust
affecting any such gift to administer the same under such conditions as
the Minister may think fit."

The King's Fund, therefore, has the complete sanction and
approval of both Houses of Parliament.

388 REVEILLE

A minor objection urged against the King's Fund is that
it interferes with other voluntary agencies. This seems a
particularly weak argument. Hitherto money has been forth-
coming for all good purposes, and those who manage the old-
established benevolent funds know quite well that a growing-
expenditure in accordance with the proper objects of the
institution concerned almost invariably induces greater financial
support from the public. It is idle, therefore, to suggest that
the King's Fund, which covers a very large field hitherto
neglected (except by sporadic local effort on a small scale),
can possibly interfere with any other benevolent scheme.
As part of what appears to be a political opposition to the Fund
the cry of ''charity" has been raised. I have previously
referred to it. It is an extremely ungracious reference, and
might with equal force be directed against all other schemes
for the benefit of the fighting man which have been supported
by the grateful generosity of the whole nation. The fact that
roughly one hundred applications for grants from the King's
Fund are received every day indicates that the "protest " does
not come from those for whom the Fund is intended.

National Relief Fund.

Critics sometimes suggest that the National Relief Fund
should be used for the purposes of the King's Fund. Contri-
butions amounting to ^25,000 have already been received
from that source. Though I know nothing of the policy of
those who are responsible for the administration of the
National Relief Fund, it should always be remembered that
the emergency of distress for which the National Relief Fund
was created has not come upon us with the acuteness that was
anticipated in August, 19 14, when the Fund was instituted.
No one can foretell the extent of the claims that may yet
be made upon that Fund when unemployment becomes more
prevalent.

I have exhausted the main heads of criticism. More than
8,000 files at the Ministry of Pensions contain the records of
many lives made better and brighter by the assistance which
has been forthcoming when it was most needed. If secretaries
of local committees would consent to write their experiences of

THE WHY OF THE KING'S FUND 389

such cases we would have a volume of intensely human stories.
I know of many disabled men and dependants who have been
saved from despair by the help that they have received from
the King's Fund, and I appeal with all my might to those who
have the means, to build up the Fund, conscious that it will
bring back happiness and prosperity to many stricken homes.

390

PENSIONS AND PARLIAMENTS.

By Lieut.-Col. Sir ARTHUR GRIFFITH-BOSCAWEN.

{Lafe Parliamentary Secretary of the M^stry of Pensions.)

The title of this article is drawn from the title of the office
which I have held for two years. I shall try to describe
some of the changes and improvements which have been
effected by Parliament in pensions during the war and the
general attitude of the House of Commons towards the
question. I may perhaps remark at the outset that so far as
the actual granting of pensions is concerned Parliament has
technically nothing to do with it. Pensions are granted by
Royal Warrant in the case of the Army, and by Order in
Council in the case of the Navy. But the changes made have
generally followed the demand of public opinion as expressed
in Parliament, and in the notable case of Mr. Barnes's orreat
Warrant of 1917 discussion upon the proposals contained in
it took place in the House of Commons, and in consequence
alterations were made, before it was signed by his Majesty.
Parliament has, in fact, provided most of the necessary
driving power.

It cannot be said that we treated our soldiers and sailors
with great liberality in pre-war days. A totally disabled
private up to August, 19 14, received only from los. 6d. to
17s. 6d. a week with no children's allowances, the actual
amount depending on the length of his service, his character
and a variety of other considerations. Compare this with the
totally disabled man of to-day who (with the recently conceded
bonus) gets 33s. — plus children's allowances. Thus a totally
disabled private with four children could only get 17s. 6d. at
the most before the war, whereas now he gets 57s. The war
widow used to get 5s. a week with a miserable is. 6d. per week
for each child. Now she gets 16s. 6d. for herself (and more if

PENSIONS AND PARLIAMENTS 391

over forty-five years of age), plus 8s. for ihe first child, 6s. for
the second, and 5s. for each of the remainder. It will be clear
from these figures that pensions (as compared with pre-war
rates) have a great deal more than kept pace with the increased
cost of living ; while the general adoption of the system of
children's allowances has introduced a principle into our social
economics of which we are likely to hear much more in the
future.

It was not merely, however, in the matter of the amount
of pensions that the pre-war policy was illiberal. Beyond
granting these niggardly payments the State did nothing for
the man broken in the wars and his family. They were left
to shift for themselves, and many of them shifted pretty badly.

»A large proportion got into the workhouse. There was no
provision for securing their further medical or surgical treatment
if required ; and the idea of "training" — '' 7'd- education pr o-
fessionnelle,'^ as the French call it — i.e., teaching new trades to
those whose disability prevented them from going back to their
old trades, had not arisen. There was, of course, Chelsea
Hospital in London, and Kilmainham in Dublin for the old
veterans, picturesque institutions like the Invalides at Paris,
founded about the same time as Chelsea, but based on the
false idea that the best plan was to segregate the old fighting
men in glorified almshouses. They of course fulfil a very
excellent purpose in certain cases. But the State was callous,
it cannot be denied, as to the subsequent fate of those who had
fought for it. The explanation is easy to find. The old Army
was a professional Army, and was looked upon as a sort of
distinct caste, outside the general life of the nation. They
^ enlisted for a term of years on certain terms of pay, pension,
&c. If they thought that the terms were not good enough
they did not enlist; if they enlisted they could not very well
complain of the conditions afterwards. They were not very
highly esteemed by the people generally (it was not till the
first battle ofYpres that we found out what a splendid thing our
old Army was), in fact, living as most people did with the
profound conviction that there would never again be an
European war, the very existence of a standing Army was
regarded by many as a somewhat stupid anachronism. Lastly,
the bulk of them had no votes. It may seem cynical, but the
26

392 REVEILLE

House of Commons never displays any special eagerness to
help those who have no votes. I remember that just before
the war some friends of mine tried very hard in the House of
Commons to induce the Government to give separation allow-
ances to the wives of soldiers who were married ''off the
strength.'' We have travelled so far from those days that
probably very few people would now understand what this
means. Before the war only a certain percentage of men
were allowed to marry, or at all events, to receive the allow-
ances given in case of marriage. Those who married over
and above the numbers were said to be "off the strength/' and
no allowances were paid. The Government of the day
refused, not because they were an illiberal Government (it was
Mr. Asquith's old Liberal administration) but because they
had too much else to do to be bothered with a purely Army
question like this !

The war, of course, changed all this. The Army ceased
to be a separate caste, and became the nation in arms. All
wives at once got separation allowances, largely increased,
including the so-called ''unmarried wives," or "Class B.
dependants " as they were officially styled. The pension
question immediately engaged the attention of Parliament.
A Select Committee was appointed to consider the whole
question and the scales of pensions were to some extent
raised without waiting for its report. When the report was
issued the importance of the after-care of the disabled man
was immediately recognized. A new Pensions' Warrant and
legislation dealing with the question of administration of
pensions followed at once.

It must be admitted that the first efforts of Parliament were
not altogether satisfactory. The new Warrant raised the total
disablement rate to 25s., and, by a subsequent amendment,
cases where there was no direct attributability but only
aggravation of disability by service were admitted. Partial
disablement pensions were assessed on a scale according to
the supposed diminution of earning power. The practice was
introduced of taking actual earnings into account in assessing
pensions, so that the industrious and energetic man who went
back to work and earned good money had his pension reduced.
This thoroughly vicious plan resulted in placing a premium on

PENSIONS AND PARLIAMENTS 393

idleness and was universally condemned as unjust to the men.
It was abolished by the Barnes Warrant of 1917. Nor was
the legislation altogether satisfactory. By the Naval and
Military War Pensions Act of 1915 a statutory committee was
set up with large powers of supplementing pensions in hard
cases, and generally going outside the strict letter of the
regulations, and to this body was committed the after-care of
the disabled soldier and sailor. At the same time local War
Pensions committees were established all over the country
to look after and assist the men and their families, thus taking
the place of the voluntary committees which had carried on the
work up to date, and, though possessing no statutory authority,
had done most valuable work, having stepped into the breach
at a time when the State was quite unaware of its duties.
The local committees have been a success generally, but the
statutory committee, though composed of many admirable
personalities, proved to be a slow and somewhat inert body
in practice and gave little satisfaction. By the autumn of 19 16
the pensions problem had got into such a tangle that Parliament
was moved to take far more drastic action.

The fact is that there was no co-ordination in pensions
administration. The Chelsea Commissioners awarded pensions
to disabled men ; a branch of the War Office dealt with the
widows and dependants of men, and another branch with
officers' cases, while the Admiralty administered all Naval
pensions. Besides this there was the statutory committee,
with somewhat indefinite powers and a sort of roving com-
mission of which much had been expected but which had
effected little. It was determined, therefore, to gather up all
these disconnected threads into one set of hands, and the
result was the Act establishing the Ministry of Pensions in
December, 19 16.

How far the Ministry has succeeded or not is not a
question for me to decide. I can only say that we have
worked with untiring energy to try to improve matters, and
we have, at all events, not only largely increased the scales
of pensions and brought within the Warrants many cases
previously left out, but we have also tried to introduce a more
humane spirit into the administration, feeling that the benefit
of any reasonable doubt should always be given to the man

394 REVEILLE

and not to the State, which has been saved by the sacrifices
of its soldiers and sailors. Besides this the principle of a
Ministry for the discharged disabled man and all that pertains
to him is undoubtedly sound for the time being anyhow, and
its existence is the envy of our Allies and notably of the
French and the Belgians. It has had to contend with great
difficulties, especially the uncertainty as to the magnitude of
the problem to be handled, which depended on the duration
of the War, the intensity of the fighting, and the care or
want of care exercised by the Military authorities in admitting
men of poor health and physique into the Service. The matter
of treatment and training has been severely handicapped by
difficulties of building and the great lack of doctors, nurses,
instructors, and so forth. The old House of Commons,
apparently, trusted the Ministry, since a pensions debate
invariably meant an empty House. But it has received a large
amount of not altogether flattering criticism at the General
Election, and the new House may have something to say
about it. One question of great national importance will have
to be settled. When the immediate needs of the disabled men
and their families have been attended to, when no further
treatment is required, or when treatment has been handed over
to the new Ministry of Health, when the last man who is
eligible has been trained in a new trade, and when in fact the
Ministry has become simply a pensions issue office, will it be
wise to retain it as a political department at all .-^ Is there not
a grave danger to the State in the existence of a Pensions
Ministry, the political chief of which changes with any change
of party government ? The old Parliament was alive to the
danger, and carried a strong resolution by a large majority
that pensions should be keptt)utside party politics altogether —
a resolution duly honoured in the breach at the General
Election. We have a flagrant example across the Atlantic,
pensions in the U.S.A. having cost three times as much
thirty years after the Civil War as they did in the first year
after. I express no opinion here, but merely submit the
question. It is the most serious pensions problem which
Parliaments of the future will have to solve.

395

I

THE PROGRESS OF TRAINING.

By Major ROBERT MITCHELL, C.B.E.

The effects of more than four years of an unparalleled war will
not be effaced for many years to come. The problems which
we have been called upon to meet are still new to us and will
demand more than ever our unrelaxing attention. Of such the
problem of the disabled men is the most pressing, and the task
of refitting these men who are returning by thousands from
hospitals to civil life brooks no delay. The training of the dis-
abled man is entirely an idea of modern origin, for in previous
wars we were content to let him shift for himself ; our first
schemes of training then have necessarily been to a large
extent experimental in character. They have, however, met
with considerable success, and provided us with experience
to form the basis of our further efforts.

In choosing a new trade for a man who is, through dis-
ablement, unable to resume his pre-enlistment occupation,
several factors must be taken into consideration. Perhaps
the most important is his own inclination ; to urge a man to
take up work distasteful to him would be obviously disastrous ;
to select a trade for which the nature of his disability unfitted
him equally foolish. Training, however, has now reached
such a stage that we can say with accuracy what occupations
are particularly suited to different disabilities ; and, what is
more important, what occupations must be avoided by men
suffering from particular disabilities. Hardly less important
in determining training is the need for selecting trades which
offer the most openings and afford the greatest promise of
success. This point needs special attention, and the situation
is being carefully watched now that munition and other war
work is beginning to cease, and the workers are thrown back
into other channels of labour.

Let us examine now the progress of training during the
two years in which the problem has been seriously handled.

396 REVEILLE

The suitability of various trades to the general run of the
disabled can be judged from the numbers of men who have
accepted training therein, and been able to obtain satisfactory
employment thereafter. At present more than a thousand
men are being trained for the boot and shoe making and repair-
ing trade ; and some five hundred have already passed
through this course and obtained suitable positions, earning
the Trade Union district rate of wages. For this work the
use of both arms and hands is essential, but the loss of one
or two fingers would not necessarily disqualify. It has been
found to suit men suffering from shell shock, and a leg amputa-
tion would not be a bar. The work is not heavy, but it is
not recommended for a man with a weak heart or a tendency
to consumption. The prospects of remunerative employment
are at present excellent.

For men who require a sedentary life and have received
a fairly good education, a course of training in commercial
subjects is the most popular, requiring as it does only the use
of the writing hand. Numbers, similar to those in boot and
shoe making and repairing, are availing themselves of this form
of training.

The many processes which come under the heading of
electiical engineering vary considerably in the amount of skill
and physical strength required by the worker. Some of the
machine processes are light and can be operated by men with
disabilities to hands, arms, and legs. Others require men of
practically full physical capacity. For ** bench" operations
generally a man must be able to stand. Training for this
work has attracted about fourteen hundred men up to date.
There is a great demand for trained men at present, and it is
believed that the development of this industry will ensure
reasonable prospect of continuous employment in the future.

The different processes of mechanical enoineering also lend
themselves to various types of disablement, and for machine
operations generally one damaged arm and an artificial \^^ do
not disqualify.

In the skilled trades coppersmithing involves a good deal
of hammering and free bodily movement ; and the use of
both hands is essential, as \vi fitting, turning and brass finish-
ing, moulding and pattern-makifjg. The prospects of qualified

THE PROGRESS OF TRAINING 397

craftsmen in these trades are excellent, the trades have been
exceptionally busy during the war, and the demand is likely to
increase. The numbers of men who have been and are being
trained in these processes exceeds one thousand.

The development and use of specialized machinery and
tools for the manufacture of some kinds of furniture have
brought employment in this trade within the reach of those
disabled men who are incapable of excessive physical exertion
provided they possess a faft* degree of intelligence. All the
the work is done under cover, and the loss of a leg and two
or three fingers would not be a severe handicap in the majority
of processes. The outlook for wood machinists is particularly
bright, and considerable expansion of the furniture trade is
anticipated. But no machine work is suited to neurasthenic,
shell shock, and chest complaints. Cabmet and chair makmg
can be done by one-legged or one-eyed or deaf men. French
polishing requires good physical condition and a high degree
of skill. Upholstery is obviously unsuitable for men suffering
from chest complaints. Constant demands for disabled men
trained for furniture work have been received from employers
in all parts of the country. Between three and four hundred
men are receiving instruction in the different processes of
furniture making, and the trade can easily absorb hundreds
more.

A thorough training in tailori^ig leads to remunerative
employment. Large numbers of enemy aliens have been
deported or interned who previously occupied remunerative
positions in this trade. Much employment has thus been
opened up for trained disabled men. Of the two divisions
into which this work falls, cutting is the more highly paid, but
a long training and extensive knowledge are indispensable.
Making-iip offers excellent prospects to a partially disabled
man so long as he possesses the full use of both hands and
good eyesight. Some hundreds of men are already in training
and hundreds more can be accepted. The wholesale tailoring
trade also offers excellent facilities for training, and a fair
number of one-armed men can receive training in certain well-
paid operations.

Training in cinema operating has met with conspicuous
success, and the prospects are specially bright in view of the

398 REVEILLE

development in this industry. The use of both arms and good
eyesight are essential, but the work is not suitable for men
with a tendency to tuberculosis. Of the other more important
indoor occupations the leather goods trade has attractions for
men who are handy and intelligent, but incapable of enduring
physical strain, and the demand is likely to be brisk.

' Goldy silver, jewellery, and zvatch and clock jobbing is
highly skilled in some of its branches, and requires special
qualities of hand and eye and some artistic qualification.
Probably situations could be found for from i,ooo to 2,000
disabled men in this trade. There is also likely to be a large
demand in the future for dental mechanics. Quick intelligence
and delicacy of touch, together with mechanical aptitude, are
essential.

Basket making is not heavy work, and can be followed by
men suffering from deafness, loss of one eye, leg injuries, chest
complaints, neurasthenia, shell shock, or weak heart. The
prospects of steady employment are promising.

The building trades comprise many processes from which a
disabled man could select according to the nature of his dis-
ablement. There will undoubtedly be great scope for the
building trade for many years ; many contracts for public
buildings have been held up owing to the war, and a great
demand for small dwelling houses is anticipated.

Turning to outdoor occupations, agricttlture and its various
branches offer many openings. Outdoor life is particularly
suited for shell shock, neurasthenia, and tuberculosis cases.
Farming, however, requires fairly robust health, and not too
many of the disabled will be able to stand the strain of
working outdoors in all weathers. The need of motor
mechanics for farm work Is, however, likely to develop
considerably, and will probably offer a steady and secure
field of employment. In motor tractor driving the full use
of both hands and muscular strength are necessary, but only
moderate sight and hearing are required. Hortictclture^
forestry, fruit growing, and estate carpentry are occupations
also recommended for those disabilities which require outdoor
employment.

Such are the more important occupations in which facilities
for the training of disabled men are available, and which have

THE PROGRESS OF TRAINING 399

been found to furnish successful results. Mention must be
made of the diamond cutting industry, which is developing
considerably, and is at present reserved for men with leg
amputations. Although 98 per cent, of the output of rough
diamonds came from British possessions, yet before the war
this trade was practically untaught in this country ; several
centres of training have, however, been established. The
factory now being erected at Brighton will be the largest in
the world. Other training centres and works are being started
at Cambridge, North Wales, and at Fort William in Scotland,
and before another twelve months have passed over 2,000 men
will be in training in this trade.

Special conditions have been agreed upon between repre-
sentatives of Employers' Federations and Trade Unions not
only as to the kind of training the man should receive, but also
as to the rates of payment during the period of training.

Following is a list of the " Special Trades " in regard to
which such regulations are issued : Tailoring (retail bespoke) ;
agricultural motor-tractor work ; furniture trade ; leather goods
trade ; hand-sewn boot and shoe making and boot and shoe
repairing ; gold, silver, jewellery, and watch and clock jobbing ;
dental mechanics ; aircraft manufacture ; wholesale tailoring ;
basket making, including the manufacture of cane and wicker
furniture ; building trade ; engineering ; printing and kindred
trades ; picture frame making ; brush making trade ; distribu-
tive trade : pharmacy.

In all trades governed by specially agreed conditions, the
disabled man, when trained, is eligible for membership of the
Union concerned, is paid the standard rate of wages, and is
safeguarded against being exploited in any way.

The number of occupations in which a one-armed man can
be trained are somewhat limited, but the following are amongst
those in which men have been trained and are earning good
wages : Sub-station switchboard work ; wholesale tailoring ;
hand-loom weaving ; french polishing ; draughtsmanship ;
surveying ; commercial work ; book-keeping ; commercial
travellership ; forestry and certain forms of agricultural work ;
and telephone exchange operators. Diamond cutting may also
be added, but the output is only about 70 per cent, of that
of a man with two hands.

400 REVEILLE

Special training classes are being formed in which men will
be trained to use specially selected attachments which will
make the artificial arm more useful.

The above does not by any means exhaust the list of trades
in which training is being given ; there are many others which
have already absorbed a great number of disabled men and
which are capable of absorbing many more. It may therefore
not unreasonably be claimed that the training of the disabled
man has advanced by rapid strides, and that, with the facilities
now available and the efforts that are being and will continue
to be made to extend these facilities, every man broken in the
war who is unable to follow his pre-war occupation will have
a chance to return to a life of industrial activity, able in spite
of his disablement, whatever it may be, to earn a comfortable
livelihood.

40I

AUSTRALIA AND CANADA.

(I.)

Australia : Treatment of the Disabled.

By Lieutenant-Colonel G. M. LONG

{Director of Education^ A.I.F.).

To some extent the treatment of the problem of the
disabled by Australia has varied from the treatment accorded
by other overseas dominions. The main point of variance has
consisted in getting the disabled soldiers back to Australia for
treatment as soon as possible for reasons partly medical and
pardy industrial. The medical reason is that the fitting and
re-fitting of artificial limbs must go on for a number of years,
and this postulates artificial limb factories in Australia. The
industrial reason is that, given the necessity of these limb
factories, as much of the treatment as possible should be dealt
with by them. The reason has been coloured, but, perhaps,
not more than coloured, by Australia's policy of encouraging
/oca/ manufacture in every sphere.

So much for tendency. The facts of treatment naturally
fall into two categories — English and Australian. In England
the A. LP., the Australian Red Cross, and . the Australian
Y.M.C.A. have all helped. At Southall there have been a
few technical classes, not aimed at production, but rather at
providing that outside occupational interest which is so neces-
sary in leading the disabled man's thoughts away from himself.
To date the Australian Red Cross have been solely responsible
for these classes, but they are being taken over by the A.I.F.
Education Service.

A similar, but much more ambitious project has been
launched at Monte Video Camp, Weymouth, under the joint
auspices of the A.I.F. Education Service, the Australian Army
Medical Service, and the Australian Red Cross. Huts and a
large amount of apparatus have been provided for curative

402 REVEILLE

treatment, but the experiment is too recent to warrant a
definite statement as to results. The emphasis is, however,
mainly on the medical aspect, curative rather than re-
settlement.

The whole treatment of this problem in England has, so
far as the Australian soldier is concerned, been very strictly
limited by the Australian policy mentioned above, and has
been directed towards a much greater realization of the
psychological value in curative treatment of some outside
training. So far as the problem is one of resetdement, it
has been reserved almost entirely for Australia.

In Australia the following is a brief statement of Govern-
ment policy : —

" Sufferers from illness or injury due to, or aggravated by, military
service, are given free medical treatment in their own homes or in
hospitals or special institutions for so long as treatment may be neces-
sary. Artificial limbs and surgical appliances will be repaired and
replaced free as often as necessary. . . . Those who are unable
through disability resultant upon service to pursue their usual avoca-
tion will be trained in other occupations to which the disability is no
bar. During the period of training soldiers are guaranteed incomes
ranging from 42s. to 66s. weekly, together with a travelling allowance
of 3s., if they are in training classes ; or the minimum wage of the
industry in which they are undergoing training if such training is being
effected in industrial establishments. Apprentices are guaranteed the
adult minimum wage in the trade to which they are apprenticed the
moment they resume indentures. Those so disabled as to prevent
their return to normal efficiency are guaranteed a living wage, and are
provided with opportunities to earn at least part of such wage in
employments suited to their temperament and capacity."

Assuming that results are commensurate with plans, and
that sight is never lost of the vital necessity of encouraging
the disabled soldier's belief in himself and his own powers, the
future of the disabled soldier in Australia should be reasonably
safe.

The Repatriation Department of the Australian Govern-
ment is establishing large training institutions in each of the
six States for the re-education of the disabled. These are
chiefiy in the form of large Technological Colleges. In Sydney
and in Melbourne buildings are now nearing completion at a
cost in each case exceeding ;^ 100,000, and institutions on a
proportionate scale are being established in the other States

AUSTRALIA AND CANADA 403

of the Commonwealth. Emphasis is bein^ laid upon healthy
outdoor occupations which are closely connected with the great
primary industries of Australia, and upon those secondary
industries which are concerned with the manufacture and
utilization of the great natural resources of the country.

Major-General Sir Neville Howse, V.C., Director of
Medical Services, A.I.F., is at present on a short visit to
Australia for the purpose of consultation with the Common-
wealth Government on the whole question of curative treat-
ment and occupational therapy for the disabled, and it is
anticipated that as a result of the attention now being con-
centrated upon the problem in Australia a broad and sympa-
thetic policy will be adopted.

(II.)

The Australian Y.M.C.A.

By Lieutenant C. A. MORTON.

Weymouth, the seaside town, is admirably chosen for the last
stage of the Australian soldier's life abroad. To its surrounding
camps come those Australians who have been deeply scarred
in this great European war. They go from the trenches to a
hospital in England or France ; and then, if their wounds
prevent a return to the line, they are sent to Weymouth,
where for a few weeks the sea breezes help away their war
weariness and wounds, before their start for home.

It was in the depot there that the Australian Y.M.C.A.
began teaching disabled men useful trades that would enable
them, in spite of their physical disabilities, to earn a livelihood
on their return home. Classes in motor mechanics and car
driving, building design and construction, agriculture, short-
hand and typewriting, and electrical engineering were formed,
and the men received education from the various schools.
When technical education was commenced by the military
authorities, this department was handed over to them
together with .equipment valued at approximately ;^2,ooo.

404 REVEILLE

The Australian Y.M.C.A. has tried to serve the men of
the A.I.F. since the outbreak of war, and their huts are in
every camp in Enghmd where Austrahan troops are stationed.
The Weymouth Camp, Westham, Littlemoor, Verne Citadel,
and Monte Video, each have a recreational hut with facilities
for writing and reading, and the Australian newspapers, so
that groups of men from the various States can always be
seen poring over the latest news of their home towns. There
is a large concert hall in each of these huts where concerts and
cinema entertainments are given, and every sort of indoor
game is always at hand, and a canteen available for refresh-
ments, cigarettes, and tobacco.

A large staff of lady workers have served in the canteens,
giving up their time and their homes to minister to the men
from the most distant corner of the Empire. Their efforts
have been tireless and unceasing, and who can tell what the
presence of these women in the huts has meant to men who
have been so long separated from home, and all that home
means ?

The Australian Y.M.C.A. have always felt that the best
that can be done to make the monotony of military life more
pleasant for the soldier is altogether inadequate, after what he
has been through and achieved.

Over twelve months ago a building on the sea front in
Weymouth was secured ; it is known to the *' boys " as the
Y.M. Institute, is superintended by an Australian lady, and
contains reading, writing, games, music rooms, and a canteen.
Hot baths are a special feature. Sleeping accommodation is
provided for thirty men, and made use of chiefly by those men
coming from France or Salisbury Plain to see a battalion
comrade or relative before he leaves for the other side of the
world. Every outgoing draft to Australia is given a send-off
at the railway station, in all weathers, or at any hour of the day
or night. Even as I write the Y.M.C.A. is preparing to say
good-bye to four train-loads of men for Australia. The first
tmin leaves at midnight and the last at 5 a.m. All these men
will receive free refreshment before embarking. Then, too.
whether from hospital or from France, all trains arriving at
Weymouth with Australian troops are met, and the men given
refreshment to tide them over until they reach their respective
camps.

AUSTRALIA AND CANADA 405

We try h'ard to provide the soldier with suitable recreation,
an average of 160 concerts or cinema entertainments are given
in the area each month to an aggregate attendance of over
60,000. During the summer months outings to places of
interest are arranged, and parties of twenty men in charge of
Y.M.C.A. secretaries are shown historic places in various parts
of Dorset. Parties, too, are taken to surrounding homes for
an afternoon's tennis, croquet or bowls.

Midway between the Monte Video and Westham camps is
the social club known as *' Cacique." This place, with its
piano, gramophones, reading and writing rooms, and games,
has a real home touch. There are tennis courts, too, and in
warmer months provision for outdoor entertainments.

Religious meetings are held in all the huts twice weekly,
and the secretaries strive at all times to help every soldier
in any way possible. In fact we try to provide for the
religious, social and physical needs of the men as far as ever
we can.

During the past four years the Y.M.C.A. has been called
on for great service, and it has done its best to give it, at
least so we believe the soldiers think.

(III.)
Reconstructing in Canada.

By HOWARD ANGUS KENNEDY.

(Late head of Editorial Branch, Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment y

Canada,)

Here, in Canada, two years ago and more, it became clear
that our people were not awake to the real needs of the disabled
soldier. There was plenty of noise about him — a constant
chorus of *' Nothing's too good for you," with here and there
a shrill demagogue's voice rising high above the rest, ''And
it's nothing you'll get if you don't hang on to my coat-tails."

Realizing this, the Military Hospitals Commission started
a campaign of public information. Articles, sketches, inter-

4o6 REVEILLE

views, and paragraphs were widely and freely published in the
newspapers. Occasional bulletins were issued. Presently, at
the end of 19 17, a periodical bulletin was started, under the
name of *' Reconstruction." That has disappeared, but a new
monthly called " Back to Mufti " is taking its place. Posters
are freely displayed, pamphlets have been issued, and exhibi-
tions of moving pictures and lantern slides are given.

Alongside this campaign of enlightenment a great deal of
hard work has been done. The number of men on the strength
of the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment, on
December 4, 19 18, was 3,604, including 1,405 tuberculosis
cases, 472 insane, and S6 incurables. It will be understood
that this department only takes men on its strength after their
discharge from the Army. Nearly all the convalescent institu-
tions opened by the Military Hospitals Commission have been
taken over by the Militia Department, and are used for the
undischarged men.

One of the duties of the Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment
Department is the provision of ** vocational, educational, and
other requisite training for civil occupation of all persons " —
not merely the invalids — *'who have served in, and who have
been honourably discharged from, the Canadian Expeditionary
Force," and ** the provision of employment, and all such assist-
ance therein as may be requisite or advisable for the persons
aforesaid, and generally for their rehabilitation in civil life and
activities."

This duty of helping discharged soldiers to find employment
is still carried out through the Provincial Returned Soldier
Commissions — every Provincial Government has one — affiliated
to, but not directed by, the Federal Department. And now
Federal and Provincial authorities are jointly starting a system
of employment offices covering the whole Dominion, not for
ex-soldiers in particular, but for all who might benefit by it.
The Federal Government has quite lately created a repatriation
and Employment Committee, under the direction of a successful
business man, to co-ordinate the work of the various federal
and provincial departments, municipalities, and the voluntary
organizations concerned with any phase of repatriation and
employment, and to promote new plans where these are
required to meet the present emergency.

AUSTRALIA AND CANADA 407

The industrial training of invalided soldiers under the Civil
Re-establishment Department continues to develop satisfac-
torily along the lines described to the London Conference last
May by Major McKeen. A "follow-up" system has been
created, so that, after a man has ended his training and gone
out •* on his own," he shall continue to be visited and helped
by a tactful representative of the department. The follow-up
visitors will be able not only to give the ex-soldier advice and
encouragement, but to make sure that employers and their
foremen have proper regard to the returned man's condition
and needs. Up to October i, 6,076 men had been approved
as candidates for re-education, and 1,347 had completed their
training, while ^y^ had failed to begin, and 671 had failed to
finish their courses. It would be possible to give many cases
of conspicuous success among the men who have already been
trained. And what these men have done others can do, by
the exercise of perseverance and ordinary good sense.

In an attempt to gauge the effect of training on the whole
body of men who receive it, however, it is more satisfactory to
examine a string of cases without selection or discrimination.
I have before me now a list of the first hundred men who had
completed industrial re-education courses in Montreal up to the
middle of August last. A searching inquiry was carried out
so that comparison could be made between these men's present
position and their situation before the war. In about one-third
of the cases comparison was impossible. Several, for instance,
had gone away to a distance, had started in business for them-
selves, or had not yet got their wages fixed; eight were reported
as having " no job " ; of six there was no record.

The facts necessary for comparison were obtained in sixty-
five cases. Of these men thirty-four were getting more pay
than before the war, twenty-four were getting less and seven were
getting the same pay as before. While the average decrease
in the twenty-four cases was 18 per cent., the average increase
in the case of the thirty-four men was 42 per cent. In many
individual cases, of course, the increase was much greater. A
man who used to earn $9 a week as a shoe cutter now draws
$70 a month as a railway mail clerk — an increase of St, per
cent. A machinist who used to earn $40 a month earns S75
as draughtsman — increase, Sy per cent. A fruit-seller who

27

4o8 REVEILLE

formerly earned $75 a month now earns $150 as secretary —
increase, 100 per cent.

The department not only takes over from the military
authority those invalids who need prolonged institutional
treatment, but stands ready to care for any discharged man
who comes back for fresh treatment, if his trouble is due to his
military service. For this extensive work a complete medical
service has been organized. The department has a central
office at each military headquarters, with a staff of physicians
and surgeons under a Unit Medical Director. In practically
every large town the department has a medical representative
ready to give examination and advice. In smaller places the
ex-soldier can get from a local doctor any treatment he is
entitled to on applying to the nearest Unit Medical Director
for the necessary order.

A social service branch is now being organized to watch
over the interests, especially of men discharged from institu-
tions, for the treatment of tuberculosis and mental disorders,
and to help to improve circumstances which might bring about
relapse.

The department's main artificial limb factory is in Toronto,
but branch workshops have been established in several other
cities, and fitters travel periodically to many centres to meet
men whose artificial limbs need adjustment or repair.

The last word has certainly not been said in this artificial
limb business, but a high degree of efficiency has been reached
in some directions, for example, in the hooks or gripping
apparatus devised as substitutes for the human hand. A
young English soldier whom I had seen using two of these
"hooks," in place of his amputated right hand, when at work
with saw, hammer, and other carpenter's tools in the limb
factory itself, assured me that he could use even a pitchfork as
well as if he had had two natural hands. I took him out with
me to a farm, and he was as good as his word, pitching sheaves
and digging roots without the slightest trouble. The only
implement that he confessed to any difficulty in using was
a pair of scissors.

All this is a very bald statement of facts ; but I shall add
nothing to it except another fact, which has been repeated

AUSTRALIA AND CANADA 409

a hundred times already, and will probably need to be repeated
a thousand times before it comes to be universally realized.

'•There is a kind of bird in America," an ancient writer
says, '* that yields such a light you may read by it in the darkest
night." There is a spirit in the human being on this continent
as in Europe which can dispel the gloom of even a grave
deprivation and show its disabled possessor a clear road
through all obstacles to ability and independence. The doctor,
the limb-maker, the instructor, may tell a man the road is there
stretching out in front of him, but he will only see it and step
out upon it with confidence when that spirit, the will to succeed,
flames up within him. To kindle that spirit, to rouse that will
where it is dormant, to make every man his own physician, is
a task as necessary as it is hard. Few have the " inspiring "
gift in any high degree. All the more reason then to enlist
them in the work. And, since example may persuade even
where the natural gift of persuasion is lacking, there is the
greatest need of securing the services of men who themselves
have suffered and conquered, for the stimulation and guidance
of their wavering comrades.

(IV,)

Khaki University of Canada.

By Colonel H. M. TORY, D.E.S.

The problem which the Khaki University of Canada has been
organized to solve is inherent in the character of the modern
civilian army. The most valuable part of the youth of Canada
has been fighting in France, living under conditions completely
foreign to the life it left and to which it will return. Many
have been profoundly unsettled. Their plans for life-work
have been interrupted or even destroyed in the great shaking
up of war. Some were just commencing and many more
were training for professional careers, but three or four years
of war have intervened, imposing a discouraging, and in some
cases hopeless prospect. If nothing were done several genera-
tions would be lost to intellectual work in Canada at a very

4IO REVEILLE

critical time, to the permanent injury of the country. To
rescue and restore is vital ; and, more generally, it is necessary
to retrain for new tasks many who cannot, or will not, return
to the old, and to give ^'refresher" courses to those who are
returning to their old spheres of labour.

But if the civilian nature of the Army has produced this
problem, it, on the other hand, provides the chief material
for its solution. Throughout the Army there are scattered
teachers, agricultural, technical, business, primary, secondary
and university. Moreover, the period of demobilization will
of necessity last quite a number of months.

The work was begun tentatively a year ago, but while the
war lasted it could only be carried on in spare hours with
spare men. In the various Canadian units and camps local
study groups were organized, many series of lectures on all
topics were delivered, and individual instruction was carried
on and books distributed by a Correspondence Department.
Despite the very adverse conditions, over fifteen thousand
men received instruction in this way. Meanwhile plans were
matured for the chief work which would, of course, begin after
the cessation of hostilities. Now the whole is being fairly
launched.

There are six main groups of subjects : Elementary educa-
tion is being given to those whose early education had been
neglected and who are anxious to repair the loss. Those who
intend to return to the land are being trained in agriculture.
Several courses are being given to those who are going to
take up farming at once, as well as more advanced scientific
courses parallel to those given in Canadian agricultural
colleges. Commercial sttbjects, from simple book-keeping to
business law, are being taught to those who were engaged or
intend to engage, in business. Elementary practical science^
including electricity, gas and steam engines, and surveying are
being offered to those, for instance, who possess motor cars,
but no knowledge of their mysteries, as well as to those who
must apply such knowledge to meeting the needs of life.
Languages, modern and even classical, form another group.
For the many boys who had been looking forward to a
University career and those who have awakened to its value,
a full programme of matriculation is supplied leading up to an

AUSTRALIA AND CANADA

411

examination to be taken here. Finally university subjects are
being studied by those who were caught by the war in their
mid-career of training for professions.

In all the Canadian camps and outlying units the teaching
is now placed upon a day-time basis, each Canadian camp
having its own Khaki College under the direction of the
Khaki University. The students are supplied with the neces-
sary text-books, and each college has its general library.
Advanced students will soon be collected in one central camp
where work can be carried on more efficiently. In addition,
some arrangements have been made, and more are under
way, to give facilities for practical work to agricultural and
mechanical students, and others. The whole scheme has
been linked up with the educational departments and univer-
sities of Canada, who have agreed to accept pro tanto certifi-
cates covering work done in the Khaki University of Canada.

The most striking thing about the whole is the unpre-
cedented demand throughout the Army for education, an
excellent augury for the future of Canada as well as for the
success of the scheme.

412

THE COST OF CONSUMPTION.

By ECONOMIST.

Disease has too long been the monopoly of the doctors, and
people are too prone to leave to the medical profession a
responsibility which should be shared by the community as
a whole. The Pharmacopoeia contains no sovereign remedy
to cure the results of bad housing, unventilated workshops and
insufficient food, and maladies which are economic in origin
will only yield to economic remedies. Yet people continue to
discuss diseases like tuberculosis as though the problem was
one of more medicine and more hospital beds. It is an
unfortunate but accidental result of the sanatorium provisions
of the National Insurance Acts that they have fostered the idea
that a period of institutional treatment will cure consumption.
A very little study of the vital statistics of the Registrar
General and the reports of the Local Government Board
will prove that in spite of a vast expansion of institutional
treatment the mortality from tuberculosis is still appalling and
during recent years has shown a tendency to increase ; and the
explanation of this apparent anom.aly is not far to seek. There
are many diseases which run a regular course and at the end
leave the patient no worse than before. Consumption runs an
irregular course, and it is a matter of controversy whether it can
ever be said to be quite cured. But even admitting the possibility
of cures in exceptional cases, in the great majority of cases the
disease is ultimately fatal, though its progress is normally con-
trollable, and the inevitable end may under favourable conditions
be postponed for many years. The problem of the treatment
of consumption, as distinguished from the problem of its
prevention, is therefore primarily the problem of creating
these favourable conditions. It is true that a certain number
of patients are discharged from sanatoria labelled *' cured."
But this generally means that at the time of discharge no
tubercle bacillus can be found in the sputum and the lung

THE COST OF CONSUMPTION 413

lesions have been healed. Their power of resistance to the
disease has not been increased and if they return, as they
usually do, to live and work under the old unhealthy conditions,
which produced the disease in the first instance, they soon
break down again. Some diseased, such as scarlet fever, after
they have run their course; leave the patient immune for a
certain period against that particular infection. But consump-
tion brings with it no immunity against reinfection. The
weakness remains and re-exposure to unfavourable conditions
combined with a reduced working capacity soon bring about a
recrudescence of the disease. The second breakdown is worse
than the first, and the victim soon becomes a chronic or
advanced case. The man's working capacity and therefore his
earning power gradually or rapidly diminish, and increasing
poverty makes it more and more difficult for him to obtain the
nourishment and rest he needs. In a few years at the most he
dies in utter poverty or in the Poor Law infirmary, a source of
misery to himself and in the later stages of the disease a source
of infection to those about him.

Only a comparatively small percentage of sanatorium cases
are discharged as even nominally '* cured." In the majority
of cases the disease has gone too far, before the patient is
admitted, to be capable of arrest. There are many reasons for
this, partly psychological, but mainly economic. Tuberculosis
in its early stages is not easily diagnosed, though every tuber-
culosis expert is insistent on the importance of early diagnosis.
People can suffer from it for an appreciable time without
feeling sufficiently ill to be alarmed about their health, still less
to realize the necessity of giving up remunerative employment.
Tuberculosis, too, is a curiously optimistic disease ; the
consumptive nearly always believes himself to be recovering.
The working classes cannot afford to be ill, and the disease has
too often passed beyond the early stage before the consumptive
artisan is willing to give up work. At the present time most
sanatoria are full of discharged soldiers. These too are
"middle" cases. In theory consumptive soldiers are dis-
charged immediately, but in practice the machinery moves
so slowly that the soldier is past the early stage before the
disease is discovered and the case is brought before a medical
board. The soldier, however, has at least the advantage over

414 REVEILLE

the civilian that he secures admission to a sanatorium with-
out delay. The existing accommodation in consequence of
difficulties of building and shortage of staff cannot at present
be materially increased and the available beds in many areas
are not sufficient to meet th^ demand. The result is that there
is often a long waiting list, and the civilian may have to wait
weeks for admission, during which his chance of successful
treatment rapidly diminishes. These " middle " cases, as they
are technically called to distinguish them from the ''early" or
hopeful cases, stay for an average period of about three months
in the sanatorium and are then discharged with their physical
condition improved but with the disease still more or less
active. The effects of good food and the healthy routine of
sanatorium life soon wear off when these patients return to
their old surroundings and endeavour, as long as they can,
to carry on their old occupation. Before long they break down
again. If they are lucky they may have a second spell of
sanatorium treatment, but in most cases they have to fall back
on dispensary or domiciliary treatment until they are admitted
(as hopeless cases) to a Poor Law infirmary. Every social
worker is only too familiar with the via dolorosa of the working-
class consumptive, which is marked at every stage by increasing
poverty and wretchedness. By the time the end comes the
consumptive's family — themselves perhaps tainted with the
disease — have lost every possession in the world and are
burdened with a hopeless load of debt.

This tragic state of affairs leads too easily to the belief that
sanatorium treatment is a failure. In fact the trouble is rather
due to a misconception of the true function of the sanatorium.
It is a necessary phase of treatment, but it is not the whole
of it. The sanatorium will be a failure so long as people
demand miracles of it. The first step is to realize that the
consumptive is a permanently damaged life requiring to be
treated as such. The consumptive stands on a slippery slope
and the sanatorium supplies, as it were, the brake which checks
the downhill course. But it cannot put him back where he was
before the descent began. The real problem is to create
conditions under which the consumptive can go on living and,
an equally im^port ant point, can go on working. As Sir Arthur
Pearson is never tired of pointing out, the first thing to do

THE COST OF CONSUMPTION 415

with a blind man is to teach him to be blind ; and it is equally
true that the first thing to do with the tuberculous is to teach
them to live as consttmptives. This is the true function of the
sanatoriufn.

To find or create for the consumptive employment suited
to his physical condition is the crux of the problem. Quite
apart from the necessity of earning a living, work is essential
to successful treatment. Prolonged unemployment means bore-
dom, depression and rapid moral and physical degeneration.
But it is not an easy matter to find or devise suitable work.
The simplest method is to transfer the consumptive to light
outdoor work. But, as many After-care Committees have
discovered, this solution of the difficulty is not as simple as
it sounds. Change of employment almost always means a
reduction in wages. Even where the working capacity is not
materially reduced — and the average middle case cannot safely
do more than 75 per cent, of the normal man's work — a man
cannot ordinarily expect to earn as much at work which is new
to him as at his old job. Light work is not in general well
paid, and there is in many quarters a prejudice against the
employment of consumptives on the ground of infection,
although with proper care the risk is not serious until the
disease reaches an advanced stage. But the greatest difficulty
is the reduction of wages. Just when the man needs better
food and better housing, his diminished earnings drive him to
a smaller cottage or worse rooms, and he finds himself less and
less able to buy the extra food which the doctor prescribes.
The result has been described by no one more forcibly than by
Dr. Noel Bardswell, the tuberculosis adviser to the London
Insurance Committee. In despair the man abandons the new
employment and returns to work under the old conditions,
which means almost inevitably a fresh breakdown. Sometimes
a considerate employer will provide light work at a good wage
for an old workman, but charitable jobs of this kind are so rare
that they need hardly be taken into consideration. In general,
apart from the disinclination of men accustomed to indoor
factory work to take up outdoor employment, the transfer of a
skilled or semi-skilled man to outdoor work, necessarily more
or less unskilled, entails such a pecuniary sacrifice that single
men will not, and married men cannot, face it. Many men die
from tuberculosis because they cannot afford to live.

4i6 REVEILLE

If suitable light work cannot be found two alternative
solutions remain to be tried. Either the consumptive must be
trained for some new employment sufficiently remunerative
to allow him to keep up his former standard of living, or else
he must be enabled to carry on his trade under conditions
which will not involve a relapse. The first alternative
involves a relatively heavy expenditure on each case, and it
is questionable how far anything like the re-education of
consumptives is justified by results. For a variety of reasons,
the re-education of disabled soldiers has not so far been carried
out in this country on any large scale, but enough experience
has been gained both here and in France to prove that it is
quite practicable to teach the younger men in many cases a
new trade, even though it is one for which their former
occupation might not appear to have adapted them. But there
is an important distinction between the ordinary disabled man
and the consumptive ex-soldier. A crippled man whose injury
does not materially impair his general health can work a full
day at his newly acquired trade and if it has been wisely
selected there is no reason why his earning should fall below
the normal. But a consumptive cannot safely work for a
full day. Many authorities, including Dr. Bardswell and
Dr. Varrier-Jones, hold that a consumptive ought not to work
more than six hours a day ; and there will be many days in the
year when he will not be fit to work at all. Consequently his
training will take longer and will be more expensive. In many
trades the value of the work produced will not compensate,
at least in the earlier stages of training, for the cost of the
material spoilt. In any case, even in such trades as gardening,
there is the cost of the instructor's time to be taken into
account, and the experience of sanatoria where training of this
kind has been undertaken goes to show that the skilled
instructor and his consumptive pupils produce little more than
the instructor could produce if he gave his whole time to
production. There are certain trades such as estate gardening
for which consumptives might be trained in suitable cases, but
the wastage by relapses is high and the cost of training added
to the wastage makes re-education in general too expensive to
be worth attempting in the majority of cases. Forestry, how-
ever, might turn out an exception to this rule, although owing

THE COST OF CONSUMPTION 417

to the suspension during the war of the projected forestry-
colony in Lanarkshire, the suitabiHty of this form of work
has not yet been established by actual experience.

The other alternative, at once more hopeful and less costly,
is to enable the consumptive to carry on his old trade under
conditions which are not injurious to his health. This may
be done In one of two ways, either by constructing open-air
workshops in which consumptives trained to a particular trade
may be employed, or by establishing colonies In which a variety
of trades may be carried on. In certain occupations such as
tailoring and boot-making the Incidence of tuberculosis is high,
not because the trade In itself is necessarily unhealthy but
because It is often carried on under unhealthy conditions.
It would be quite practicable to construct special factories or
workshops where consumptive boot-makers or tailors could
be employed, if possible under medical supervision, without
injury to their health. But the experiment, which has not In
fact been tried on any large scale. Is obviously only applicable
to highly localized trades. The consumptive will not easily be
induced to settle In a district remote from his old home and
associations. But there are such localized trades, and there is
no reason, except want of funds, why model workshops should
not be successfully run. The Northamptonshire boot trade is a
case in point, and a model factory on the open-air system might
well be a practical proposition in Northamptonshire.^

Many trades, however, are not localized in this way, and It
would be courting failure to attempt to collect in a single place
all the consumptives belonging to a trade which Is distributed
over a wide area. In the less localized trades the wiser
course is to create colonies or centres in which each man or
woman could be given an opportunity of carrying on his or
her own trade. Such colonies or centres can only be built
up by degrees, and the nucleus will have to be a sanatorium.
Treatment and training must be linked together. The failure
of several ambitious schemes for the training or employment of
disabled soldiers shows that men will not voluntarily enter a
colony until they have learned to appreciate the value of work
as a part of their treatment. No one has been more successful

' See the Report of the National Insurance Medical Research Committee on the
Incidence of Phthisis in the Boo and Shoe Industry, 191 5.

4i8 REVEILLE

in this respect than Dr. Varrler-Jones, the medical super-
intendent of the Cambridgeshire Colony at Papworth and one
of the ablest of the younger tuberculosis experts. The patients
at Papworth are encouraged to work as soon as they are fit
for it, and every effort is made to enable them to continue
working at their own trades. They soon find that working is
more interesting than mere routine exercise. Sanatoria which
offer their inmates no employment show a large percentage of
men who refuse to continue their treatment. The percentage
of men who withdraw from Papworth is negligible. The men
not only find a new interest in life, but they begin to earn
money, at first not a large amount, but enough to give them
a fresh stimulus. As their treatment proceeds they work
longer and earn more, and by the time they are fit to leave
the sanatorium they are glad to settle in the neighbourhood,
because they realize that only under such conditions can they
hope to continue as wage-earners without the risk, almost a
certainty, of relapse. There are men in the colony now,
occupying cottages on the estate and earning good wages,
who could never have been tempted to settle there if they
had not first been patients in the sanatorium.

The term "colony" is so vague and has been applied to
such a variety of institutions, that it is necessary to state briefly
what are the essential features of a colony in the sense in
which the term is applied to Papworth. The central point
is and must be a sanatorium, which provides a means of
clinical observation and so of selecting suitable cases. The
patient is kept under observation in a ward specially set aside
for the purpose until the medical superintendent has had ample
opportunity of studying the progress of the disease in each
case and of judging the amount and kind of work which he is
capable of undertaking. While he is still an in-patient the man
is allowed by slow degrees to begin working, preferably at his
old occupation, or if that is unsuitable, at some new occupation
which does not require too long a period of training. After a
few months the patient is ready to leave the sanatorium, and
then if he has shown himself suitable for colony treatment he Is
encouraged to settle in one of the cottages belonging to the
colony or at least in the neighbourhood of the colony. If he is
a married man his family can join him at this stage, which is a

THE COST OF CONSUMPTION 419

most important point, as it is obviously impossible to retain
married men for any length of time in ordinary residential
institutions except in advanced cases. Prolonged treatment
and medical supervision are impossible under conditions which
involve the separation of husband and wife. The experience
of Papworth has shown that if a man can have his family with
him he is not only willing but thankful to continue to work
under medical supervision and under conditions which he has
learned to appreciate as essential if he is to escape a relapse.
If, as is bound to happen in some cases, the patient has a
relapse, he is able to return at once to the sanatorium. Much
of the success of any colony depends upon the selection of the
right type of case, but given a tactful and intelligent education
of the patient while he is still in the sanatorium, the proportion
of cases which can be retained permanently in the colony is
[much larger than might be expected, especially if sufficient care
is taken to provide the colonists with reasonable and healthy
recreation. If town-bred men and women are to be persuaded
to live permanently in the country, they must be provided with
some amusements to compensate for the excitement of city life.
Fortunately the cinema has greatly simplified the amusement
problem. The essentials of any colony, therefore, are a proper
selection of patients, the provision of regular medical super-
vision and facilities for the treatment of relapses, and a
systematic organization both of work and of recreation.

The success of Papworth, though the experiment has only
been conducted on a comparatively small scale, is sufficient to
establish the practicability of the colony built up round the
nucleus of the sanatorium. But there Is one vital point which
must be borne in mind in connexion with any scheme of this
kind. A consumptive Is a damaged life and his working
capacity is permanently Impaired. The degree of impairment
differs in different cases, but it may be taken as ranging from
25 to 50 per cent. It is obvious that a man who cannot without
risk of relapse be allowed to do more than 75 per cent, of a
normal day's work must under ordinary commercial conditions
suffer a corresponding reduction In earning power. If this
difference is not made up, he must, unless he accepts a lower
standard of living (which a man with a family usually cannot
afford to do), be tempted to injure his health by working beyond

420 REVEILLE

his strength. To meet this difficulty both Dr. Varrier-Jones and
Dr. Bardswell insist upon the necessity of subsidizino- con-
sumptive labour.^ In the case of the discharged soldier this
subsidy already exists in the shape of a pension, always provided
that it is not reduced when the man gets better and begins to
work. If the partial recovery of earning power is made a reason
for reducing or cancelling the pension, poverty will drive the
man to overwork, and his breakdown becomes merely a question
of time. The consumptive soldier needs a partial pension i
when he is recovering, and the withdrawal of it at this stage
would be fatal. Happily the wise decision to make the
Tuberculosis Officer a member of Medical Invaliding Boards
in consumptive cases should guard against this danger.

The existence of the pension in the case of the tuberculous
soldier affords an opportunity which has never occurred before
of testing what for convenience may be called the ^'subsidy"
theory. That the consumptive cannot compete against the
sound workman under ordinary commercial conditions is
indisputable. But hitherto there has been a disposition to
write off the consumptive as necessarily and permanently un-
productive. The success of Papworth encourages the belief
that if the consumptive is subsidized he may under proper,
conditions and intelligent supervision continue to work for many
years. If the Papworth plan succeeds it opens up a new era in
the treatment of consumption, and may lead to a recognition of
of the need for subsidizing all consumptive labour ; though
care must be taken to prevent the products of subsidized
labour being sold below the current market rates. The sug-
gestion sounds revolutionary, and it is open to the obvious
criticism that it involves in effect the endowment by the State
of a particular disease. But both on sanitary and economic
grounds there is a strong case for this policy. In the earlier
stages of tuberculosis the risk of infection is not very serious,
but in the advanced stage the disease is highly infectious, and
some authorities even go so far as to say that among the poorer
classes few consumptives die without having communicated the
disease to others. It is after all only a question of the dose.
Given normal health, and therefore normal power of resistance,

^ See the Lancet^ August 3, 191 8.

THE COST OF CONSUMPTION 421

the chance of infection may be nej^Hglble. But few can resist
repeated doses of the " massive infection " of an advanced case,
and as the family of the consumptive sink into deeper and
deeper poverty their power of resistance diminishes. The risk
of infection, and therefore the spread of the disease, might be
enormously reduced if by the adoption of the Papworth
plan cases could be kept under medical supervision and removed
to the colony sanatorium as soon as the advanced stage
supervenes. Homes for the dying are no remedy, because the
mischief is done before the patient is admitted. In a colony the
advanced case is isolated automatically at exactly the stage at
which isolation is required.

On economic grounds the subsidizing of consumptive
labour is justifiable because otherwise the consumptive must
inevitably cease to be a producer. The war has taught the
value of man power as nothing else could ; and there is no need
now to labour the point that the worker who ceases to produce
is a loss to the community. If the worker who dies is a loss to
the State, the worker who dies slowly long after he has ceased
to produce is a twofold loss. The community loses not only
what he might have produced but what he consumes after he
has ceased to be a producer. It is cheaper to subsidize the
consumptive worker even to the extent of 30 or 40 per
cent, of his earnings if he can thereby be enabled to go
on producing instead of dying slowly and wastefully.

It is not suggested that all cases of tuberculosis will be
suitable for colony treatment. Only experience can show how
far such treatment can be profitably extended. There will
always be a large residuum of cases in which residence in a
colony is not necessary or is useless owing to the rapid
development of the disease. But as long as the patient is
capable of work, whether in a colony or at home, some subsidy
is essential. There are many forms of employment quite suit-
able for the less serious cases if only the economic inducement
to continue in unsuitable employment can be removed. Much
can be done by a short period in a sanatorium followed by light
outdoor work, but the experience of all After-care Committees
is that their efforts have hitherto been constantly nullified by
lack of funds. The endowment of consumption presents many
obvious difficulties. But the annual mortality from tuberculosis

42 2 REVEILLE

is so tremendous that the case for a bold policy is overwhelming.
Whether consumption can be stamped out entirely is open to
controversy, but that it can and ought to be reduced is beyond
question.

No remedial scheme, however comprehensive or costly,
diminishes in the least the need for preventive measures. As
long as there are people badly fed, badly housed, and allowed
or compelled to work under insanitary conditions, consumption
will continue. But to remove the causes which predispose to
the disease requires something like a revolution in social and
industrial conditions, and the disease itself is so widespread
that preventive measures will fail of their full effect so long
as thousands of consumptives are allowed to spread infection.
In 1 916, the last year for which figures are available, nearly
54,000 deaths in England and Wales were due to various
forms of tuberculosis, or more than one-tenth of the total
mortality from all causes. In ten years the deaths from
tuberculosis in England and Wales were not far short of the total
deaths in the British and Dominion Forces in over four years
of the most colossal war in history. This figure includes a large
number of deaths in infancy ; but even allowing for the waste
of infant life due to tubercular affections the mortality between
the ages of 15 and 45, the age limits within which lie the bulk
of the cases suitable for industrial colony treatment, represents
a waste of man power which the nation cannot afford to neglect.
The extension of colony treatment with its corollary of sub-
sidized labour is admittedly a costly matter, but it is question-
able whether .the net cost of keeping the consumptive alive and
at work is greater than the cost of allovWng him to die, and
the ultimate gain by the reduced risk of infection is incalculable.
Compulsory segregation of consumptives is impossible in
practice and even theoretically of doubtful value, as it would
probably lead to concealment of the disease in its early stages.
But voluntary segregation on the Pap worth plan has been
proved to be perfectly feasible, and though it does not follow
that successful experiments on a small scale are capable of
indefinite expansion, there is no reason, except the difficulty
of producing the right type of medical superintendent, a point
of vital importance, why Papworths should not be multiplied
all over the country. The initial expense would be heavy, but

THE COST OF CONSUMPTION

423

the maintenance charges need not be high. Even if the system
does not realize all the hopes of its advocates, no more hopeful
alternative has yet been put forward.

[The above article by one who knows his subject from A to Z must not
be taken as representing official views. But many of its readers, including
the editors of Reveille, will hope that some great and generous national
scheme for tackling consumption (not only among the 50,000 and more
discharged tuberculous soldiers, but among all the tuberculous) will dow be
undertaken by the State. — Editor.]

£8

424

THE EX-OFFICER PROBLEM.

By H. B. C. POLLARD.

The British people have fought this war to a finish with the
most praiseworthy single-mindedness. Just as before the war
they said " Do not bother about war," so during the war they
have not been interested in post-war conditions. To the
declaration, '*We must anticipate Peace," the public replied,
" Get on with the war first, we will deal with these matters
later." In spite of this we have had sm^all groups of far-
sighted men thinking ahead, and what is far more to the
point, we have the framework or skeleton of the big machinery
of Peace, the engines of demobilization and re-setdement,
ready to start work as soon as the condition of European
politics permits.

But to this statement of conditions we must add some-
thing that we had not got in 1914, and that is a national
facility for swift appreciation of the needs of the nation. The
great issues of four years of war, the constant vigorous propa-
ganda, the swift changes from normal humdrum conditions to
the amazing times we now live in, have produced a national
mental alacrity that we never had before. An idea that required
six months intensive advertising before it could be got into
people's heads can now be set before the nation and will be
accepted by them in less than a third of the time. There is
now far more public interest in national issues, and the average
individual is much more wide-awake and receptive of what one
may call large-scale ideas.

The problem of the re-employment and re-education of the
officer and the non-commissioned officer or man of similar
educational standing is not a mere matter of the disposal of
surplus war stores, not simply a business of finding a job for
the boy ; it is the very much more important matter of putting
back into civil life the bulk of the best brain power of the two
younger generations.

THE EX-OFFICER PROBLEM 425

Into our vast Army we have absorbed the best brains and
the best physique of all classes. The officering of that Army
has been achieved on democratic lines. There has been a
process of selective appointment that has brought about a new
type of officer, commissioned because he had brains and
capacity, irrespective of his pre-war civil or social standard.
The University graduate, the bootblack and the clerk ; so far
as the Army is concerned they are all captains of equivalent
value and standing. They received the same pay and they
take the same risks, but the moment they leave the Army they
can only be classified according to their civil qualifications.

Everyone recognizes that the warehouse clerk who has
shown himself fit to be a colonel should not have to go back to
his old job, because it is such obvious waste of a man of higher
capacity. Public opinion unhesitatingly admits this in the case
of all such rather extravagant special examples, but the nation
is not yet awake to the need for dealing with the situation as a
whole. It is prepared to turn off a leaking tap, but it has no
conception of damming the vast river of brain power and
capacity that will otherwise run to waste absorbed in a thousand
petty channels.

The nation must realize what magnificent material it has
available in the non-regular officers of the Army, the Air
Force, and the Navy, and it must wake up to the absolute
necessity of making the best possible use of them when they
revert to civil employment. We do not want a mental attitude
of " Here is an heroic fellow, find the poor devil some sort of
a job," but the far more practical point of view : *' I want two
qualified men for a particular job, there are sure to be suitable
men in the Army and I will apply to the Army for them."
The employer should realize that he can have the pick of the
professional, commercial and technical labour market simply by
asking for it. The Appointments Department of the Ministry
of Labour can find a first-rate man for practically any position
just as soon as demobilization begins and as long as the supply
lasts.

The officer of to-day and the ex-officer of to-morrow are
one and the same thing, and it must be understood that
throughout this article, whenever the word officer is used,
the word also covers cadets, non-commissioned officers and

426 REVEILLE

men of equal educational or professional attainments. The
same mechanism is available for all, they are of equal national
importance.

The officers fall into four groups. First : Self-employers,
men of means or men whose business or professions are their
own and who do not need appointments found for them.
Secondly : Qualified professional or business men, competent
and capable, who, through military service, have to find fresh
employment upon demobilization. Thirdly : Partly trained or
partly qualified men whose natural course of career has been
interrupted by the war. Some of these are eligible for small
employment, some are not. Fourthly : Untrained unqualified
men of no definite vocation ; youngsters whose careers have
never been determined, and the large class of ''butcher's boy to
major," men whose pre-war occupation is now no longer suit-
able to them. The whole of this group are practically unem-
ployable for the present. There are some 400,000 officers in
the Services, but the relative proportions of these four groups
are not yet ascertained, nor can accurate figures be established
till demobilization is in full swing and returns have been
obtained from the whole Army, Navy, and Air Force. But
it can at once be seen that the third and fourth groups contain
the majority of young men from eighteen to twenty-seven
years old. The second group is composed of the qualified
men of some thirty to forty-five years old, and members of the
first group may by the accident of circumstances be any age.
For all practical purposes we are only interested in the three
groups who have to be placed in employment, and an extremely
efficient machine has been designed to cope with the situation.

The State, working through the Appointments Department
of the Ministry of Labour, is not only going to find jobs for
officers, but is able to train officers for jobs and pay them
while they are being trained. This is achieved by the Appoint-
ments Department working with the Ministry of Pensions, who
hold the statutory authority to pay, train, and find employment
for discharged disabled officers, who cannot through disability
return to their old professions or employments.

The Appointments Department of the Ministry of Labour
has been set up to give advice and assistance to officers and
others requiring professional and business appointments, or in

THE EX-OFFICER PROBLEM 427

need of training to qualify them for such appointments. The
administrative headquarters offices of the department are at
the Hotel Windsor, Victoria Street, S.W. i.

With the department are associated two main committees,
one dealing with questions affecting appointments, and the
other with questions of training. The former committee, under
the chairmanship of Lord Burnham, comprises representatives
of the principal professional and business organizations, together
with representatives of ex-officers and of the Government
departments concerned. It is known as the Officers' Re-
settlement CommJttee. The Training Committee is an inter-
departmental committee, jointly appointed by the Ministry of
Labour and the Educational and other departments interested,
including the Board of Agriculture and the Ministry of
Pensions ; the Chairman, Lieut.-General Sir Alfred Keogh,
G.C.B., LL.D., has been nominated by the Board of Educa-
tion. This committee contains representatives of the Univer-
versities and other educational organizations, as well as
representatives of commerce and industry. With the advice
and assistance of these committees, and suitable sub-com-
mittees, the department endeavours to find suitable appoint-
ments of a professional and business character for ex-officers
and others requiring them, and, either directly or through the
Educational Department, endeavours also to arrange facilities
for those who wish to undergo courses of instruction, whether
of a general or technical character. No fees are charged
either to the applicants for appointments or to employers.
The Admiralty, War Office and Air Ministry are giving their
fullest assistance to the department, and the Ministry of
Pensions, who are responsible, under the conditions of the
Royal Warrant, for the training and employment of disabled
officers, are working in close co-operation with it.

Thus it can be seen that in actual point of fact an officer,
taking a course of training, say, in metallurgical chemistry at
Sheffield University, should be described as having been sent
by the Appointments Department to a course arranged by the
Board of Education, acting in concert with the Ministry of
Munitions. To give all these particulars may be necessary in
official correspondence lest the responsible function of some
Ministry may by accident be obscured or slighted, but from

42 8 REVEILLE

the point of view of this article the division of authority is
immaterial, and I shall speak of the Appointments Department
as doing these things, for it is only with the Appointments
Department that the officer and the public are directly
concerned.

For the purpose of administration, thirteen directorates
have been established as follows, the headquarters town being
shown against the counties or area comprehended within the
responsibility of each director : —

No. I, Pe7Hh, — Perth, Inverness, Argyll, Aberdeen, Forfar,
Elgin, Fife, Clackmannan, Dumbarton, Kincardine, Ross and
Cromarty, Caithness, Sutherland, Nairn, Banff, Kinross,
Stirling, Renfrew, and the Isles.

No. 2, Edinburgh. — Linlithgow, Haddington, Roxburgh,
Kirkcudbright, Wigtown, Lanark (with all Glasgow area),
Selkirk, Edinburgh, Berwick, Dumfries, Ayr, Peebles.

No. 3, Manchester. — Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lan-
cashire, Isle of Man, Cheshire, Salop.

No. 4, Cm^difi. — Denbigh, Merioneth, Montgomery, Car-
digan, Monmouth, Anglesey, Carmarthen, Carnarvon, Flint,
Radnor, Brecknock, Glamorgan, Pembroke.

No, 5, Leeds. — Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire.

No, 6, Nottingham. — Derby, Notts, Leicester, Lincoln,
North Staffordshire, Rutland.

No, 7. Birmingham. — Worcester, South Staffordshire,
Gloucester, Oxford, Warwick, Bucks, Berks, Hereford.

No, 8, Exeter. — Cornwall, Somerset, Hants, Devon, Wilts,
Dorset.

No, 9, Cambridge, — Norfolk, Northampton, Huntingdon,
Hertford, Suffolk, Cambridge, Bedford, Essex.

No, 10, London (99, Queen's Gate, Kensington). — Lon-
don (with all London area), Surrey, Sussex, Middlesex, Kent.

No, II, Dublin. — Ireland.

No, 12, London (Gresham House). — The outer Empire.

No, 13, London (Gresham House). — All foreign countries
other than enemy countries.

Taking the problem of handling the immediately available
qualified man first. The function of these directorates is to
bring officer and appointment within their area together, and
to refer back to headquarters all surplus vacancies and unplaced

THE EX-OFFICER PROBLEM 429

candidates for appointment. Thus Leeds may have employ-
ment for two mining surveyors and have three textile factory
managers without situations. Headquarters acts as a clearing
house, and, looking over the daily vacancy list, is able to put
two unplaced mining surveyors from Cardiff in immediate touch
with Leeds and takes from Leeds the unplaced textile men for
jobs in the Manchester directorate. This is, of course, a paper
transaction between headquarters and the directorates, but in
the directorates there is the personal factor that is even more
practical.

Let us take a simple example : Captain Jones is a qualified
research chemist. He returns to his home district of Birminor-
ham and puts himself in touch with the district directorate.
There he is interviewed, and the officer gets some kind of an
idea what Captain Jones is besides his paper qualifications.
The same officer is in constant personal touch with local em-
ployers and he can make up his mind at once : '* This is the
kind of man that so-and-so wants." He has there in the office
a record of the employment, and can say to Captain Jones :
'' There is a vacancy at so-and-so's that might suit you. The
salary is so much, and the work I believe is such and such.
If you think that might suit you 1 will put you in touch with
them at once.''

The partly qualified or unqualified man is a very different
proposition, and a very large number of our officers fall into this
category. In many cases, no doubt, they could get temporary
or inadequate positions at once, but this is not to the national
benefit, and it is far better that, wherever it can be managed,
the officer should not seek employment until he is qualified to
be employed in some appointment commensurate with his
known capacity.

The undergraduate, the medical student who has not com-
pleted his training, the student at the Inns of Court, the
articled clerk, the partly trained engineer, all these are in the
same boat. Until they are qualified they are unemployable
except in some unsatisfactory "lead nowhere" capacity. These
men must complete their training. The question then arises,
How are these men whose circumstances have been entirely
changed by some four years of Army life going to support
life while being educated and completing qualification ? The
answer is — State assistance.

430 REVEILLE

The needs of the nation have interrupted these men's
careers and it is to the national interest that they should be
able to take them up again. They have hazarded all for the
State, and the nation cannot do less than pay the debt. The
course of training must, where possible, be made "intensive,"
compressed and shortened, and the officer must continue to
draw a certain amount of pay in order to meet his fees and
keep himself while qualifying. This has been done by wounded
and invalided officers during the past year.

The scope of training afforded by the department is so
wide that it is almost impossible to define it. There are the
recognized University and Technical School courses, and in
addition hundreds of firms in different businesses are prepared
to take officers into the business and train them. This system
gives the employer the chance of picking really good men out
of those he has trained and at the same time it gives the officer
who has got out of touch with civilian life an excellent
opportunity of taking what might be called a " refresher course "
before passing into regular employment.

The department can give particulars of short intermediate
or normal courses in almost every profession and business, and
the officer has only to explain to his District Director what he
would like to take up, and the whole available resources are
set before him, so that he can take up the one that suits his
personal circumstances best. There is, of course, a time limit
to these courses, and this is supervised by the Trading Com-
mittee, who take into consideration the nature of the work, the
age of the applicant and similar accessory factors.

If a man knows what he wants and is prepared to work for
a certain time in order to get certain qualifications or fit himself
for a particular kind of position, the Appointments Department
can find him what he wants in ninety-nine cases out of a
hundred. As against that, there are lots of youngsters and
men who do not know what they want, who have no qualifica-
tions and who would rather start out at once into some indifferent
job of any kind than train for real work. These are admittedly
difficult folk to deal with, for in most cases they will become
" repeaters," that is, men who will be always back on the odd job
of the Employment Exchanges. The Army education scheme
is particularly useful here, for it will drill some sense into this

THE EX-OFFICER PROBLEM 431

officer before he is able to leave the Army, and the unqualified
man with no prospects will not be the first officer to be
released.

This, by itself, is not enough, nor will anything be enough
until the parents of young officers, the wives of young officers
and the employers and everybody interested in any individual
officer, all insist that the officer or ex-officer should qualify
according to his capacities, but qualify for some sort of
permanent job.

That the scheme of resettlement in civil life applies to the
able-lwdied as ivell as to the disabled officer is all to the advantage
of the latter, A scheme for the employment of the disabled
alone must always suffer under the disadvantages associated
with the word charity, the appeal must tend to be directed to
the sentiments as well as to the business instincts of the pro-
spective employer. As now arranged, a demand will be created
for the brain-power available in the ex-officer, irrespective of
his physical condition. The ex-officer will be in demand, not
because of his past services, but because of the efficiency he
has attained through a course of training which is the last word
in modern methods. The disabled officer will find his job, not
on the score of his disability, but in spite of it, because the
whole class of ex-officers will have proved their superiority as a
reservoir of the nation's brain power.

432

TREATMENT BY SPEECH AND SONG.

By Lieutenant-Colonel FREDK. W. MOTT, M.D., F.R.S.

Vocal therapy or treatment by speech and song of invalid and
disabled soldiers may be considered under two main headings : —

(i) Voice production as a general hygienic measure to
promote convalescence and recovery of invalid and disabled
soldiers.

(2) Voice production in the restoration and re-education of
soldiers suffering w^ith shell shock or war neuroses, in whom
mutism, aphonia, stammering, stuttering, and speech defects
are prominent symptoms.

Voice Production in Singing as a General Hygienic

Measure.

The art of singing consists in the control of the breath and
the proper management and its mode of escape through the
glottis, mouth and nose.

The teaching of singing, by inculcating the habit of breath-
ing through the nose and fully expanding the lungs, should
therefore serve as a health restorative in convalescent lung
cases, whether arising from tiisease or ''gassing." Moreover,
singing by producing an individual and collective sense of joy
and well-being promotes digestion, assimilation and nutrition,
thereby aiding convalescence of all forms of mental and bodily
disease.

The nasal passages are so constructed, as not only to serve
the sense of smell, but to warm and filter the inspired air.
The nose thus acts as Nature's sentinel to the respiratory
passages. Instruction in singing by establishing a habit of
breathing through the nose serves therefore as a means of
diminishing the liability to acute and chronic catarrhal affec-
tions of the bronchial tubes and lungs caused by the entrance
of irritant particles, germs of disease and cold air.

TREATMENT BY SPEECH AND SONG 433

Singing from an Educational Standpoint.

Although the greater number of disabled and invalid
soldiers are not capable of doing more than sing in choruses
and part songs, and the singing teacher (from a high artistic
point of view) may find teaching them a humble occupation,
yet according to my experience at the Maudsley Neurological
Clearing Hospital, it will certainly not be a barren one, for it
will bring joy into their lives and help them to forget the
terrible experiences they have passed through. Moreover, it
will fill their minds with a store of fine melodies. But among
these soldiers the singing teacher will find good musicians
and solo singers anxious to improve their voice production.

Many miners, artizans and others have fine vocal organs,
and not a few of these possess a natural ear and sense of
rhythm ; the teacher may occasionally discover a vara avis
among disabled and invalid soldiers. If such an one is so
disabled by wounds or otherwise that he is permanently unfit
to follow his occupation, his voice may still be left to him, and
it would be worth while, especially if he has a natural tenor
voice, to have him trained with a view to earning his living as
a singer. I feel certain that there is much undiscovered talent,
and now is the opportunity to find it.

The Vocal Instrument.

The vocal instrument is unlike any other musical instru-
ment in its construction. The organ pipe with the vibrating
tongue of metal serving as the reed is the nearest approach
among musical instruments to the vocal organ ; but it is the
length of the pipe which determines the pitch.

The vocal instrument consists of three parts: (i) The
bellows ; (2) the membranous reed contained in the larynx,
which by the action of groups of muscles can be altered in
tension and thus determine the variation in number of vibra-
tions (pitch) ; (3) the resonator, which consists of the mouth,
the nose and air chambers contained in the bones of the skull,
also the larynx, the windpipe, the bronchial tubes, and the lungs.

The main and important part of the resonator is situated
above the glottis (the opening between the vocal cords), and it
is capable of slight variations in length and of many and im-

434 REVEILLE

portant variations in form. In the production of musical sounds
the chief influence of the resonator is upon the quaUty of the
overtones, therefore upon the quahty and carrying power of
the voice.

The movable structures of the resonator, the lower jaw,
teeth, lips, the tongue and the soft palate, form the articulator
or the instrument of speech ; for the movements of these struc>
tures so modify the escape of the sound waves from the nose
and mouth as to produce the combination of vowel sounds and
consonants to form syllables, the combination of syllables to
form words, and the combination of words to form language.

Speech defects are extremely common in soldiers suffering
from shell shock and war neuroses, but in the vast majority of
cases these defects are not due to faults in the vocal instrument
but to the brain which controls the voca mechanism.

The Cerebral Mechanism of Speech and Song.

Neither vocalization nor articulation are essentially human»
Many of the lower animals — e.g., parrots — possess the power of
articulate speech, and birds can be taught to pipe tunes. The
essential difference between the articulate speech of the parrot
and human beings is that the parrot merely imitates sound, it
does not employ these sounds to express judgments. But
a judgment, however simple, is based upon innumerable
experiences acquired through our special senses and stored in
the memory, to be recalled by association. In speech, the
whole brain is in action. There is, however, concentration of
psychic activity in those portions of the brain which are essential
for speech ; consequently the word, as it is mentally heard,
mentally seen and mentally felt, by the movements of the jaw,
tongue, lips, and soft palate, occupies the field of clear con-
sciousness in speech, but the spoken word is the nucleus of an
immense constellation of subconscious psychic processes with
which it has been associated by experience in the past.

Speech Defects.

Speech defects fall into two great groups : —
(i) Those due to injury, wounds and disease of the brain^
causing destruction or injury to the speech centres in the left

TREATMENT BY SPEECH AND SONG 435

half of the brain in rl^ht-handed, and the right half of the
brain in left-handed people.

(2) Those due to emotional shock and functional in origin ;
by this I mean that no recognizable changes will be found in
the brain to account for the patient being dumb.

Popular metaphor, "dumb with fear," is true, for emotional
shock can cause a dissociation of the brain centres connected
with phonation, as shown by the large number of soldiers who
are not only unable to speak, but unable to produce any sound.
They cannot laugh aloud ; they cannot cough aloud ; and they
cannot cry aloud ; not, then, being able to utter a sound, they
are dumb. But, strange to say, many of these dumb soldiers
or mutes shout in their sleep and cry out to their comrades,
and this shows that the condition is not organic, but functional
in origin, therefore curable. Their intelligence is unimpaired,
and they are able to express their thoughts in writing.

Mechanism of PHONATfON.

The lungs are filled with air by the descent of the
diaphragm, just as the piston in the barrel of a syringe moves
downwards in filling it, and the air is expelled from the lungs
by the diaphragm being forced up like a piston, by the con-
traction of the abdominal muscles which are under control of
the will. Thus the air can be expelled with varying degrees
of force and pressure. Steadiness of the contraction deter-
mines steady pressure of air from the lungs, and any lack of
control or tremulousness in the contraction of these muscles
leads to an unsteadiness in pressure and a corresponding
failure of control over the sound waves issuing from the
voice box or larynx. Consequently one of the points neces-
sary for control of the voice in speech and song is the proper
control of the breath by the abdominal muscles. This is
fundamental in the art of singing and in the re-education of
stammerers, stutterers, and other persons with defects in
speech, such as tremor.

The loudness of the sound depends upon the force with
which the air is expelled through the chink of the glottis"
The pitch depends upon the number of vibrations to which
the vocal cords are thrown by the blast of air produced by the

43^ REVEILLE

bellows. Now the length and tension of the vocal cords
determines the number of vibrations in the air expelled through
the chink of the glottis, for the edges of the cords, which are
approximated, open at each vibration, and allow little puffs of
air (the sound waves) to pass out. These are reinforced by
the resonating chambers, producing overtones which give the
quality and carrying power to the voice in speech and song.

Three Types of Functional Speech Defects.

(t) Functional mutism, or the inability to utter audible
sounds, due to the influence of fear upon the centres of the
brain which control phonation.

(2) Aphonia, in which the patient ms unable to do more
than whisper.

(3) The third type is where the articulator mechanism is
at fault, and we have stammering, stuttering, tremulous and
hesitant speech.

These functional conditions are extremely common, and
they are all curable by physio-psychotherapy ; often they are
cured spontaneously by some surprise, causing a cry or a laugh.

Physio-Psychotherapy.

The method of treatment of mutes and aphonic cases is as
follows : I will take, for example, five cases which were sent
to me from a hospital for treatment. They had been suffering
for some time past either with mutism or aphonia. It is a
great thing to establish an atmosphere of cure, for the great
French neurologist Charcot said of all these functional cases,
*' Cest la foi qui sauve, ou qui gudrity To prove it, of these
five cases, I took one into the room for treatment, and said to
him, " I never fail to restore the voice ; sometimes it takes
only a few minutes, sometimes an hour ; sometimes it requires
a very weak electric current applied to the voice box, some-
times a strong current." Then I applied a current, and told
him to give a cough. He coughed with no tone, but after a
few times he was coughing with full tone, and then I knew
that his vocal cords were acting. I now told him to count ten,
which he did ; made him say the days of the week and the
months of the year, and in about two minutes his voice was
restored.

TREATMENT BY SPEECH AND SONG 437

I asked him to come to the door of the treatment room and
repeat after me, " I thought I was dumb, but I find I can
speak." The other four cases heard him say this, and they,
too, were rapidly cured.

Soldiers who stammer and stutter, in whom both the
control of the breath and the mechanism of articulation are
at fault, sometimes turn out to be men with inborn or acquired
pre-war defects, and these cases are more difficult to treat.

First, I instruct them in breathing deep through the nose,
so as to fully expand the chest, and then make them blow out
in a steady stream ; next I instruct them by means of Wyllie 's
Physiological Alphabet, in which all the various vowels and
^^^consonant sounds are produced. It may be necessary to teach
l^ttthem (especially if they are pre-war stammerers) the proper
j^Hnode of the production of the sounds ; but when the defect is -
^^fentirely due to emotional shock, it is largely a matter of
l^suggestion and assurance of recovery. The personality of the
individual who undertakes this work is all important. If he
has established an- atmosphere of cure, it Is continually acting
by strong suggestion, and one man seeing another cured,
himself has faith.

It might be said that it requires no special medical know-
ledge, therefore, to restore speech to a dumb man. There are,
however, organic conditions due to Injury, wounds, or disease,
Vv^hich may cause a man to lose the power of speech ; and it
requires a neurologist to understand these cases, and from
special knowledge to say what chance there Is of improvement
or recovery.

I have under observation at the present time an officer who
is dumb, but can utter sounds. His silent thoughts are
normal, but he cannot express them, for the sounds he utters
are unintelligible. He can hear, but audible language has no
meaning to him. This condition is due to a head injury two
years ago, and if we could see his brain, we should find that
the speech zone, by which audible language is understood (that
is, his auditory word-centre) has been destroyed. He can,
however, sing a song, but without intelligible words, because
phonation Is represented in both halves of the brain, whereas
articulate language is only represented in one half. This Is an
explanation of why musical sounds associated with language

438 REVEILLE

are more readily recalled than simple speech. We are all
familiar with the fact that people in all grades of society and of
all erades of intellio^ence find it easy to recall the words of a
song or a hymn when the first note of a bar is struck, the last
note or word serving as the stimulus to the next. A most
interesting example of this was the case of Tom H. He was
shot through the brain in 1914. The bullet destroyed the
right eye, cut through the optic nerve of the left eye, making
him totally blind, and so damaging the left half of his brain as
to produce paralysis all down the right side of his body,
associated with aphasia or inability to speak, although he
comprehended what was said to him. Now, I stood at the
side of this poor blind soldier, and asked him what rank I was.
He felt my coat sleeve. I said, "Am I a Captain.?" He
uttered the sound, Oot^ meaning No. ^'Am I a Colonel.'*"
Oot was his reply. "Am I a Major?" (I was then a Major.)
He uttered the sound Ah, meaning Yes. I began to
hum . . . and he began to sing, and sang all the way
to the end: " 'Tis a long, long way to Tipperary," winding-
up with "Are we downhearted.'* No!" I said to him, say
"Tipperary, Tom." Oot came forth. Say "downhearted."
Oot was the reply.

Experience of Vocal Therapy at the Maudsley

Hospital.

I have been fortunate in obtaining the services of several f
ladies qualified by training and experience in voice production
and elocution. 1

Two years ago Miss Oswald came to the Maudsley Hospital '
and did most excellent work. She is now employed by the
War Office at Monyhull War Hospital, Birmingham, and I
have heard that she is carrying on vocal therapy with marked
success.

Miss Bush came to the Maudsley Hospital soon afterwards
and was associated with Miss Oswald in conducting vocal
therapy for mutes, stammerers and stutterers. When Miss
Oswald left, Miss Bush undertook the whole work in the
wards. But she is also a musician and trained her patients
to sing songs. It is well known that stammerers and stutterers

i

TREATMENT BY SPEECH AND SONG 439

do not stammer or stutter when singing. But these singing
classes do more than help stammerers, they improve the sense
of well-being and promote an atmosphere of cure in hospital.
Hearing the men singing songs with choruses extremely well,
I suggested to Miss Bush the desirability of teaching them
part-singing, and I promised to give a cup for the best per-
formance by different sections of the hospital.

A concert was given by the men and Mr. Plunkett Greene,
acting as judge, expressed himself extremely pleased with the
performance of "Sweet and Low" and a plantation song by
two of the competing choirs. I am greatly in favour of the
men themselves giving concerts.

But teachers of singing cannot, especially at the present
time, afford to give their services ; at any rate they should
ot (even if they give their services) be expected to pay out-
f-pocket expenses. I therefore hope that the Vocal Therapy
Fund initiated by the Countess of Carnarvon and supported
by the Prime Minister, Mr. Balfour, and many other distin-
guished men, including the Adjutant-General and the Director-
General of each of the Services, will meet with the generous
support we all know it deserves. Its Hon. Treasurer is
H. Entwistle, Esq., 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C. I am
convinced by experience that all encouragement is due to those
who undertake this work of speech re-education and teaching
of choral and part singing to disabled soldiers, for it will prove
a material aid in their recovery and earlier return to useful
occupations in civil life.

-29

440

CONVERTING PUBLIC ATTITUDE
TOWARD THE DISABLED MAN.

By DOUGLAS G. McMURTRIE.

{Directory Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men, U.S.A.)

No programme of re-education for disabled men, however
elaborate and technically perfect, can find complete success
unless the public has a sympathetic understanding of its spirit
and is prepared to support the effort rather than unconsciously
to demoralize those who are treading the way back to civilian
employment. Yet in no country does It appear that the
importance of public education as an adjunct to the programme
of rehabilitation has been fully realized or — if realized — acted
upon.

In the past, the attitude of the public toward the cripple has
been one of hindrance rather than help. People have always
had sympathy — of the wrong kind — for the disabled man.
The crippled beggar's cup is never empty, nor are the doors
of the public asylum ever closed to him. The employer is
ready to ** take on " the cripple as a watchman or messenger,
but he seldom looks about his shop for a job that the disabled
worker can competently fill. The f^milly has been more likely
to commiserate than to encourage.

In the rehabilitation of the disabled soldier what are the
respective responsibilities of family, employer, and community
at large ?

The first responsibility on the part of the family of the
injured man is to learn the meaning of disability, and see the
hopeful rather than the depressing aspect.

In the lift of a large New York department store, the day
following the publication by a newspaper of a photograph of
the first American amputation cases in France, the following
remark was overheard : '' Did you see those horrible pictures in
the paper yesterday ? I do hope that Jack will not come home

CONVERTING THE PUBLIC 441

that way ; I would rather he be killed.'' Yet the picture
showed only foot amputations and to one familiar with cripples
and their potential accomplishments such a disability seems an
inconvenience but nothini^ more.

The second responsibility of the family is to understand the
importance to the disabled soldier of the proferred training for
self-support, and to encourage him in every possible way to
undertake it. The family must do more than avoid opposition
to the soldier's plan for re-education ; they must do more than
give it lukewarm assent— they must get behind it with every
influence at their command.

Failure in his family to understand and support the
programme for the future of a disabled man may have
disastrous results. In France the mother occupies an unusual
place of authority. A son may grow up to be twenty, thirty, or
forty years old, but ''mother" is still a chief to whom obedience
is unquestionably paid. In dealing with the poilu, therefore,
one must count in his maternal parent as well. At one French
centre of hospital care and re-education it was found that, as a
man began to approach the point of medical recovery and the
time of entry on vocational training, his mother was likely to
descend on the hospital office, beat her umbrella on the table,
inquire why they were keeping her son so long away from
home, and demand his immediate discharoe in order that she
might take him away " to care for the poor crippled boy for the
rest of his life." In vain were explanations and arguments
regarding the efficacy of further treatment and training. She
had come there determined to take her son away, and the
scene would continue until her end was accomplished. And in
most instances there was nothing to do but accede to the
mother's demand.

A better way was presently found. When the soldier
was nearing the end of his hospital care the director of the
institution would summon the mother to come in and advise
regarding her son's future. She would then be addressed
something- in this wise : " Your son's medical treatment will, in
another week or two, be practically complete, and we thoucrht
you might like to know, so that, if you desired, you could make
plans to take him home. But you know he is permanently
disabled and will not be able to go back to his old job of

442 REVEILLE

railroad brakesman. We know that you expect to care for him,
but he will outlive you, and later, since the Government pension
is small indeed, he will be reduced to a miserable situation.
You remember the cripples from the War of 1870, how they
begged, or sold trinkets about the streets — and you would not
want your son to be in that fix. Luckily, however, we have
something else to suggest. Across the street is a school where
the men are taught various skilled trades. If your son cares to
stay for five or six months, and you approve, we will teach him
to be a telegraphist and he can go back to his home town and
get a good job with the Government telegraphs. As a skilled
worker still he will be doubly respected in the community,
he will be a burden on no one, his future will be assured, and
you will be very, very proud of him. What do you think wise
under the circumstances ? "

The whole situation is changed. Mother greets her boy
with : '' Son, have you heard what they are going to do
for you?" And as the son has already been talked to, the
joint decision is assured.

This illustrates the difference between a family for or a
family against the proposal of re-education.

The third duty of the family is to stand behind the man
during his course of training and try in every way to encourage
rather than dishearten him. Letters from home which recite
all the troubles of life and none of the joys will not help the
enterprise. The family reaction should rather be : " Stick to
it : we are getting along all right and want to see you finish off
the job, now that you are at it." In other words, it is necessary
for the family to maintain their morale as if the man were still
at the front.

The fourth family responsibility toward the disabled man is
to make the home influence as sensible and as truly helpful
as possible after his return from hospital or school. The first
and very natural impulse when son or husband comes home
crippled or blind is to pet him and wait on him hand and foot.
Yet the best interests of the family as well as of the man
himself demand his being encouraged to do for himself every-
thing he can, with the aim of stimulating that self-dependence
which has been the object of his whole course of trailing.
Within the limits imposed by affection the family should
endeavour to carry, along the spirit of that training.

CONVERTING THE PUBLIC 443

In the readjustment of the crippled soldier to civilian life
the employer has a very definite responsibility. One conception
of this duty is set forth at some length in the statement to
employers quoted later in this article.

The responsibility to the disabled soldier on the part of the
community at large is much more complex, since the contact
exists at a multitude of points and is at none highly intimate.
The first reaction of the public to the returning man is hero-
worship of the most empty type — described coldly it usually
consists in making a fool of the man, and entertaining him in
hurtful ways.

One form of this is society lionization for the proverbial six
days. To a large Canadian city a disabled soldier returned
after two years' absence at the Front. His wife and children
had been looking forward eagerly to having him with them,
but after his arrival saw but little of him. A national holiday
was approaching and they were counting on his accompanying
them to the park, and had exacted a half promise that he would
go, but on the morning itself, while the mother was dressing
the children to start, he made no move to get ready. Almost
tearfully the mother asked if he wasn't going with them.
*' Oh, no," he answered, ** I'm going for an automobile ride
this morning and this afternoon to a sing-song at the Ritz."
This was the way in which the community was showing
kindness to the returned soldier and helping to put him back
on his feet !

The man in the street thinks the greatest service he can do
to the disabled fighter, particularly when he is discharged from
the Army and no longer under the partial protection of khaki,
is to buy him as many drinks as he can hold. From one small
American city a social worker reported inability to distinguish
as to whether certain discharged men were suffering from shell
shock or intoxication, so hearty was the hospitality of the
citizens. Such " kindness " requires no comment.

Finally there is the great general public prejudice against
the disabled, the incredulity as to possible usefulness, the
apparent will to pauperize, and the reluctance to give the
handicapped man a chance through the usual channels of
opportunity. Successful crippled and blind men unanimously
testify that the handicap of public opinion is a greater obstacle

444 REVEILLE

than amputation of limb or loss of sight. And this unenlightened
attitude is manifest in every social relation of the disabled —
with family, with employer, with the community as a whole.

It becomes clear, therefore, that a necessary feature of any
scheme for restoring the disabled soldier to self-respect and
self-support is a campaign of public education to convert the
general attitude towards the crippled and handicapped. In the
United States some effort in converting the public to a sensible
attitude toward the disabled man has been made by the Red
Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men, an unofficial
agency established a year before a statute was passed assigning
to a Government department definite responsibility for re-
education.

The early messages from the Red Cross Institute to the
public were conveyed in two little leaflets similar in general
character. Of one, entitled "A Square Deal for the Crippled
Soldier," nearly two million were distributed by public utility
corporations, department stores, stock exchange firms, and
the like. Of the other, ** Your Duty to the War Cripple,"
more than six million were circulated by the national telephone
organization alone. Judging by the resultant inquiries and
correspondence, these leaflets commanded attention and had
a real public influence. The text of one of them read as
follows : —

•• A Square Deal for the Crippled Soldier.

" When the crippled soldier returns from the Front, the Govern-
ment will provide for him, in addition to medical care, special training
for self-support.

But whether this will really put him back on his feet depends on
what the public does to help or hinder, on whether the community
morally backs up the national programme to put the disabled soldier
beyond the need of charity.

In the past, the attitude of the public has become a greater handicap
to the cripple than his physical disability. People have assumed him
to be helpless, and have, only too often, persuaded him to become so.

For the disabled soldier there has been "hero-worship"; for the
civilian cripple there has been a futile kind of sympathy. Both do a
man more harm than good.

All the cripple needs is the kind of job he is fitted for, and training
in preparation for it. There are hundreds of seriously crippled men
now holding jobs of importance. Other cripples can do likewise, if
given the chance.

I

CONVERTING THE PUBLIC 445

In the light of results already attained abroad in the training of
disabled soldiers, the complete elimination of the dependent cripple has
become a constructive and inspiring possibility.

Idleness is the great calamity. Your service to the crippled man,
there ore, is to find for him a good busy job, and encourage him to
tackle it.

Demand of the cripple that he get back into the work of the world,
and you will find him only too ready to do so.

For the cripple who is occupied is, in truth, no longer handicapped.

Can the crippled soldier — or the industrial cripple as well— count on
you as a true and sensible friend ? "

Following upon this message to the general public, there
was distributed in an edition of a quarter of a million a circular
addressed to employers. Its principal channel of circulation
was through chambers of commerce and manufacturers' associa-
tions, which transmitted a copy to each of their members,
together with a note calling attention to the urgency of the
duty outlined. The text of this statement read as follows : —

"The Duty of the Employer in the Reconstruction
OF THE Crippled Soldier.

'* We must count on the return from the Front of thousands of
crippled soldiers. We must plan to give them on their return the best
possible chance for the future.

Dependence cannot be placed on monetary compensation in the
form of a pension, for in the past the pension system has proved a
distinct failure in so far as constructive ends are involved. The
pension has never been enough to support in decency the average
disabled soldier, but it has been just large enough to act as an
incentive to idleness and semi-dependence on relatives or friends.

The only compensation of real value for physical disability is
rehabilitation for self-support. Make a man again capable of earning
his own living and the chief burden of his handicap drops away.
Occupation is, further, the only means for making him happy and
contented.

With the humanitarian aim of restoring crippled men to the
greatest possible degree and the economic aim of sparing the
community the burden of unproductivity on the part of thousands
of its best citizens, the European countries began soon after the
outbreak of hostilities the establishment of vocational training schools
for the rehabilitation of disabled soldiers. The movement had its
inception with Mayor Edouard Herriot, of the city of Lyons, France,
who found it difficult to reconcile the number of men who had lost
an arm or leg, but were otherwise strong and well, sunning them-
selves in the public squares, with the desperate need for labour in

446 REVEILLE

the factories and munition works of the city, so he induced the
municipal council to open an industrial school for war cripples,
christened L'Ecole Joffre. This institution opened to receive its
first pupils in December, 1914. It has proved the example and
inspiration for hundreds of similar schools since founded throughout
France, Italy, Germany, Great Britain and Canada.

The disability of some crippled soldiers is no bar to returning to
their former trade, but the injuries of many disqualify them from
pursuing again their past occupation. The schools of re-education
prepare these men for some work in which their disability will not
materially prejudice their production.

The education of the adult is made up largely of his working
experience. The groundwork of training in his past occupation must
under no circumstances be abandoned. The new trade must be
related to the former one or be, perhaps, an extension or specialization
of it. For example, a man who has done manual work in the
building trades may by instruction in architectural drafting and the
interpretation of plans be fitted for a foreman's job, in which the lack
of an arm would not prove of serious handicap. A trainman who had
lost a leg may wisely be prepared as a telegraphist, so that he could
go back to railroad work, with the practice of which he is already
familiar.

Whatever training is given must be thorough, for an adult cannot
be sent out to employment on the same basis as a boy apprentice.
He must be adequately prepared for the work he is to undertake. . . .
An important factor in the success of re-educational work is an early
start, so that the disabled man shall have no chance to go out
unemployed into the community. In even a short period of exposure
to the sentimental sympathy of family and friends, his 'will to work'
is so broken down that it becomes difficult again to restore him to a
stand of independence and ambition. For this reason, therefore, the
plan for his future is made at as early a date as physical condition
admits, and training is actually under way before the patient is out of
the hospital'.

In the readjustment of the crippled soldier to civilian life, his place-
ment in employment is a matter of the greatest moment. In this field
the. employer has a very definite responsibility.

But the employer's duty is not entirely obvious. It is, on the
contrary, almost diametrically opposite to what one might super-
ficially infer it to be. The duty is not to • take care of,' from patriotic
motives, a given number of disabled men, finding for them any odd
jobs which are available, and putting the ex-soldiers in them without
much regard to whether they can earn the wages paid or not.

Yet this method is all too common. A local committee of employers
will deliberate about as follows : * Here are a dozen crippled soldiers
for whom we must find jobs. Jones, you have a large factory ; you
should be able to take care of six of them. Brown, can you not find
places for four of them in your warehouse ? And Smith, you ought to
place at least a couple in your store.'

CONVERTING THE PUBLIC 447

Such a procedure cannot have other than pernicious results. In
the first years of war the spirit of patriotism runs high, but
experience has shown that men placed on this basis find themselves
out of a job after the war has been over several years, or in fact,
after it has been in progress for a considerable period of time.

A second weakness in this method is that a man who is patronized
by receiving a charity job, comes to expect as a right such semi-
gratuitous support. Such a situation breaks down rather than builds
up character, and makes the man progressively a weaker rather than a
stronger member of the community. We must not do our returned
men such injury.

The third difficulty is that such a system does not take into account
the man's future. Casual placement means employment either in a
makeshift job as watchman or elevator operator, such as we sliould
certainly not offer our disabled men except as a last resort — or in a job
beyond the man, one in which, on the cold-blooded considerations of
product and wages, he cannot hold his own. Jobs of the first type
have for the worker a future of monotony and discouragement. Jobs
of the second type are frequently disastrous, for in them a man, instead
of becoming steadily more competent and building up confidence in
himself, stands still and loses confidence every day. When he is
dropped or goes to some other employment, the job will have had for
him no permanent benefit.

Twelve men sent to twelve jobs may all be seriously misplaced,
or all ideally located. If normal workers require expert and careful
placement, crippled candidates for employment require it even more.

The positive aspect of the employer's duty is to find for the disabled
man a constructive job which he can hold on the basis of competence
alone. In such a job he can be self-respecting, be happy, and look
forward to a future. This is the definite patriotic duty. It is not so
easy of execution as telling a superintendent to take care of four men,
but there is infinitely more satisfaction to the employer in the
results, and infinitely greater advantage to the employee. And it
is entirely practical, even in dealing with seriously disabled men.

A cripple is only debarred by his disability from performing
certain operations. In the operations which he can perform, the
disabled man will be just as efficient as his non-handicapped col-
league, or more so. In the multiplicity of modern industrial processes
it is entirely possible to find jobs not requiring the operations from
which any given type of cripples are debarred. For such jobs as they
can fill, the cripple should be given preference.

Thousands of cripples are now holding important jobs in the
industrial world. But they are men of exceptional character and
initiative, and have, in general, made their way in spite of employers
rather than because of them. Too many employers are ready to give
the cripple alms, but not willing to expend the thought necessary to
place him in a suitable job. This attitude has helped to make many
cripples dependent. With our new responsibilities to the men disabled
in fighting for us, the point of view must certainly be changed. What

448 REVEILLE

some cripples have done, other cripples can do— if only given an even
chance.

The industrial cripple should be considered as well as the military
cripple, for in these days of national demand for tlie greatest possible
output there should not be left idle any men who can be made into
productive workers. . . .

In sum, the patriotic employer's duty is this : —

To study the jobs under his jurisdiction, and determine which might
be satisfactorily held by cripples. To give the cripples preference for
these jobs. To utilize to as great an extent as possible labour which
would otherwise be unproductive. To do the returned soldier the
honour of offering him real employment, rather than proffer him the
ignominy of a charity job."

In addition to its direct circulation, the text of this statement
was printed in hundreds of trade journals, often accompanied by
editorial comment.

Special articles were also written for the trade journals. It
was felt that, while a furrier might fail to read a general article
on the training of disabled soldiers, he would surely be
interested in an illustrated article, in his own trade journal,
on how war cripples were being re-educated as fur workers
at Lyons, France, and at other points. The plan was thus
to meet every trade worker and employer on the ground of his
own speciality.

The first series of articles described re-educational work
already in progress. Each consisted, half of a statement on
training in the particular trade the journal dealt with, and half
of the general philosophy of the subject and duty of the public.
Illustrations of the trade classes referred to could usually be
supplied from the collection of photographs which the Red
Cross Institute had built up.

A second series of over sixty articles described the openings
for disabled men in the various trades.

For leaders of public opinion half a million copies of a forty-
page illustrated booklet entitled " Reconstructing the Crippled
Soldier," were circulated. One of these booklets was sent with
a special reminder to every minister, priest, and rabbi in the
United States, and one with a like reminder to every
physiclim and surgeon in the country. Others were sent to
educators, social workers, librarians, and the like.

Hundreds of clergymen reported having preached sermons

CONVERTING THE PUBLIC 449

on the subject to their congregations, and considerable cor-
respondence and special inquiry ensued. Beyond this,
however, the influence of this booklet cannot be appraised.

Still another booklet entitled *' Rehabilitation of the War
Cripple" was given more limited circulation. It described
the theory of the subject, and was addressed only to readers
seriously interested in the details of the work.

A new leaflet now being issued, " Facts of Interest to the
Disabled Soldier and Sailor," aims to give, in the smallest
possible compass, a statement of the provision made by the
Government for the ex-service man. This will be distributed
in large quantities to the public at large and to families of men
in the Army and Navy.

For the daily press a special news service was inaugurated.

An endeavour was also made to influence general writers to
a different conception of disability. Too often in literary and
dramatic references the disabled man appears as the prototype
of the crushed and helpless creature. If, in such references, the
hopeful future can be suggested instead, there will be a distinct
gain for the cause. There was held, therefore, at the Red
Cross Institute, a series of meetings for writers. The foreign
work was described, moving pictures and lantern slides were
shown, and the subject was discussed by both speakers and
audience. Many of the writers found the subject of intense
interest, and not only promised to reform the character of their
future allusions to the disabled, but also went out to prepare
special articles in the interest of the invalided soldier. Still
others volunteered their services on the public education staff
of the Institute.

To illustrated magazines and periodicals are supplied photo-
graphs showing disabled men at work in a variety of occupations
in Canada, France, England, Italy, Germany, India, and the
United States. An interesting collection of moving picture
films, illustrating rehabilitation at home and abroad, has been
made ; and the films are loaned for educational use. A pub-
lication which has stimulated considerable interest in the
disabled man among the general reading public is "" Carry On,"
edited by the Office of the Surgeon-General of the United
States Army, and published by the Red Cross Institute for
Crippled and Disabled Men, a division of the American Red

450 REVEILLE

Cross. Prominent men and women are Invited to contribute
to its columns, while leading poster artists and cartoonists
brighten its pages with original and appropriate illustrations.
Among the first contributors are Woodrow Wilson, Theodore
Roosevelt, Charles M. Schwab, Augustus Thomas, Samuel
Gompers, Herbert Kaufman, and Alice Duer Miller.

A public speaking service was Instituted. Officers of the
Institute speak before mass meetings, conventions, associations,
chambers of commerce, and so forth.

Red Cross chapters, women's clubs, meetings of school
teachers, church forums, and the like, are also constantly
addressed by members of the Institute staff. These talks are
almost always illustrated by slides and motion picture films,
which have been found most effective and convincing proofs
that the disabled man can overcome his physical disabilities if
he is given the chance, and can take his place In the Industrial
and social world on an equal footing with the able-bodied
workman.

This record covers only the beginning of the campaign
to reach the public in the Interests of the disabled man. The
campaign was entirely unofficial ; perhaps It gained effectiveness
by being so. Public education Is now being undertaken by
several of the Government departments concerned In the re-
habilitation of the disabled soldier and sailor, and it Is to be
hoped that much ability and energy will be devoted to the task.
The more effort, the more accomplishment. The work must
keep on until every member of the community understands the
real responsibility to the disabled man.

451

THE PILKINGTON SPECIAL HOSPITAL,
ST. HELENS, LANCASHIRE.

By JAMES R. KERR, Ch.M.Glas.

(Suygeon-m-charge,)

This orthopaedic hospital admitted its first group of injured
soldiers on February 9, 19 17. These men had been treated
lin normal hospitals, military and civil, for periods of from six
lonths to two years. Their wounds were, in the ordinary
jense, healed, but there remained in all cases serious disabilities
•endering the men, for the time being, quite unfit for military
jervice and threatening to cripple their efficiency in civil life,
he comprehensive arrangements for patients of this type, the
lavish accommodation, and the assured promise of benefit,
induced a steady flow of maimed soldiers from other hospitals.
[Soon Local War Pensions Committees over a wide area dis-
(cerned that the St. Helens Orthopaedic Centre offered a solu-
;ion to some of their difficult problems, and sought admission
for certain of their pensioners. These were soldiers who had
[been injured in service, treated in hospital and discharged
from the Army, but whose disablements interfered with bread-
earning. The intervals between the date of their discharge
from the Army and of their arrival at this hospital ranged from
two months to three years. At the present moment there are
in residence, and under specially organized courses of ortho-
paedic treatment, 130 soldiers and 365 pensioners. Each patient
has, on an average, twenty-eight personal treatments per week,
each treatment lasting at least thirty minutes. This extensive
programme is carried out by a trained professional staff some
sixty strong, assisted by former patients familiar with the
methods. In aid of the purely physical cure, much and most
varied provision is made for cheerful recreation and curative
work. One hundred of these crippled men, willingly, earnestly,

452 REVEILLE

and to good purpose, spend on an average five hours per week
under expert supervision in the workshops ; and classes for
education in ordinary subjects and elementary science are well
attended and enjoyed. This gives an indication of the spirit
we strive to foster.

The hospital was founded and equipped by the firm of
Messrs. Pilkington Bros., Ltd., St. Helens. During the last
nine months its capacity has been doubled, new appliances
have been introduced, and most useful modifications of those
with which we started have been made on the lines which
watchful experience suggested. In this evolution it has been
of great moment to be associated with colleagues to whom the
idea of the reconstruction of men was an obsession. The
patients themselves, coming as they did from all quarters,
and bringing their manifold impressions of hospital life, some
even from German wards and prison camps, contributed
unconsciously to our progress in orthopaedic methods.

Each patient on the day after arrival is examined, his
condition noted, and careful measurements of his disability
are made and recorded. In the settling of his time-table,
electro-diagnosis and X-ray photographs give valuable help
and the heads of the several departments receive from the
surgeon -in-charge definite guidance, verbal and written, as to
the special treatments indicated. Here is a rapid sketch of the
main divisions of hospital work.
Departments of: —

Sur^eiy : {a) operative ; {b) minor.

Radiography,

Physiotherapy : {a) Electro-therapy, {b) hydro-therapy,
{c) thermo-therapy, {d) mechano-therapy, {e) massage,
(y*) remedial gymnastics.

Splints and plaster casts.

Education and Personal Work : (a) Curative workshops,
(b) horticulture, (c) studies, (d) entertainments and
sports.

Surgery.

Surgery makes exclusive use of a suite of rooms arranged
and equipped on the lines of to-day's best practice. In the
theatre, under most favourable conditions of light, temperature,

THE PILKINGTON SPECIAL HOSPITAL 453

appliances and staff, much operative work is done, such as
neurolysis, nerve suturing, removal of sequestra, bone trans-
plantation and fixation, re-amputations and plastic operations,
in addition to the usual emergencies of civil practice.

Radiography.

Radiography, first as an aid to diagnosis, and afterwards as
a means of getting exact information from tiriie to time of the
progress in deep structures that have been injured, is fully and
effectively used. The installation owes its distinction to a
powerful transformer type apparatus of American origin,
a French radio-stereometer and an English stereoscopic
apparatus. The subsidiary appliances are of recent design
and the facilities for developing, fixing, exhibiting and storing
the catalogued X-ray records are ideal.

Physiotherapy.

Physiotherapy — not a new notion, but old as human
accidents — appears in many forms. In the attack on disable-
ments it has recourse to what we call " physical agencies " —
hot air, hot water, radiant energy, hand massage, electrical
stimulation, ordered bodily exercises, and mechanical contri-
vances for inducing movements of muscles and joints. Of
these, electro therapy holds the place of honour, occupying
4,000 sq. ft. of floor space and offering treatment — galvanic,
faradic and ionization — to forty-eight patients at a time. In
the photograph, members of the Almeric Paget Corps are
seen at work.

Hydro -therapy has an important place in our programme.
In the spacious pool room there are two large white- tiled pools
36 ft. long and 20 ft. broad. In one pool the temperature of
the water is from 90° F. to 100° F. Air from a compressor
causes a turbulent movement of the warm water, and more
air subjected to a powerful ozonizer is pressed in — a distinct
improvement. Along the sides are tiled lounge seats, and the
patients sit immersed up to the neck, or move about in the
seething water, subjected to its "hydro-massage" all the while.
The hot pool is exceptionally helpful to injuries about the
shoulder and hip joints by encouraging the patient's active

454 REVEILLE

efforts ; it has been of surprising help, too, in overcoming the
spastic conditions following certain brain injuries. The other,
that is the "cold" or swimming pool, has a depth of 7 ft.,
gradually diminishing up to 3 ft. 6 in. at the shallow end.
This pool supplements the effects of the hot pool as progress
is made. Helpless or hemiplegic cases are run down in
wheeled chairs or stretchers along the sloping waterways
which lead into the two pools, and are accompanied in the
water by an attendant, himself a discharged soldier who has
undergone the treatment.

In the hydro room there are six compound waterfall baths,
each providing for a continuous rush of heated water around
six disabled arms, and twelve circular hot-water leg baths in
which myriads of air bubbles from minute orifices beat against
the skin with a gentle massage action. The hyperaemia
produced and the stimulating hydro-massage tend to bring
about rapid improvement. The " contrast bath " of Sir Robert
Jones is much employed. The "waterfall " pattern of multiple
bath is convenient for the numerous cases in which this treat-
ment is required. A paraffin-wax bath is also being used.

Thermo therapy. — In the department of thermo- therapy
there are asbestos-lined chambers, for legs, arms, shoulders,
through which can be passed air under pressure and heated in
an electric furnace, giving a dry hot-air bath at a temperature
which may reach 300° F.

Mechano-therapy, or treatment by mechanical appliances, is
the offspring in direct descent from the principles and practice
of Ling and Zander. Great ingenuity, careful experiment and
scrupulous observation through half a century have placed at
the disposal of the surgeon and physiotherapist apparatus
of incalculable value at a time like this. The apparatus of
Begonie (which we understand was introduced to England by
us), has proved both in France and here specially effective
in dealing with contractures and deformities and in arranging
graduated resistance and range for active movements.

There are eighty of these elegant scientific appliances in
the great hall, shown in the photograph. The naturalness of
this treatment is sometimes queried ; but it should be remem-
bered that physio-therapeutic agencies are essentially natural.
But they are not haphazard. They are selected for specific

Hydro-room. Multiple balhs. Arms and legs.

Electro-room. One of the four bays.

Mechano-room.

Casts 01 deformities.

THE PILKINGTON SPECIAL HOSPITAL 455

ends and rigorously controlled. A man with a disabled arm
or leg is not encouraged to have **a go " at this or that form of
work and see how it feels. The instrument which he uses
under the surgeon's prescription analyses gently, and deals
analytically with, the specific defect. The graduation and
the skilled supervision make it almost impossible for any
accident through light-hearted enthusiasm or over-eagerness.

The underlying principle of the mechano instruments is of
course that of work in so far as the purpose is either to over-
come stiffness or to arouse action in a muscle defective in itself
or in its innervation. Recourse therefore is had to levers,
pulleys, weights and pendulums. An instrument for passive
movements is actuated by a skilled attendant who records the
facts in terms of the graduations and of the time occupied, and
as the operations start from a virtual zero of resistance and
augment slowly the risk of harm is small. Only a lew of the
instruments, however, are of this type. The others are two-
phase with a certain active effort of the patient followed by
a reaction in which the work stored up in the moving parts
of the machine is used on the passive patient during the second
stage. In all cases the work done or the movement produced
can be read off from a scale or dial. The influence which these
quantitative estimates of progress may have on the minds of
patient and attendant are of high value.

Remedial Gymnastics. — In remedial gymnastics also the
greatest care is taken not to injure through injudicious effort.
Each man is exercised according to his needs as gauged by the
surgeon. The gymnasium is a large airy room with a multi-
plicity of simple appliances and entirely serviceable for a very
large variety of exercises.

Splints and Plaster Casts.

In the studio a sculptor makes plaster of Paris casts of
deformities of limbs and also mould splints which accurately
fit the affected part and correct malpositions. These splints
are modified from time to time as the condition advances
towards the normal, and their use is an essential factor. The
casts are reliable records of a case throughout its treatment
and have great teaching value for students of orthopaedics.

456 REVEILLE

Education and Personal Work.

The department of Education and Curative Work has been
referred to. Beyond the definite utility of studying certain
subjects or doing certain kinds of work, there is the mental and
spiritual work. The disabled soldier who will do something
that wants a conscious effort of mind and body, outside the
range of his ordinary pleasures, is rising out of the fatalism
which the trenches and the hospitals have engendered in him.
He is getting to know that he is "worth while." His outlook
on life is being regained and an active optimism takes root and
grows apace. From hospital apathy to the joy of self-directed
activity is a big jump, yet it is to that end that the whole
energies of surgery, physiotherapy and their auxiliaries are
directed in an orthopaedic hospital.

457

LAND SETTLEMENT AND THE
DISABLED.

By Major C. REGINALD HARDING, F.S.L

It is no exaggeration to say that all our hopes of rebuilding
our social fabric successfully depend fundamentally on a right
solution of the land problem. Agriculture (in all its branches)
must maintain a large, healthy and contented population if
England is to be really strong and prosperous. No State can
afford to neglect its land as this country has in the past.
The war has brought this home to a large part of the public,
and the press has been full of articles on the subject for the
last few years ; indeed, nothing now excites greater attention,
yet it must be admitted that the constructive steps taken to
help the repopulation of the countryside have been insignificant
during the war.

Something like 350,000 men joined the Army from the
land ; a constant stream of men has been discharged from
the Army, many of whom would make excellent settlers,
yet the number trained for agriculture and its smaller
branches — market gardening and fruit growing — is com-
paratively few.

The price paid for victory is not generally known, for
the casualties so far published do not show the numbers
more or less permanently disabled, for whom prompt and
effective training and help in settling down again are essential ;
but they cannot be less than half a million. Neither is it
known how many men will eventually want to go on the land,
but it is probably not unreasonable to estimate that at least
a million could be settled if the way were made easy for them.

Many disabled men are bound to live in the country if
they are to make the best of their remaining health and
strength — tubercular cases alone number over 50.000, and the
nerve cases are numerous. There must be very many others

45« REVEILLE

who would welcome rural surroundings provided some social
amusements were available.

Before considering briefly what means (such as they be)
are now open to the discharged soldier, it is probably advisable
to refer to the general experience of recent years in land
settlement.

Under the Small Holdings and Allotments Act, 1908,
County Councils had to buy or lease land in the open market
or under compulsory powers, divide up and equip it, and charge
a rent to cover interest on all capital expenditure, a sinking
fund, charges, and something for management. Such neces-
sarily heavy expenditure as that involved in new roads, water
supply, fencing, &c., had to be considered in fixing rent,
although the subdivision of estates and farms greatly raised
rating assessments, which of course benefited the other
ratepayers.

Under the Small Landholders (Scotland) Act, 191 1, the
Board of Agriculture for Scotland can pay for new roads and
water supply, but the assistance of the English Board is limited
to ** costs of acquisition " and ** leases on schemes."

There are many drawbacks to County Council adminis-
tration, yet in spite of these and the unfavourable financial
provisions of the English Act, the small holdings established
have been successful.

The Board of Agriculture's Report for 191 7 states: —

" An examination of the figures showing the relatively small number
of failures among small holders settled on the land under the Act, and
the almost negligible amount of arrears of rent written off by Councils
as irrecoverable, indicates clearly that the results obtained under the
Act may be regarded as successful, such as would compare favourably
with those obtained on private estates."

Norfolk is an agricultural county where there was a real
land hunger, and cannot be cited as typical of all the English
counties, yet it is interesting to observe that the number of
small holdings provided numbered 1,350, and that £1^1,286
was collected to end of 191 7, with a loss of only o'oo6 per cent.
The highest percentage of loss in rent of any county was in
Lancashire, and only i*8.

The Danish small holdings have been successful, although
these are usually established on much poorer land, and with
far less natural advantages than are available here.

LAND SETTLEMENT AND THE DISABLED 459

Under the Small Holdings Colonies Acts, 1916 and 1918,
the Board of Agriculture were authorized to acquire up to
60,000 acres in England and Wales for the settlement of
ex-Service men. The area mentioned in the first Act was only
6,000 acres, and in both the colonies to be established are
described as "experimental," the land for which can only be
acquired " during the continuance of the present war and
twelve months afterwards." So far only four estates with a
total area of 5,858 acres have been acquired, estimated to
provide for 240 settlers eventually.

Assuming that Peace is made in April, the Board will need
to obtain nearly 55,000 acres in the next year and four months
if they are to exhaust their present powers.

These colonies are to be worked on a communal and
co-operative basis in order to promote the amenities of social
life, the organized buying and selling of produce, and for the
joint use of horses, implements, and machinery.

There are two methods of working : (i) The colony system,
under which the land is first worked as a large farm under a
director, small holdings being gradually detached after the
prospective settlers are deemed fit to take holdings. (2) The
profit-sharing system. Here the colony is worked as a profit
sharing farm, each settler having, however, if desired, half an
acre with his cottage.

There is no provision as yet for credit banking, or other
means of supplying settlers with cheap capital.

These colonies are not intended to make provision for
disabled men, and the Board's Report for 19 17 expressly
points out that these 2,400 men (if the whole 60,000 acres
be acquired) can only form a small proportion of the ultimate
settlers.

The activities of County Councils have been suspended
during the war and it is believed that the only case in which
any land has been acquired to meet the needs of returning
soldiers is in Worcestershire, where 140 acres have been
recently purchased.

There are various private schemes, but they all appear to
be in a more or less incomplete state.

The Village Centres Council have arranged to acquire
a thousand-acre estate at Enham, which it is understood is

46o REVEILLE

suitable for subdivision, but they are in need of money to start
their attractive scheme for combined curative and educational
treatment for the disabled.

The branches of agriculture open are farming, fruit growing,
and market gardening.

In farming with increased production there should be plenty
of demand for labour, in spite of the probable greater use of
labour-saving machinery, but for many of the disabled we hope
for the greater scope of a small holding. Mixed farming on
small holdings of about 50 acres w^ould not usually be suitable
for the more severely disabled, but in many cases if a man is
extra well trained in the various jobs it will compensate for his
disability. On a holding of this size the settler would not
however depend entirely on his own labour, and could occupy
himself with the lighter work, such as feeding stock, hoeing, &c.
The possibilities of increased production and stocking by the
growing of green crops are not generally known in this country,
but this system is at the root of the intensive cultivation of the
small Danish farms, and is much practised in Sweden and
elsewhere.

Fruit growing offers many opportunities for the disabled.
The area under this, especially small fruit, was already
increasing before the War, when we imported many millions
of pounds worth, which could have been grown here, and
there is much light work such as spraying, pruning, grafting,
packing, &c.

Market gardening also offers opportunities for similar reasons.
Vegetable growing is often suitably combined with the growing
of fruit, especially bushes which yield a quicker return than
standards, and also pig-keeping and poultry. Pigs and poultry
give a profitable return for the waste products of the garden,
and repay careful attention. Bees are also most beneficial to
the garden and give a useful return as a side line.

For successful market gardening and fruit-growing a
thorough training in the commercial side as well as in actual
production is most desirable ; the study of marketing problems,
co-operative methods, simple account keeping, grading and
packing of produce, should all find a place in the instruction
given.

Increased production will need organization for transport

f I

LAND SETTLEMENT AND THE DISABLED 461

and marketing, but the mixed market-garden holding of the
type indicated, with some glass for raising seeds, tomatoes, and
cucumbers, seems to offer good prospects for the well -trained
disabled man who can do a fair amount of work.

Seed-growing, which needs expert knowledge, would be
suitable in special districts only. The work is comparatively
light.

The setting up of an interim Forest Authority and the
acceptance by the Government of the conclusions of the
Acland Reconstruction Sub-committee's Report suggest that
the creation of a practically new industry, as far as this
country is concerned, is in sight. It is probable that most
of the planting of new areas will be in Scotland and Wales,
where there is most land suitable for afforestation. The for-
mation and tending of forests provides a great deal of light
work, such as piling and burning debris on felled areas, nursery
work, planting, lopping and dressing fallen timber, &c. ; more-
over, the existence of forests greatly helps part-time small
holdings. Forestry gives rise to several subsidiary employ-
ments, and provides work in winter time when receipts are
fewest and work less on the small holding. Trees are very
useful in purifying the air, and specially conducive to the
health of tuberculous men, so that forestry should be able to
absorb many of these under the new conditions.

Success in land settlement depends on education before taking
ttp land, the provision of suitable land on fair terms, access to
cheap capital, and easy distribution of produce. The soil,
apparently inanimate, is very much alive and repays careful
attention. It is essential that the level of knowledge in all
that pertains to the intensive cultivation of land should be
higher in the future amongst those who are to be small holders.
Careful and systematic training in this and in marketing, by
competent and sympathetic instructors, is necessary to all
prospective settlers, more particularly those disabled in some
degree.

The land chosen for small holdings must be suitable.
Heavy soil should seldom be acquired, for the small man
should aim at keeping his land continually under crops and be
able to work on it constantly ; and on the other hand very
sandy soils are not generally desirable — they are too "hungry."

46o REVEILLE

suitable for subdivision, but they are in need of money to start
their attractive scheme for combined curative and educational
treatment for the disabled.

The branches of agriculture open are farming, fruit growing,
and market gardening.

In farming with increased production there should be plenty
of demand for labour, in spite of the probable greater use of
labour-saving machinery, but for many of the disabled we hope
for the greater scope of a small holding. Mixed farming on
small holdings of about 50 acres would not usually be suitable
for the more severely disabled, but in many cases if a man is
extra well trained in the various jobs it will compensate for his
disability. On a holding of this size the settler would not
however depend entirely on his own labour, and could occupy
himself with the lighter work, such as feeding stock, hoeing, &c.
The possibilities of increased production and stocking by the
growing of green crops are not generally known in this country,
but this system is at the root of the intensive cultivation of the
small Danish farms, and is much practised in Sweden and
elsewhere.

Fruit growing offers many opportunities for the disabled.
The area under this, especially small fruit, was already
increasing before the War, when we imported many millions
of pounds worth, which could have been grown here, and
there is much light work such as spraying, pruning, grafting,
packing, &c.

Market gardening also offers opportunities for similar reasons.
Vegetable growing is often suitably combined with the growing
of fruit, especially bushes which yield a quicker return than
standards, and also pig-keeping and poultry. Pigs and poultry
give a profitable return for the waste products of the garden,
and repay careful attention. Bees are also most beneficial to
the garden and give a useful return as a side line.

For successful market gardening and fruit-growing a
thorough training in the commercial side as well as in actual
production is most desirable ; the study of marketing problems,
co-operative methods, simple account keeping, grading and
packing of produce, should all find a place in the instruction
given.

Increased production will need organization for transport

LAND SETTLEMENT AND THE DISABLED 461

and marketing, but the mixed market-garden holding of the
type indicated, with some glass for raising seeds, tomatoes, and
cucumbers, seems to offer good prospects for the well -trained
disabled man who can do a fair amount of work.

Seed-growing, which needs expert knowledge, would be
suitable in special districts only. The work is comparatively
light.

The setting up of an interim Forest Authority and the
acceptance by the Government of the conclusions of the
Acland Reconstruction Sub-committee's Report suggest that
the creation of a practically new industry, as far as this
country is concerned, is in sight. It is probable that most
of the planting of new areas will be in Scotland and Wales,
where there is most land suitable for afforestation. The for-
mation and tending of forests provides a great deal of light
work, such as piling and burning debris on felled areas, nursery
work, planting, lopping and dressing fallen timber, &c. ; more-
over, the existence of forests greatly helps part-time small
holdings. Forestry gives rise to several subsidiary employ-
ments, and provides work in winter time when receipts are
fewest and work less on the small holding. Trees are very
useful in purifying the air, and specially conducive to the
health of tuberculous men, so that forestry should be able to
absorb many of these under the new conditions.

Success in land settlement depends on educatioft before taking
up land, the provision of suitable land on fair terms, access to
cheap capital, and easy distribution of produce. The soil,
apparently inanimate, is very much alive and repays careful
attention. It is essential that the level of knowledge in all
that pertains to the intensive cultivation of land should be
higher in the future amongst those who are to be small holders.
Careful and systematic training in this and in marketing, by
competent and sympathetic instructors, is necessary to all
prospective settlers, more particularly those disabled in some
degree.

The land chosen for small holdings must be suitable.
Heavy soil should seldom be acquired, for the small man
should aim at keeping his land continually under crops and be
able to work on it constantly ; and on the other hand very
sandy soils are not generally desirable — they are too "hungry."

462 REVEILLE

Elevation, contour, aspect, water supply, and accessibility, all
have to be considered when inspecting land for small holdings.

Failures are often due to the small holder being unfairly
burdened ; he often pays too high a price or too much rent.
The S7nall holding 7nust have economic possibility. Cheap
capital for productive purposes should be within reach of the
agriculturist, particularly of the small holder, who is frequently
much handicapped whilst waiting to realize his stock or crops.

In this country many a man has often grown a good crop
and lost money on it when he could have made a satisfactory
profit by selling in another market if transport had been
available. Easy access to markets should be within the reach
of the small producer ; we have the markets, it is organized
distribution that we want.

The desire to move cautiously and avoid mistakes seems
to have left us without a complete plan for passing the disabled
from convalescence to training and thence to settlement on
the land.

Boldness is sometimes true wisdom, and, at all costs, our
disabled soldiers must be settled in the country under the
best possible conditions, when they so desire or when their
infirmities demand it.

[Major Harding*s article was written in December. — Editor.]

(11.)

Proposed Victory Colony at Meathop, near Grange-
over-Sands, for Disabled Service Men.

By THOMAS H. MAWSON.

(AutJwr of ''An Imperial Obligation.")

At the northern end of Morecambe Bay and midway between
the favourite resorts of Grange-over-Sands and Arnside,
lie five hundred acres of fertile land known to Lakeland
tourists as Meathop Flats, which is now at the mercy of
high spring tides. To reclaim this land it is necessary to
rebuild on some constructive principles and at a cost of ;^7,ooo
the sea wall which was destroyed by an abnormal tide about
twelve years ago. This new wall would restore this wonderful

LAND SETTLEMENT AND THE DISABLED 463

tract of land to cultivation and protect another thousand acres
lying beyond it. So rich is the land that it is stated on good
authority that one year's crop of oats would pay for the
rebuilding of the sea wall. This property is already protected
on its southern boundary by the Furness Railway, which, with
the highly wooded land on its western side, makes a perfect
shelter from the south-west winds.

The locality is recognized by medical experts as ideal for
men suffering from nervous complaints, the air combining the
qualities associated with seaside resorts blended with bracing
air from the Lakeland mountains, ten to twenty miles distant.
The soil is a rich and sandy loam entirely free from stones and
easily worked and splendidly adapted for the work of rearing
young forest trees, and adapted to the growth of bulbs, fruit
growing or intensive cultivation of vegetables, and also for
the growth of seakale and asparagus, for which there is an
almost unlimited demand in the great industrial centres of
Lancashire and Yorkshire.

It is proposed to divide this site into small holdings of two
acres each, co-operatively worked, under the direction of an
expert who would first train the men and then act as father,
guide and counsellor to the entire colony. This expert would
occupy the central experimental nursery where all seedlings
would be reared and other stock propagated for distribution
among the colonists. He would also buy and sell out all
seeds and implements at wholesale prices. Here also would
be carried on the collection, packing and distribution of all
crops, along with bank and book-keeping and other work of a
clerical character.

It is proposed to devote two hundred acres of the property
to the growth of young forest trees, one hundred acres to the
growth of narcissi, tulips, lilies, iris, helleboreum, lily of the
valley, and hundreds of other bulbs for which the land is so
splendidly adapted, and to devote the remainder of the land to
fruit cultivation, and intensive forms of vegetable culture.

On the western boundary there are ample quarries and
high ground on which it is proposed to erect a model village
capable of accommodating a population of nearly 1,300
inhabitants, nearly five hundred of whom would be workers.
Half of these would be employed on the cultivation of the land

464 REVEILLE

and the remainder employed in local handicrafts which it is
proposed to establish in the village, and in the other occupations
necessary and incidental to the life of the communities. Taking
the average prospective earning of the nursery department as
the average for other departments, the following particulars
are interesting : —

On a two-acre plot, which a man possessed of 60 per cent,
of his normal capacity could effectually work, could be grown
240,000 trees, half of which would be sold each year. Taking;
the pre-war price of 21s. per thousand, the gross income for a
two-acre holding would be ;^i26 per year, from which would
be deducted an average of ;^30 for rent of land and cottage,
young seedlings, fertilizers and equipment, leaving the small
holder with a balance of ^96 for his year's work. This
income, in addition to any pension which he might receive,
would place the man in fairly comfortable, self-respecting
circumstances.

The capital cost of this important scheme is estimated
at ;^ 1 30,000, ;^8o,ooo of which it may be necessary to raise
under the provisions of the Local Governments Housing Scheme,
leaving ;^50,ooo to be raised by voluntary efforts. On this;
basis the rents would provide a sum sufficient to pay all]
interest, sinking funds, and the maintenance of the property]
in a state of good repair.

To provide the working capital for this enterprise there is aj
golden opportunity for the " King's Fund " to prove that itsj
resources are being used to encourage permanent rather thanj
temporary measures. What is suggested is that the Minister]
of Pensions should invest ;^50 for each man on a co-partnership j
basis ; that the Treasury should provide a similar sum toj
be taken up by the men as profits accrue, and that private!
investors should be induced to invest a third part of thej
working capital, which would thus provide a total working]
capital of ;^75,ooo. The capital subscribed by the Treasury]
and private individuals could be called up as required.

With this working capital the men should be assured of a]
regular wage, and may be able to look forward to copartnership
profits at the end of the year, which would give a real impetus
to their efforts. This is a scheme for which 1 have endeavoured]
to win the support of Government departments and I think il

LAND SETTLEMENT AND THE DISABLED 465

would be worth while, even as an experimental development,
for its success would have a tremendous effect on the welfare
of disabled men throughout the country and encourage others
to follow our lead.

There is another and most cogent reason why this work
should receive encouragement We are approaching, and have
indeed entered upon, a period of demobilization which may
result in considerable unemployment, and social workers every-
where are convinced that it will be an immense boon to have
works of reconstruction ready upon which to employ men,
in order that labour unrest may be prevented or allayed.
The rebuilding of the sea wall at Meathop would give an
opportunity for useful employment of a constructive character.

(in.)

Village Centres.
By R. FORTESCUE FOX, M.D.

The appeal to principles In the inception of a work is not less
vital than faithfulness to principles in carrying it out. Those
that underlie the village centre are very simple, and may be
briefly stated as follows : First, it is essential for large numbers
of war-disabled men that they should have cojubined treatment
and training at the same place and both under medical super-
vision. Secondly, that this place should be in the country, not
an institution, but a busy, happy community, with the right
atmosphere and social life. It will be convenient to discuss the
practical application of these two principles a little more fully.

The Combination of Treatment and Training.

The experience gained in other countries, especially during
the last two years, has abundantly proved the value of the
association of treatment with training in the restoration of
wounded men. It is good to know from Major Herbert
Evans's admirable article \n the last issue of Reveille that the
Ministry of Pensions are '* exploring '' this matter. The truth
IS that we in England have suffered too long from a verbal

466 REVEILLE

fallacy. Treatment and training are not two separate things ;
they are different parts of the same thing. The fine work
done for disabled men has therefore been marred by a fal-
lacious and unnatural separation. Treatment and training
are like the two wings of a bird. What Nature has joined,
why have we cut asunder ?

In the process of restoring disabled limbs or minds, re-
covery in truth begins when limb or mind begins to work. A
return of function and activity is what we are always leading
up to. For this reason the medical man uses at the proper
time exercises for the re-training and co-ordination of the
muscles. Every muscular movement makes an impression in
its appropriate nerve centre, re-awakening a forgotten habit :
and thus the restoration of function is gradually helped, from
without and from within, simply by the power of work. It is
impossible to draw a line of demarcation between treatment
and training, and to say here treatment ends and there
training or work begins. It is not even possible to draw
a hard and fast line between *' curative" and "vocational"
training.

In the same way, what is true of the limb is also true of
the mind. Most mental affections in the early stages are
happily curable, in the right atmosphere and under the right
impressions, but not by idleness. Recovery can only come by
way of mental movements and co-ordination, that is, by re-
training the will and directing it towards occupation.

In former days, not long past, the hospital was a place
for treatment in the narrow sense. Let the limb be splinted
until the bone is united, or dressed until the wound is closed.
During many weary weeks or months, mind and body were
allowed to be inactive. What wonder that young soldiers
became listless, apathetic and unfit for active life ? Then in a
happy day ** curative workshops" were added to the hospital,
but the word went forth that the training given to the battered
limbs must be functional and not occupational, as who should
say : " By all means exercise your hand, but do nothing
useful." The logic of facts has now carried us much further
than that, although we have been slow to act upon it. We
are beginning to realize that, for a seriously disabled man,
treatment and training ought not to be separated. Both are

LAND SETTLEMENT AND THE DISABLED 467

processes that must be carried on for many months, with
constant watchfulness and patient care, and in the same place ;
and to obtain satisfactory results both should be under medical
supervision. The tendency now is to bring the beginnings
of vocational training into the hospital, but there is still too
little of the medical element in the training school.

What has come of our artificial separation of these two
great means of restoration ? After a measure of " functional ''
recovery the discharged disabled man goes forth to the
training school. The nature and amount of the work are left
to his own choice or that of the trade instructor. In the
absence of expert guidance, the effect of this work upon limb
and mind is neither watched nor recorded, and these subnormal
men lack the continuous medical care which is perhaps most
needed during the early and experimental stages of their
return to active life. Many of them from this cause attempt
too much or do the wrong work, give up their ill-directed
efforts, or break down. They have missed the full measure of
physical restoration that might have been theirs, and are
consequently exposed to insecurity of position, anxiety, and
discouragement.

The Surroundings.

The best place for the physical and mental restoration of a
large proportion of war-disabled men is the country. This is
true of almost every kind of disability. Many of the seriously
wounded, many convalescents, and all who are tuberculous,
need open-air life and pursuits. For the tuberculous the
country offers the only promising hope of recovery. Lastly,
there are those who suffer from nervous and mental shock and
exhaustion. These above all need the restful and healing
influence of quiet places and occupations in the open air and
mental treatment of the right kind.

There is strong evidence that men suffering from these
more serious forms of disablement require a residential centre.
Effectual medical care and guidance aj-e impossible if a man
spends his time in three places — partly at home, partly in the
technical school, partly in the out-patient department of a
hospital, not to mention the necessary daily journeyings.
Furthermore, to give the best results, the country centres

468 REVEILLE

should be not only residential but large. A variety of equip-
ment and a highly expert medical and technical staff are needed,
and only a large centre can form an economical medical and
training unit.

The curative side provides all methods of treatment which
are found to be beneficial in convalescence, especially that of
** orthojisedic " and nervous patients. The medical building
will be equipped for physical treatment, by means of light and
heat and cold, in the form of remedial baths, by manipulation,
exercises and electrical currents. Accurate measurements and
records for all kinds of disability will be kept, in order to check
and guide not only the curative treatment but the work in
which the men are engaged.

It has been shown that in the country centres for agri-
cultural re-education of di^sabled soldiers in France and Italy
regular work in the open air has had great curative value.
Recent results fully justify the wisdom of those who have long
advocated it on medical grounds. Within the centres and on
the neighbouring farms large numbers of men have been set
to work in open-air occupations, under medical supervision, and
have recovered both general fitness and the use of their limbs
in a much shorter period than is the case under ordinary
treatment. Even men with unhealed and suppurating wounds
are now sent into the fields, and the daily measured appro-
priate work is found to expedite the process of healing.
Physical treatment and technical training are carried on at the
same time, with the result that a very large majority of the
men so treated are fitted and re-educated in the shortest
possible period to take up permanent work on the land or in
some allied rural occupation. The agricultural cure is of
course peculiarly appropriate to countries where the greater
number of the population are agriculturists. But information
goes to show that non-agricultural workers derive as much
benefit as countrymen. The Village Centre will offer the
same facilities for this method of cure and training in
England.

The aim of the Village Centre is to send out men not
only fit and cured, so far as possible, but fully trained in self-
supporting occupations. The training and occupational side
will therefore be highly organized, especially the agricultural

LAND SETTLEMENT AND THE DISABLED 469

and outdoor pursuits, which will be under the direction of an
expert. A certain number of workshops will be fitted up for
teaching village industries and handicrafts and necessary
trades. This side will be under an Industries Director. The
health and speedy recovery of the men will always be the
paramount consideration, and work will be carried on and
supervised on the principle that occupation is itself a cure.

The watchwords of the Village Centre are restoration and
preparation for a self-supporting life, by all the means best
adapted to the varied forms of disability. An essential feature
of the Centre is home life, and cottages will be available for
a certain number of families. All harassing and unnecessary
regulations will be avoided, and the men will have a share in
the management of the place.

Objects of the Village Centres Council.

When in the autumn of 191/ the Village Centres Council,
laying their scheme before the Government, accepted
isponsibility for the large capital outlay necessary to provide
md equip their first Centre, they relied upon the public to
support them in initiating their work, and on the Ministry of
^ensions for such fees and allowances as, once established,
rould make it self-supporting. The objects of the Council
lave been definitely stated as follows : —

To assist the State in accelerating the restoration to health
md fitness for work of ex-Service men who are injured in the
rreat War by disablement which has caused their discharge
rom Navy or Army but can be remedied by new methods of
ledical treatment and physical re-education.

To associate with the medical treatment such vocational
•aining in both indoor and outdoor occupations as can be
practised in workshops and in land cultivation on a large
country estate.

To offer attractive and co-operative conditions of social
life which will appeal to the men.

To enable men and their families to occupy cottages and
homes and *'a bit of land " on fair terms during the curative
period, which may in many cases be prolonged.

To speed the men's recovery, so that with the help of their

470 REVEILLE

State Pensions and their own resources, or that of agencies
like the King's Fund, they may be able to return to their
former homes and previous occupations, or earn a new liveli-
hood in agriculture, horticulture, or other healthy rural trades
or callings.

To utilize the Village Centres permanently in the interests
of disabled ex-Service men, and as national establishments for
the restoration to health and for the physical re-education of
other persons injured in the service of the State.

The First Village Centre.

A large number of estates were investigated, in the hope of
setting up a Centre within a short distance of London. The
Council's first choice was rejected by the authorities in
December, 191 7, because of the proximity of anti-aircraft
guns. Finally, in May, 19 18, the Enham estate of 1,027
acres two-and-a-half miles from Andover, in Hampshire, was
selected and subsequently acquired. It is peculiarly well
adapted for a Village Centre, possessing a post office, smithy,
and village hall, and a large number of thatched cottages,
besides four outlying farms with homesteads, and last, but not
least, three large residences. In these three houses 150 men
and the necessary staff can be at once accommodated, and the
Council propose to take this number of suitable cases at once,
and larger numbers as soon as accommodation can be provided.
There are several large walled gardens for the school of horti-
culture, and woods for forestry. An expert from the Board of
Agriculture reports that the soil is remarkably well adapted for
profitable cultivation, not only for the larger agriculture, but
for market gardening and fruit.

It is a matter for the keenest regret that it has been
impossible from various causes to open this Centre before.
The lapse of time has, at all events, proved the soundness of
the principles which underlie these proposals, the admirable
results obtained wherever they have been put into practice,
and the urgent need for applying them to the problem of war
disablement in England.

For years to come very many thousands of disabled men
will need restorative treatment and preparation for civil life.

LAND SETTLEMENT AND THE DISABLED 471

But the end of the war has made it reasonable to look beyond
this great emergency, and to ask what permanent purpose, if
any, the Village Centre is likely to serve. It is of course very
difficult to forecast future circumstances, and especially in rural
areas. All who are qualified to express an opinion agree that
there is much room for the revival and transformation of
English village and rural life. On all accounts it would seem
advisable that the Village Centre should offer some permanent
contribution towards this great end. We know that the war
has turned men's minds towards a country life. But many
must first be restored to health, and many more be trained for
agriculture and its accessory pursuits. The Village Centre is
in full harmony with these movements. It should offer the
best means of fitting these men for the occupations of their
fchoice.

Two definite permanent objects of the Village Centre may

)e stated, which in the belief of the Council amply justify the

)pening of such centres, even after the war : —

(i) The medical building will be completely equipped for

the curative treatment not only of injured but of convalescent
[men. After the present emergency, the Council intend to
make it available for all suitable cases needing such treatment
[ — railway men, miners and others. They think that such a
[place in the South of England will be a valuable permanent

Lsset in caring for temporarily disabled persons.

(2) As a link in the national policy of rural development,
[by training ex-Service men and others for taking up work
;on the land. Many men who have been treated and trained
[may wish to remain on the estate. If this proves to be the

:ase, cottages and small holdings will doubtless be made

Lvailable for them at the Enham Village Centre.

31

1

li

'/','

1

VJri : »rit Bootii D«v Jl S»o L' Lt.nti<i».(

9^

- r/^

473

SOSPAN FACH.

(The Little Saucepan.)

By ROBERT GRAVES,

Four collier lads from Ebbvv Vale
Took shelter from a shower of hail,
And there beneath a spreading tree
Attuned their mouths to harmony.

With smiling joy on every face

Two warbled tenor, two sang bass.

And while the leaves above them hissed with

Rough hail, they started " Aberystwyth."

Old Parry's hymn, triumphant, rich.
They chanted through with even pitch,
Till at the end of their grand noise
I called: " Give us the ' Sospan,' boys!"

Who knows a tune so soft, so strong,
So pitiful as that '' Saucepan " song
For exiled hope, despaired desire
Of lost souls for their cottage fire ?

Then low at first with gathering sound
Rose their four voices, smooth and round,
Till back went Time : once more 1 stood
With Fusiliers in Mametz Wood.

Fierce burned the sun, yet cheeks were pale,
For ice hail they had ieaden hail ;
In that fine forest, green and big.
There stayed unbroken not one twig.

474 REVEILLE

They sang, they swore, they plunged in haste,
Stumbling and shouting through the waste;
The little *' Saucepan '' flamed on high,
Emblem of home and ease gone by.

Rough pit-boys from the coaly South,
They sang, even in the cannon's mouth ;
Like Sunday's chapel, Monday's inn,
The death-trap sounded with their din.

The storm blows over, sun comes out,
The choir breaks up with jest and shout.
With what relief I watch them part —
Another note would break my heart !

475

SACRIFICE.

By CHRIS MASSIE.

I AM the voice of silent lips,

The touch of coolest finger tips ;

Through vacant eyes I dream and see

The purpose of Humanity.

I am the gift in the lute's rift —

The song that sings on broken strings-

The mission and the minstrelsy.

My soul has tasted holy wine.
A cross, an altar, and a shrine —
A shadow-softened cloister close
My love-divining spirit knows.
I am my absent brother s keeper,
I am the vision of the sleeper,
The perfume of the scattered rose.

The dumb have taught me how to find
The noble country of the blind
Where the lost heroes lose their scars.
And I have seen their flags unfurled
Against the darkness of the world,
Lit by the splendid ancient stars.

476

NOVEMBER 11, 1918.

By RALPH MOTTRAM.

Cease fire ! Stand down ! for Fate at last
Its complex tides combines to swing

Into that limbo called ''the Past"
Our little soldiering 1

Done are the days when Death pursued
Head held too high and step too sure,

Or, gibbering through the dark, imbued
The ghastly star-shell's lure !

So what remains of four years thus

Spent for old England — careless land? —

Something Time cannot filch from us
Nor any understand !

477

A BROWN GIRL SPOILS THE PICTURE.

By A. NEIL LYONS.

My name is Arthur Clapshaw Baffin, and it is probably
familiar to the reader. I am the author of those drawings, in
line and wash, which appear so often in the pages of certain
illustrated weekly journals. The signature ** Baffin," or, some-
times," Baff," at the foot of a drawmg is a guarantee that you
are sure to laugh at it ; for it is very, very seldom that I present
a joke which is not immediately recognizable as such.

There is no doubt that my artistic career has prospered,
although I am still under forty years of age. When, last year,
I was interviewed by Gamages Weekly, in connexion with a
*' symposium " which they were publishing under the title of
"Why I have got on," I attributed my success to having shown
a strict regard for tradition and formula. If I draw a picture
of a comic hypocrite, everybody knows that I have drawn a
picture of a comic hypocrite, because the picture which I
draw embodies the univeral conception of what a comic
hypocrite ought to look like.

Thus, a hypocrite is confidently expected to look religious ;
so I always put my hypocrite into a black coat. I aim at
presenting the common idea of a Nonconformist clergyman,
[and I dress him in "Jemima" boots, white gloves, very short
sleeves, and a top hat with a sash round it. The gloves,
of course, are much too long in the fingers, and are wrinkled
round the wrist. I have never seen a Nonconformist clergy-
man who wore these gloves, or "Jemima" boots, or an under-
taker's hat, or who, indeed, resembled even remotely the
extraordinary figure which I am paid to depict. But people
love me for drawing these diagrams, so I draw them. The
populace grasps my meaning instantly, exclaiming, " Good old
Stiggins ! *' and performing winks and stomach laughs.

LThis is all I propose to say about my ** Art." I feel I have
done well in mentioning the subject, however, because although
I am a novice in literature, I have read much, and I know that
the principal duty of a story-teller is to tell the reader about

478 REVEILLE

himself. I may, indeed, I ought to add, one other fact to the
biographical notes already offered. I forgot to state that my
humorous hypocrite is now a creature of the past.

Since the outbreak of this dreadful war, which has so utterly
changed our conception of social values, and which has so
greatly aided the development of illustrated journaHsm, I have
devoted myself to portraying the British soldier. These
efforts at creating a standard figure of the returned soldier have
been highly successful. My soldier is a stubborn, leathery
individual — ** hard-bitten " is, I think, the word — who exhibits
a great contempt for the civil population and for the amenities
of a peaceful existence. You will perhaps remember my Major
Fitz- Shrapnel, who ** caught on" wonderfully at the clubs. I
showed him beguiling the tedium of ten days' leave from
France by reconstructing his wife's drawing-room. He had
thrown all the cushions out of the window and had sawn up
the sofa, and was seen reclining on a wooden bunk, amid a
homely confusion of petrol cans and bully tins and telephone
receivers.

Then there was my Cuthbert Clare, the bank clerk. The
idea was that the unnatural calm prevailing in England had
wrought upon his nerves and produced insomnia. I showed
Cuthbert sleeping soundly on a narrow bed in the rain, while
a hired boy in his garden exploded squibs to simulate the
congenial stir and bustle of Flanders.

The object of these pictures, and of many similar ones, was
to demonstrate to the public the truth of the belief that war
has utterly destroyed the young man's taste for peace. The
lesson which I wished to inculcate, or which I felt that my
admirers wished me to inculcate, was that when at last our
lads return to us they will no longer be contented with a
humdrum life of ease. They will have acquired a taste for the
open air, for rheumatism, for cold tea and for all the hearty
pleasures of bodily discomfort. No banks and counting-houses
for them ! No feather beds and carpet slippers ! They will
demand a fuller life ; the right to a shake-down on the rockery,
with a waterproof sheet for covering and forked lightning and
cloudbursts for companionship. ... Or the ice-bound
North, Our Lady of the Snows, and all that.

In order to secure the repose which is necessary to the

A BROWN GIRL SPOILS THE PICTURE 479

rapid depiction of returned soldiers, I live under conditions of
strict isolation in a remote country lane. My dwelling is a
three-roomed cottage, of late the habitation of chickens, but
now, by restoration, the abode of a gentleman and an example
of the picturesque in architecture. And this morning I took
a walk in my lane.

1 had not walked far along my lane when my eye was
attracted to a stretch of greensward which borders the hedge-
row. Somebody had performed an unauthorized action here,
having erected three arches of hazelwood and draped them
with fragments of blankets. These sticks and these blankets
formed a tent at which I stared with a curious satisfaction. It
was such a sly little, sleek little tent.

When the inevitable authority emerges from the womb of
destiny to write a " History of Tents and Portable Dwelling
Houses throughout the Ages," I do hope that he will not
forget to mention the impromptu blanket-house of Little Egypt.
If he writes intelligibly about these battered relics of the pilgrim
Adam, I for one will promise to subscribe to his four stout
volumes. But if we are to have a mere history of striped
canvas, alphabetically arranged — ** B " for bathing, *' R " for
refreshment," and ** V " for viceregal — then I am afraid that
all I can do for him is to recommend his book to clergymen
and schoolmasters.

Whilst I was looking at this small, brown tent, an incident
occurred. A patch of brown fabric was suddenly withdrawn
from the front of the tent, and through the narrow opening
which had been thus created there extruded itself a woolly,
flocculent object. It was the head and hair — the sleep-tossed,
tumbled hair — of a young girl.

The girl crawled out from beneath her dew-stained canopy
and stood upright in the flickerless, cold glow of that October
morning. She was dressed not wisely but quite well in a
simple combination of two garments — an old, flowered petti-
coat, terminating far short of her bare, brown ankles ; and a
scanty, whitish bodice. The bodice left her bosom and arms
very bare. She stood before me, with her body arched, her
arms outstretched, yawning, with a cat-like care and pleasure
in the sensuous act. Her arms were white to the wrist, her
bosom 'was white to the neck ; beyond these points her skin

48o REVEILLE

was richly tanned. She was a tall, strong girl, with a deep
chin, a wide mouth, a broad brow, white teeth, short top lip,
large eyes, wide lids, long lashes, a firm neck, a quick brown
hand and freckles. She arched her back and stretched her
arms, her eyelids all but closed, her mouth open, her strong,
white teeth exposed, her nostrils and her shoulders and the
blue veins in her throat all dancing to some tune I could not
hear.

When she had stretched her limbs and rubbed her eyes, the
young girl put a lazy hand up to her hair, tugging at it harshly
with a piece of comb. It set my teeth on edge to watch that
crude, barbaric, ruthless act of decency. But the young girl
closed her eyes and bared her teeth, and tugged and tore away,
half smiling, as if she were rather pleased to be enduring pain.

Having bullied her hair into a state of order, the young
woman threw her comb into the tent, and sauntered to a spot
some few yards distant, upon which there stood (as I now saw
for the first time) a two-wheeled push-cart. It was fitted with
stumps to maintain the deck in a horizontal poise. Close to
the cart an iron tripod had been erected, from which there
depended an iron hook. Beneath this hook a fire of sticks and
furze and touchwood had been constructed. This fire burned
dimly.

The young girl, having borrowed an ash-stake from the
adjacent hedge, proceeded to poke the fire about. She then
poked among the blankets, which were strewn about the deck
of her push cart, and produced a two-ounce packet of tea, and
then she looked about her for the kettle, and, in looking about
her, found me. The brown girl was evidently surprised to find
me, but she did not make a show of her surprise, saying, quite
lightly : —

** Why, Sport ! good morning! Up before yar bed's made,
ain't ya?"

I pointed out to the lady that my virtue was little in excess
of her own, to which she responded : " Well, yes ; but then
you live in a house " — her implication being that as a house-
holder I was exempt from those constabularly influences which
govern the habits of travellers. The brown girl then asked
me if I had seen a young man about the road.

" What sort of young man ? " I asked.

A BROWN GIRL SPOILS THE PICTURE 481

" One as looks like he's been a soldier,'* was her not very

illuminating reply.

The only young man I had seen had the look and bearing
of a rate collector, and therefore did not seem to conform to the
particulars now circulated by the young lady. I therefore told
her that I had not seen her young man.

** Urgh ! " exclaimed the brown girl, in a tone of bitterness,
speaking half to herself. " He's gone creepin' into some
house, shouldn't wonder." She had found her kettle, and
now she dabbed it on to the fire, resentfully.

" This young man is your husband ? " I ventured to suppose.

** Not likely," replied the girl.

I made excuses for my blunder. ** You somehow don't look
as if you were travelling alone," I explained.

" No m.ore I ain't," said the girl. " This here young fellar
I spoke about, he's along with me. But he ain't my husband.''

** No, no, of course not," I murmured, trying to accept her
statement in a quiet and orderly manner.

"You see," continued the brown girl, "I looks arter him,
like, and he looks arter me, like. That's the way of it. 'E's a
nice, 'ot-tempered chap, is 'Arold — knock anybody down as
soon as look at them — and 'e did 'ave a fancy once for to 'ang
up 'is 'at permanent, and I 'ad a fancy for to let *im. But not
now. Not since 'e's been a soldier. The Army's spoilt him."

" In what way .J*" I asked.

" In the way of 'is fancies," replied the brown girl. "The
Army's made a gentleman of 'im. A tent ain't good enough
for 'Arold any longer. 'E's got a fancy now to live in a house,
the same as if 'e wos a Vittle ^^arjer like yaself."

•'Garjer! What's that .-^ " I demanded.

'* A person as ain't like us," replied the brown girl. " One
as likes indoors. One as don't get about much. A fu^gy
person. You see," she continued, " they got my 'Arold
into the 'abit of bricks and mortar, time 'e was serving the
King. They put him to sleep in barns and pigsties and cow-
houses, and such. They filled 'is 'ead with swanky notions, and
turned 'im against the ditch. They spoilt 'is taste for laying
rough. A greenwood fire brings on 'is cough, 'e says."

All this surprised me — this story of a soldier who had
acquired a taste for indoor life. It didn't seem to correspond
with my drawings. But it is the custom of life to oppose itself

4S2 REVEILLE

to Art. I am familiar with that phenomenon, and I showed no
emotion.

The brown girl continued her monologue : ** 'E says 'e got
enough ditch to last 'im — time 'e lay in the trenches. And
then e stopped one with 'is ankle, and they sent 'im into
'orspital. That just about finished 'im orf, that did, sending
him into the 'orspital. It made a regular old gal of 'im. 'Im
and 'is diddy-brush ! ''

*' What's adiddy brush?"

"You may well ask," replied the brown girl. ** It's a little
thing with a bone 'andil, what he carries in his pocket. And
every morning 'e dips it into water and shoves it in his mouth
and juggles it about. And then 'e swallows water — water^
mind you ! — and then 'e spits it out ! And 'e's full of ever-
lasting talk about this 'orspital — 'ow there was a wooden floor
with hoil-cloff on it. and calico between 'is blankets ; and 'ow
they made 'is tea for 'im first thing of a morning, and brought
it to *is bed. And then 'e talks about the sisters. If I could
get 'old of one o' them upstarted shes — Below ! There's
'Arold ! Good morning, sir.''

" There is no doubt,'' I began, *' that Harold will soon settle
down again to the discomforts of civil life. Perhaps — "

** Good morning, sir," repeated the brown girl, significantly.
Then, as I still lingered, she added a further hint : " 'Arold's
'ot-tempered, sir, and if 'e 'its you, 'e'll 'urt you."

I went away from her, and, returning along the lane,
encountered Harold, who nodded to me, curtly. He was a
swarthy young man, with a furtive eye ; but he was dressed
in dark clothes, and carried himself like a rate collector. An
hour later I saw him again.

He came to my cottage door, escorting the brown girl, who
was wheeling the push-cart. He wished to buy a rabbit skin,
or, alternatively, to sell me one. He looked about him with a
covetous eye. ''You got a nice little place, sir," he said.
'* Wooden floors, I see, and a well o' water." He took his
place beside the brown girl, and added, with a sigh, " Some
people have got it very comfortable." He nodded to me, and
trudged away.

The brown girl took up the handles of her push-cart, and
followed him, looking back as she did so, and tapping her fore-
head and shaking her head.

483

VIEWS OF EMPLOYERS.

(I.)

By ROGER T. SMITH. M.Inst.C.E.

(Electrical Engineer to the Great Western Railway.)

A DISABLED sailor or soldier and an employer are the two
essential elements in the problem of employment, and since
all are bei^inners, an employer of disabled men on a small
scale and in one branch only of an industry has as much, or
even more, chance as an employer on a large scale of seeing
both the present and future difficulties. In both cases the
difficulties exist only to be overcome so far as the employer
can overcome them.

In certain industries the work is light, and a short but
intensive training is all that is needed before a disabled man
begins his real training as a probationer, being paid, as a rule,
the minimum wage of his grade. In such industries the
training and employment of the disabled has been going on
for two years, and some experience has been gained, but under
war, not under peace, conditions.

In a large number of casrs the disabled probationer meets
with sympathy and help. While the war was on, the scarcity
of staff made both employer and fellow workman only too
anxious to make the disabled man efficient as quickly as
possible. It is difficult for some of his fellow workmen to look
on the disabled man's pension as a private income which he
has earned, possibly by years of hardship, and certainly by
months of suffering. Yet a pension must be looked on as a
recognition of what a man has done for his country in the
past. It has nothing to do with the wages he earns by his
occupation in the present.

Two years ago the pension question threatened to prevent
the employment of disabled men in industry altogether.
Although official statements were made to the contrary, the
men got it firmly fixed in their minds that directly their
training was over, and they began to earn wages, their
pensions would be reduced, as they had been reduced in

484 REVEILLE

the past. Men went through their training, but flatly refused
to take a job, until in time it was discovered by the bolder
spirits that the official promise was not a trap, and was
actually being carried out.

A certain number of employers took it for granted that
pensions would be reduced as wages were earned — that as
soon as a man was able to support himself, or partly support
himself, the help of the State should be withdrawn or
decreased in proportion to his ability to earn. This view is
quite consistent with the doctrine, still probably held by many,
that it is improper for a workman to earn more than a certain
maximum sum per week.

But the disabled man, who had been given a pension by
the State, naturally looked upon it as his property just as the
employer looks on the interest from his War Loan investments
as his property. And the Government and the great majority
of the employers entirely agreed with the man's point of view.

Every wise employer is glad to hear that his men have
bought their own houses. He then feels that ihey have taken
root round his works. And though a pension will be paid
wherever a man may be, the man's disability, if he can only
stick to his job, makes him disinclined to move.

Employers as a class m,ay to-day be considered to take the
view that it is not only obviously Just, but econo?nically sound,
that a pension should never be considered as wages.

Many of the trade-union leaders are keenly interested in
the welfare of disabled men, and give time and thought to its
varied problems. It is to be hoped that the correct view of
the pension question will in time spread through all the unions.

Real difficulties will arise when demobilization gets into
full swing, and the Army returns to industry. Up to the
present the employer has, as a general rule, been only too
glad to give work to anybody willing to work, and many have
spent time, of which there has been little to spare, in seeing
that disabled men get the training and the encouragement
they need. The patience and sympathy needed to instil
interest in work into the disabled makes small demands on
the employer himself once the preliminaries of the man's
employment are arranged. More patience and sympathy are
needed by the executive engineer who occasionally finds man

I

VIEWS OF EMPLOYERS 485

after man leave him after weeks or months of training for
reasons which appear to him to be trivial or even exasperating.
This applies equally, but perhaps in acuter form, to the
superintendent or foreman who has to get the work done,
and can but rarely count on the disabled probationer turning
into a permanent w^orkman.

It is scarcely surprising, considering the effect of say a year
of hospital and convalescence after a year or two of war, that
many of the disabled men do not seem able to stick to a job
for long. Some find working within doors continuously for
eight or more hours too boring to be endured. Others find
that their old home, or the new one that they have made, is
too far from their work, and, if they are lame, the extra time
which this involves in getting there and back makes too great
a hole in their leisure. This is especially the case where the
man's work involves rotating shifts including night work every
third week. Others, again, show complete inability to grasp
what is required of them, and their sufferings or injury paralyse
all initiative.

So far as the experience of the last two years has gone,
comparatively few of the disabled men who started work have
kept their original jobs. Those who have done so have made
excellent workmen. It is essential that those who have drifted
into apathy be sought out and encouraged to try again. Their
self-respect depends on occupation which will at least make
them self-supporting.

It is quite certain that the first duty of every employer is
to be prepared to use disabled men in every trade and occupa-
tion for which they can be employed. As has been pointed
out by almost every contributor to Reveille, work is the only
chance for these men to regain something of what they have
lost. It is not an economic question for the employer. It is
a question of obligation, and the first duty of the employer is
to make it a fundamental principle that disabled men shall be
employed for every sort of work in which they are capable of
being employed, not to increase the dividend but to liquidate
a debt.

In some great industries, as for instance railways, and in
many private firms and in municipal employment, the places of
all men who joined the Colours have been kept for them, or

486 REVEILLE

equivalent employment promised. Often the substitutes for
these men have joined up, and occasionally their substitutes
have also gone, in both cases without promise of return to
their old jobs. It will be very hard to refuse work even to
the substitute of a substitute who has perhaps served two years
at the Front, especially if he is a good workman.

Yet the claim of the disabled man who cannot go back to
his old job, whether it has been kept open for him or not, is
greater than the claim of the substitutes. And to fulfil that
claim, if it is acknowledged, will need increasing patience and
sympathy from everybody — fellow workman, foreman, superin-
tendent, engineer and employer. It is the business of the
employer never to lose that patience and sympathy himself,
and to keep it bright in the consciences of his subordinates.

Writing of my own work, employment in electrical industry,
there seems, with occasional exceptions, no reason why the
majority of the assistant posts in electric sub-stations through-
out the country should not be filled by disabled sailors and
soldiers. In electric sub-station work I can testify that a
majority of the men do excellently. It is to be hoped that
electric supply authorities, railways with electric power stations
and electric tramways, will make an earnest endeavour to give
the preference to disabled men whenever they are available.

(II.)
By A. H.

Apart from any obligation of all concerned, employers and
employees alike, in providing and assisting in every way
disabled men to obtain a livelihood, there is no question that
they can be usefully and profitably employed in many posts in
engineering workshops and those of the allied trades.

The following instances indicate somewhat shortly the
work they have already undertaken and will serve as illustra-
tions for further extensions. It is, of course, essential that great
care should be exercised in selecting men according to their
respective degrees of physical fitness for the work they are to do.

(i) Storemen of all kinds. — They are very useful m shop
stores, receiving and issuing tools, raw materials, &c. Duties
connected with preparing materials for use, such as working

VIEWS OF EMPLOYERS 487

power-driven saws for cutting steel bars and angles to required
lengths. Plants used for recovering oil from swarf, machines
for baling swarf, oil filters, can all be worked by such men.
Clerical work of all kinds connected with the work.

Machine Shop. — Useful result has been achieved on all
kinds of repetition work, where the machines are "set-up** by
skilled mechanics, comprising capstan lathe work, grinding,
milling, drilling, &c. Many of these operations can be carried
out by men " sitting down," and are therefore suitable for men
disabled in the legs.

Fitting Shops. — As fitters' mates the more active of the
disabled men can be employed.

Sheet Iron a7id Tin-plate Work. — A great variety of work

I under this heading has been undertaken. Operations such as
Cutting out, forming, riveting, soldering, welding, &c., of a repe-
Itition nature are all suitable. The men learn the particular job
they are put to in a few days, and soon become quite skilful at it.
Inspection and Ga^iging. — A considerable number of posts
should be available under this heading. Men should work under
Technical Inspectors, carrying out ordinary routine duties, espec-
ially where large numbers of articles are concerned. Much of
this work could be done " sitting down."

There should also be quite a number of vacancies in
chemical and metallurgical laboratories as laboratory attendants,
pyrometric operators, &c.

The types of work quoted give a general idea of what has
already been done in works occupied with the manufacture of
Government war stores, but there is no reason why engineer-
ing works concerned with the manufacture of Peace stores
should not employ these men on similar jobs.

It has been found that the skilled mechanics are very
sympathetically inclined towards the disabled men and help
them in every possible way. This is good, as obviously much
depends on the attitude of the skilled workers as to how far
the employment of disabled men can be developed, and it is
well, in every case where a doubt exists as to whether the
work is skilled or not, to refer the matter to the unions con-
cerned before taking action.

[The above are the conclusions of the Manager of a large Governmental
undertakiug. — Editor.]
32

488

LES BLESSES.

By ENGLISH ORDERLY.

" Gou-ON HOON," said Achertehaha the Basque, wishing me good
morning in his own tongue. *' Why is it that thou art so late ? "
he added in French, choosing his words deUcately and slowly,
for French was a foreign language to him. '* We thought, little
father, that thou hadst forgotten us. Listen to me : A new
foreign nurse with fair hair made our beds this morning ; she
took from me the little cushion that I use to support the leg
that was wounded at Verdun in the great attack ; from hence-
forth I shall have no rest."

It was 8 o'clock on a lovely autumn morning. I had been
delayed in the hospital, and obliged to leave my special charge,
the patients of the tents, to the care of a new nurse. Matters
had not gone too smoothly, I gathered.

I soon found and gave to Achertehaha the litde cushion he
craved. The Breton peasant, who shared the tent with the
Basque, moved uneasily ; he also had a complaint to make.
*' She brought me sugar in the coffee and butter on my bread.
You know well,/^r^, that since I was seven years old I have
taken no sugar in my morning coffee, and that the butter here
suits me not. It is unlike that which we make at my little
farm, and tastes of the oil with which we clean our guns."
He paused to give full effect to what he was going to say :
** This new nurse is a wicked woman."

"That is not true," said Achertehaha quickly. " She has
a kind smile, but we who are ^grands blesses ' do not love
new faces. Will you ask that they send the little nurse with
blue eyes who sometimes runs out to see us In the early
morning ; she speaks our language and knows our ways."

Jill, as we called her, the delectable Scotchwoman who
had for some time been responsible for the tents, had just
gone home. Sasha Alexievna, the Russian nurse who was to

LES BLESSES 489

have taken her place, had refused to go outside the hospital.
" I could not bear the wet," she had told me, when I met her
in the corridor. A substitute had to be found, and there was
great anxiety in the tents as to who would be appointed. The
Matron had a special fondness for the little group of badly-
wounded men, who had been sent out into the garden to see
what fresh air and special treatment could do for them. So
when I gave her Achertehaha's request, she, greatly amused,
granted it, and the little Dutch nurse with blue eyes came.
Maria and I were old friends. When first I had come to
the hospital we had worked together in the great ward on the
ground floor ; she had taught me the art of bed-making ; had
shown me how to hold restless, pain-stricken patients when the
surgeon dressed their wounds, and had gaily and shamelessly
initiated me into the unclean and dreadful duties that fall to
the lot of men who work in military hospitals. Later, when
spring had come, we had explored together the great forest,
and in the heat of summer I had taught her how to row, and
we had bathed together in the river. Now in autumn she was
in charge of the tents ; and I was her servant, for the orderly
is the servant of the nurse.

We made our round together, so that she might exchange
welcomes with the patients ; she knew most of them. In the
first tent were Guillamin, a town artisan, and a village cur^.
The cure had been one of a party of stretcher-bearers ; a
bomb had dropped in the midst of them ; he alone had sur-
vived ; but not for long, alas ! He was a new arrival in the
tents. '' Monsieur et madanie, bonjour,'" he said.

Guillamin corrected him. '' GrarCpere^ petit pere, pere, ou
papa, we call him so; it is simpler than ' infirmier,^ 2l\\A not
so formal as ' monsieur,' "

We passed on to the Basque and the Breton. " What
was the row this morning ? " asked my new mistress. I told
her the story. "■ Achertehaha is quite right," she said in
English. " Men who have suffered long are strangely attached
to their own ways ; and they train their orderlies and nurses.
To learn quickly the little ways of every patient and accommo-
date yourself to them is your duty, if you want to be a good
orderly." She laughed. ** I have always something to teach
you,'' she added. " And as to the Irish nurse, in a week or

490 REVEILLE

two she will be no longer a new face, and it will be all ric^ht.
You're a silly boy, Achcrtehaha," she went on, this time speak-
ing in French; "you don't want that cushion, your leg was
healed up a month ago, when I was your nurse in the great
ward."

Achertehaha grinned comfortably. " It is a reminder of
the past," he said. " I like to feel that I no longer need it."

She scolded the Breton. *' I am told that you were rude to
the new nurse," she said.

He looked at me. ** Am I rude to you, papa? " he said.

I admitted that he was not.

** She is a wicked woman, she speaks strangely " (she had
indeed a pretty brogue) ; '' even I who have been so often to
England to sell my ropes of onions could not understand a
word she said. She is a wicked woman," he reiterated.

It is a perpetual joy to watch the growth of good relations
between patients and their nurses and orderlies. A wounded
man comes down from the Front, foul with dirt, half paralysed
with suffering, and wearied with the journey. The nurse and
orderly take complete charge of him ; he is as their child ; the
nurse brings food and wine and coaxes him to eat and drink ;
the orderly strips him of his clothing, searches in his pockets
and knapsack for all his little valuables and puts them on one
side for him. Then he washes the patient from top to toe.
All the while the chat goes on. The man has something to
tell of the fighting and more of the journey ; he wants to know
where he is. '* We are near Paris, indeed ; write then for me
to my cousin ; he lives In Paris and will come quickly to see
me. It is clean here, and the people look kind and there is quiet.
Tell me," he asks confidentially, "shall I be well cared for
here?'' He is reassured. " And who are all these people?"
he asks. "Are they Americans or English, or what?"

In our hospital the staff was drawn from many sources.
The Colonies and the States providing some, but others were
neutrals — Norwegians, Dutch and Swiss; there was a Russian
and a F'inn, and of course French and English. The men
were both puzzled and amused at this cosmopolitan crowd.

The orderly, as he explains all this, tucks his patient into
bed and leaves him to rest until the visit of the surgeon. An
intimacy has begun between orderly and patient, as between a

LES BLESSES 491

mother and child. If the case is a bad one, all the patient's
whims ant! fancies are studied, whilst the kitchens are searched
for food that will tempt him. Whatever the difficulties, neither
nurse nor orderly, if they be worth their salt, will let their
special patients be neglected or poorly fed ; and the patients,
sensitive by suffering, quickly understand and appreciate.
And so the intimacy and friendship grows. It was always
so in the tents ; it was a family party, though the children were
changed from time to time.

An orderly, while on duty, has few spare moments ; mine
were usually spent in the tent occupied by Achertehaha and
the Breton. These men were both farmers, and I belonged to
a landholding family; this was our bond. The Basque liked
to talk of his native village in a Pyrenean valley, and of his
life at home. "We Basques," he told me, "are all very
devout. There is no one, unless he be very ill, in our district
who does not come to Mass on Sundays. Never is work done
on a Saint's day, and only in case of great emergency do we
work on Sundays. My farm lies just off the great high road
to Spain ; it is small — we have no great farms as you find in
these parts of France. I have not many acres, but my cattle
feed on the hill-sides, and, for bedding down the stock, there is
the fern which we gather in autumn ; it is dear now, for there
are no labourers to collect it. We work hard, we Basques —
harder than the French — and we are richer than they," he
added in an undertone, so that the Breton should not hear
and be aoorrieved.

I told him before I left that after the war I should, perhaps,
come to the Pyrenees, and then, if I might, I would visit him
and his wife, for he was to be married as soon as he returned
home. He was delighted, and wrote down name and address
in a large sprawling hand.

" The village is less than a kilometre from the Spanish
frontier," he explained to me ; "and when you are there, you
have but to ask for me ; I am the only man of that name in the
village."

"I should have thought, Achertehaha,'' I answered, *'you
would be the only man of that name in the world."

He laughed. "Perhaps the only one in France," he said.
" But my grandfather came from Spain, and there are others of
my name there."

492 REVEILLE

His felfow-patient, the Breton, told nothing of his home
life. I suspected him of being a dealer as well as a farmer.
He liked to talk of his visits to England when he had travelled
the country with his ropes of onions ; he had been in South
Wales amongst the colliers, and had trudged through Hamp-
shire until he had reached Reading. He had a smattering of
English, and when the new nurse, "the wicked woman," came
out regularly, he, like the other patients, accepted her as one
of the family party, and undertook to teach her French.
Ultimately they became great friends. Sometimes he talked
of the life at the Front, giving little details of the rain soaking
through his overcoat, of the cold food in the front trenches,
and of the relief of going back to hot food and a few comforts.
Then he would talk of the unbearable noise, of the sufferings
of the wounded and the terrible scenes in the field hospitals,
and compare it with the peace of the base hospital, where he
hoped to stay until the war was over.

The two men were a great contrast. Both had been badly
wounded ; the Basque in his right leg and in his body, the
Breton in arms and legs. The Breton made no attempt to
get well ; he lay prone on his bed, and cried out on slight
excuse. ** Lift me up a little, pere,'' he would say when the
meal came ; " I am too tired to move or feed myself, and cut
up my food ; is it good to-day ? Put the plate near me, the
fork in my hand, and the cup of wine, so that I can reach it."
But the Basque, though really more seriously wounded, was
active ; he wanted no help ; he hated to lie in bed, and he
would drag himself out and walk about the tent. In the open
air he rapidly improved. By now, surely, he will be on his
little farm again.

Amongst the many other patients whom I count amongst ;
my friends were Moorkens, the Flamand, whom his French
mother had persuaded to enter as a volunteer into the French |
Army at the beginning of the war ; Annecorde, a rosy-faced (
peasant, who, when the pain left him, sang such admirable!
chansons ; a sergeant, who before the war had been a dancer onj
the music-hall stage, and a cheerful youth, who spoke English'
quite fluently with a strong Cockney accent, since he had,
whilst retaining his French nationality, passed almost all his life
in London. Lastly, there was Jean. A strange creature was

LES BLESSES 493

Jean, of amazing vitality. Brought into the hospital many-
months before, a mass of terrible wounds, it had seemed im-
possible that he could live. Half a dozen nurses had, at
different times, taken him under their special care ; his temper
frightened them, but they all adored him, and boasted that they
had kept him alive. When he came into the tents, life was
almost assured to him. But his system was poisoned, and soon
he was racked by a strange fever ; he lay motionless with
glaring eyes. " Ji^," who was then in charge of the tents,
would watch him uneasily, standing silently, for she loved him
greatly. Then tears would come into her eyes. " I know
Jean will die," she would say with a sigh. But Jean had no
intention of dying. After a fortnight of Jill's devoted nursing,
the fever abated, and his wounds slowly healed. One day 1
lifted his body in my arms, and, with the help of many hands,
moved him from his bed into a long chair ; we carried him into
the sun. The news spread through the hospital, and nurses
came out to claim a share of his recovery. But Jean would
have none of it. " Nonsense," he said ; " I give credit to none
of you, not even to the infirmiere here," he said, pointing to
Jill. ** I never meant to die ; it was the life that was in me that
saved me."

After the nurses had gone, Jill only remaining, Jean began
to laugh. I thought I divined what was in his mind. "Jean,"
I said, '' was it always like this when you were a boy in the
village ? Did all the girls adore you '^ "

"Yes," he said; "because of the life that is in me," he
added .

494

ILLUSTRATIONS.

(I.)

Boot Making.

By THOMAS HILDITCH.

Early in 1916 a joint scheme was inaugurated at the Cord-
wainers' Technical College for teaching and training disabled
soldiers in the craft of hand-sewn boot making, and commenced
with a class of eight to ten students. The teaching staff and
equipment are provided by the Cordwainers' Company, the
City Guilds and the L.C.C. A section has since been added
for training in leather goods manufacture,by which is meant the
making of such articles as attache cases, suit cases and similar
goods in the best qualities and styles, and other branches
dealing with letter-cases and ladies' hand-bags.

I first visited the College in May, 1916, some three months
after the opening of the classes (a surprise visit, myself quite
unknown to anyone there at that time), and having worked at
precisely the same kind of operations in my earlier days,
perceived instantly the amazing success the young men were
making.

The number of pupils is now over 130, and in the interval
since 191 6 many of the men have secured remunerative
work in West End shops and elsewhere, and as quickly as the
periods of training are completed so the pupils pass on to
similar employment at the standard remuneration of the
trade.

The men receive full pension as maintenance during the
period of twelve months' training ; this has been increased
recently in some cases.

The classes are arranged for twelve men to sit four on each
of three sides of a square, the other side being occupied by the
teacher and his desk. There are four distinct grades of
instruction and practice, and an average period of three months

ILLUSTRATIONS 495

is devoted to each grade or section (some pupils more, some
less, according to aptitude).

In the first or lowest class, naturally, the merest essential
rudiments are taught: the making of varying thicknesses of
thread, the formation of two distinct kinds of stitching and
sewing, to be practised until mastered ; the tempering or
mellowing of the different kinds of leather, to be used later; and
finally, before the student is sent up to the next class, he makes
a section of the forepart of a shoe, which brings into practice all
the instruction previously given.

In the second class two pupils are set to make one each of
a pair of plain strong slippers. This enlarges their knowledge
of the principles of construction. A slipper, though a simple
looking article, is most difficult to make properly.

In the third grade or class all kinds of boots and shoes are
made, and complete instruction given in thorough repairing (a
department of the shoe trade that is generally done in a
shockingly imperfect, destructive and wasteful manner).

From the fourth or final grade or class, humorously called
the " Dons," the men proceed to their employment or business
outside.

The teachers are West End craftsmen, not mere book and
blackboard technical lecturers, and pass round their classes
from one pupil to another, giving needful suggestions and
practical example and help in a kindly, patient and brotherly
way, maintaining discipline in a smooth and agreeable manner.
There is an interval of five minutes for a smoke, each morning
and afternoon in the yard adjoining, and once every day a
short lecture of about ten minutes on some special aspect of
construction.

A mid-day meal is served, at which the Principal presides.
1 was invited to join once, when two time-expired students
were leaving, one to go into partnership with a colleague who
had finished his course previously. (They had sixty pairs
ordered already for their adventure as bespoke boot makers.)
It is the custom to grant each man a leaving present of a few
essential tools, the Minister of Pensions providing up to
;^io worth. There was a little unpretentious oratory from
the students and some sound advice given by the Principal
on various details important in the conduct of business.

496 REVEILLE

I used to have many talks with the men as to their plans
for the future, and it seemed there was about an equal division
of purpose. Some will establish themselves in business in the
provinces, where they are well known ; others will seek to
work, for a time at least, as journeymen for good class shops
in London or the populous towns. There is ample scope and
opportunity. Several of the men said they were going to
neighbourhoods where there was a population, of some
thousands, and not a good boot maker or repairer near.

If such an arrangement has not already been made, the
authorities might well fix up a system of information for the
students in this matter of location ; they will find a ready,
sympathetic and able adviser in Mr. Golding, the Principal of
the College. Any readers, too, who are resident in districts
where a qualified boot maker would have a good chance of
establishing himself might communicate with the Principal of
the College (Cordwainers' Technical College, 42, Bethnal
Green Road, London, E.i).

It was most encouraging to find many men, from whom one
would never have expected high-grade workmanship, actually
producing work surpassing in quality that done by average
apprentices in their sixth year. This proves conclusively that
the people of our nation come well out of any tests of skill and
application ; and that to get such results from technical instruc-
tion for practical purposes, the teachers must themselves be
practical. Further, it became strikingly obvious that in this
day of vast and rapid output of machine-made goods by highly
organized and minutely subdivided labour, the individual work-
man is in danger of not acquiring a thorough knowledge of the
basic principles of construction. In other words, lightning-like
operatives are not "craftsmen," and the only way of keeping
the mechanical production of goods within sound principles is
to maintain a wide diffusion of manual knowledge and work-
manship. We admit freely the indispensability of machine-
made goods, and the general high quality of the goods of
many British boot manufacturers ; but the better the pro-
ductions the more ready are their manufacturers to admit
original dependence on the knowledge of the complete crafts-
men, for certainly successful manufacture by machinery must
in all essentials closely copy perfect hand labour.

ILLUSTRATIONS 497

And here is another suggestion of some importance. If the
trade training of our youth is ever to become universally satis-
factory, there must be an arrangement between the Education
Authorities and practical trade instructors. If men who have
been farm hands, general labourers and workers with heavy
tools can be taught under an intensive system of instruction to
make sound and beautiful boots in one year, what could the
same system do with youths whose hands have not become
knarled and stiff, and whose minds are fresh and clear ?

(IL^
Electrical Work.
By Dr. R. MULLINEUX WALMSLEY.

Electrical work has an attraction possessed by no other
branch of industry, for it surpasses them all in wonders
and mysteries which appeal powerfully to the imagination of
most men, whilst, commercially, it appears to offer wider
promise and greater possibilities. It is not to be wondered
at, therefore, that electrical engineering courses of training are
most frequently asked for, chiefly by men who are profoundly
ignorant of the subject. The course of training in electrical
sub-station work, planned in the early days of the war by the
Institution of Electrical Engineering, and actually begun in 19 16
at the Northampton Polytechnic Institute in central London, was
one of the earliest systematic courses of training, other than mere
handicraft courses, and probably the very first well-organized
course of training for disabled sailors and soldiers in electrical
engineering, properly so-called. Similar courses have been
running continuously at the Northampton Polytechnic till the
present time, and the number of men placed out from them
is now over 320.

The training is essentially intensive, but has been developed
in such a way as to avoid overstrain, whether physical or
mental. Perhaps the methods adopted and the practical
character of the work can best be illustrated by outlining a
typical day's work.

498 REVEILLE

At 9 a.m. the men assemble for an experimental lecture on
fundamental electrical principles, as embodied in a familiar
machine or piece of apparatus, say an electric motor. An
actual motor is placed before ihe students, and on the lecture
table lie pieces of a similar machine taken apart. I'he object
of each part is explained as well as its construction and general
method of manufacture. 'J'he theory of the machine is dwelt
on in common-sense fishion, and illustrated by simple arlih-
metlc. The commercial applications of the machine are
emphasized, not by verbal description to be remembered, but
by practical demonstration to be watched. During the lecture
each student takes rough notes and, based on these, he writes,
during the following hour, a complete account of the lecture
in his own words. This report writing is done under the
superintendence of the lecturer, to whom, meanwhile, the
students may put questions. Between the lecture period and
report-writing the class has a '' break '' of fifteen minutes for
smoking and recreation. The morning work ends at noon and,
an hour later, the afternoon work begins. The afternoon work
is always practical. It is taken in one of the electrical labora-
tories (which include a complete modern electrical power
station), in the electrical wiring shops, in the machine shops,
or in one of the numerous and diverse sub-stations of a large
London electrical supply company, which, from the outset, has
given great practical assistance in these sub-station courses.

In the laboratories the men work in groups of two or
three, each group taking charge of an electrical machine or
other piece of apparatus, which, under the directon of an
instructor, the group proceed to connect up and test. The
measuring instruments used and all apparatus, such as switches,
are of modern commercial type, whilst the apparatus tested
and the tests made are all typical of some part of the equip-
ment of a commercial station and of the operations in it.
Before the end of his course each student carries out, with his
own hands, the fascinating operations known as " synchron-
izing" and "paralleling" alternators. He is first introduced
to these processes through comparatively small machines in
one of the ordinary laboratories and then repeats them in the
power station, upon large 2, 200- volt three-phase generators,
and finally upon a 500-volt rotary converter.

I

ILLUSTRATIONS 499

Besides this i^^oocl practical insicrht into tlie operatiiiQ^ side
of electrical work, the students are instructed in the elements
of commercial method and routine. All lecture reports, as
well as all laboratory reports, have to be made neatly on
special forms or log sheets and accoj-dinor to carefully drafted
rules. Many men show deplorable ignorance at first of simple
arithmetic, but one of tlie ablest and most experienced of the
Institute's instructors re-introduces them, by practical demon-
stration, to the things they endeavoured to avoid at school, and
often, after a very short time, they have not only mastered
simple arithmetic but even learned to take delight in the use
of logarithms. From the very beginning no sort of difficulty
has been met with in the matter of discipline, which says much
for the attractive nature of electrical work, and for the irre-
sistible incentive to self-development it gives to its students.
Those who commence the training in a spirit of indifference —
born of the hardships they have passed through — very quickly
become interested and, before the end of the course, are almost
invariably enthusiastic. Much of this good result may be due
to the teacher's skill. A good teacher can always command
attention, but real interest and enthusiasm are born of the
subject taught — provided it be well taught.

No training of disabled men should be undertaken which
does not lead up to life-work for them at good and increasing
wages. In other words, blind-alley occupations, or occupations
which, in more normal times, would lead the student into
competition with cheap labour, are to be shunned. Neither
should training be undertaken in any industry where outlets
are not immediately available, or the trained men may be
thrown on a labour market which may, at any moment, be
overstocked.

Both these pitfalls have, unfortunately, sometimes been
ignored rather than avoided. But the substation courses,
deliberately planned with the possibility of such difficulties in
view, offer work which should endure for the whole of a man's
working life and provide him with stepping stones to higher
things. The work itself is so responsible that it cannot be
entrusted to comparatively untrained and therefore low-paid
labour. And the quick outlets after training guarantee that
the man goes to the job found for him with his wits polished
up and his mind still full of the novelties he has learned.

500 REVEILLE

(HI.)

Clark's College : The Training of Disabled Men for

Clerical Posts.

The Ministry of Pensions has, since the beginning of 191 8,
been fulfilling a national obligation in equipping men who
have been discharged from the Army through disablement,
and who for this reason are debarred from returning to their
pre-war vocations, by providing the funds for training in
commercial subjects and maintenance during the period of
instruction. Drafted in from all grades of labour, and, handi-
capped through loss of limbs or through the effect of wounds
received, compelled to seek a sedentary occupation on their
return to civilian life, the men, keenly alive to the need for
diligent study and appreciative of the efforts on their behalf,
enter enthusiastically upon their new school-life, and devote
themselves so whole-heartedly to work that their progress is
greatly in advance of the average commercial student. There
is everywhere noticeable an enjoyment of their new surround-
ings and a spirit of camaraderie which lightens the obvious
strain of studying after an enforced relaxation for some
considerable time of everything which pertains to education.

Clark's College has been recognized by the Ministry of
Pensions as a training-ground for the men, and classes are
being successfully conducted at Queen Mary's Auxiliary Hos-
pital, Roehampton, during the time that the men are awaiting
their discharge from the Army. Thereafter the men are
transferred to the Central College, i to 3, Chancery Lane, or
to one of the many Branches of the College situated through-
out London, while classes are also held at the provincial
Branches of the College at Brighton, Bristol, Cardiff, Leeds
and Portsmouth. For disabled men, still garbed in the familiar
*' hospital blue,'' classes are carried on at Kitchener House,
Regent's Park, W., and recently a course of instruction has
been instituted at the famous " Star and Garter" at Richmond
for Officers who have been paralysed.

The primary object of the course is to provide business
houses with competent book-keepers, cashiers, cost clerks, and

ILLUSTRATIONS 501

general clerical assistants, and after a thorough trial a curri-
culum has been evolved which includes the teaching, by an
expert staff, of book-keeping and accountancy. Modern busi-
ness methods and devices, commercial arithmetic, English
and pr6cis writing, commercial French or Spanish, economic
geography. As a mental stimulant, rapid calculations and
mental arithmetic are taken up, and a great keenness is
exhibited in being first out with the correct answer.

No attempt has been made to turn out the men as active
competitors of the lady shorthand typist, but shorthand has
been drawn into the scheme as a means of accelerating work,
while typewriting, both on the theoretical and practical side,
has been taught with a view to efficient supervision of the
display and execution of all typed work issued from an office.

As a final veneer to their training, the well-equipped model
office at the College is thrown open for an insight into the
labour-saving appliances adopted by business men, such as the
duplicating processes for commercial documents, billing and
calculating machines, with card-index and filling cabinets.
With the idea of broadening the outlook of the men, and
increasing their general knowledge, a course of lectures on
Economics has been incorporated and has been greatly appre-
ciated by the senior students, while a novel feature was intro-
duced in the shape of occasional discussions of topical events
by the men. Once the crust of shyness has been broken and
the men have warmed up to the subject, surprising results in
rhetorical effort were obtained.

The course of instruction is fixed for a six months' training,
with a further renewal if required, and during the first month,
or initial stage, the probationer is carefully studied by his
masters with the object of determining as to his ultimate
fitness to enter upon a commercial career. The remainder of
his period of training is mapped out for intensive coaching, as
the men are naturally eager to become earning units.

The commencing salary ranges from jC2> upwards, according
to ability, and during the past six months many of the dis-
abled men have been placed in positions at a much higher
figure where they are "making good," and reflecting credit
upon their adaptableness and upon the institution which has
trained them.

502 REVEILLE

(IV.)

Training the Disabled in Watch and Clock Repairing.

By JAMES SAVIDGE, A.C.I.S.

{Secretary of the British Horological Instititie.)

The Council of the British Horological Institute realized
quite early the advantaores offered by the Watch and Clock
Repairing Industry to discharged men whose disablements
left them the free use of their arms and hands. Afier many
delays official permission was granted to the Institute in May,
19 1 8, to commence training twenty-five men under the auspices
of the Ministry of Pensions, and on June 3, 1918, the class
was started in the Hall of the Institute at 35, Northampton
Square, Clerkenwell, E.C., and the first batch of men were
at work on that date.

The class is regarded as a model. It has been inspected
by officials and interested persons from all parts, and the best
verdict on the work already accomplished is the fact diat the
London War Pensions Committee has recently asked the
Council of the Institute to undertake the training of a further
hundred men. Moreover, inquiries are being received from
all over the country with a view to starting classes on similar
lines elsewhere.

The Council were fortunate in obtaining the right man as
instructor in Mr. Frank Gibbs. He is a thoroughly efficient
craftsman who inspires confidence in the men, and makes his
methods interesting. He remembers the s)llabus, but does
not make himself or the men slaves to it. Consequently the
men's attention and interest in their work are sustained with
excellent results.

The men are splendid, and show every inclination to make
the most of the advantages offered them. In the opinion of
those who know, their progress has been wonderful. They
are to have twelve months training at the class. At the
conclusion of their training the members of the trade who
employ them will not, of course, expect them to have had
sufficient teaching to enable them to rub shoulders with

Members of the class.

Class for Training Discharged Disabled Soldiers and Sailors in Watch and
Clock Repairing, October, 1918. British Horological Institute.

Polishing and drilling.

4

The students at work, with their instructor, Mr. F. Gibbs.

Class for Training Discharged Disabled Soldiers and Sailors in Watch and
Clock Repairing, October, 1918. British Horological Institute.

ILLUSTRATIONS 503

mechanics who have been in training practically all their
lives. The men must still be helped, and the employers will
be asked to continue their tutoring.

Only one or two of the men have been found unsuitable.
A few may never acquire the delicate touch necessary for
watch work, but at all events the training must be of great
service to them, especially if the work is viewed from the
standpoint of light engineering. On the whole, they have
learnt much in little time, and show great aptitude for the
craft.

The effort which is being made has the whole-hearted
sympathy of the trade, the members of which have con-
tributed the entire cost of equipping the original class and
are supporting it in many ways, including the social side.

33

504

"A GREEN HILL FAR AWAY/'

By JOHN GALSWORTHY.

Was it indeed only last March, or in another life, that I
climbed this green hill on that day of dolour, the Sunday after
the last great German offensive began ? A beautiful sun-
warmed day it was, when the wild thyme on the southern slope
smelled sweet, and the distant sea was a glitter of gold. Lying
on the grass, pressing my cheek to its warmth, I tried to get
solace for that new dread which seemed so cruelly unnatural
after four years of war-misery.

"If only it were all over ! " I said to myself, '* and I could,
come here, and to all the lovely places I know, without this
awful contraction of the heart, this knowledge that at every tickj
of my watch some human body is being mangled or destroyed.*
Ah, if only I could ! Will there never be an end ? "

And now there is an end, and I am up on this green hill
once more, in December sunlight, with the distant sea a glitter
of gold, x^nd there is no cramp in my heart, no miasma
clinging to my senses. Peace ! It is still incredible. No
more to hear with the ears of the nerves the ceaseless roll of
gunfire, or see with the eyes of the nerves drowning men,
gaping wounds, and the skeleton of hunger. Peace, actually
Peace ! The war has gone on so long that many of us have
forgotten the sense of outrage and amazement we had, those
first days of August, 19 14, when it all began. But I have not
forgotten, nor ever shall.

In some of us — I think in many who could not voice it —
the war has left chiefly this feeling : '* If only I could find a
country where men cared less for all that they seem to care
for, where they cared more for beauty, for nature, for being
kindly to each other. If only I could find that green hill far
away ! " Of the songs of Theocritus, of the life of St. Francis,
there is no more among the nations than there is of dew on

**A GREEN HILL FAR AWAY'' 505

grass in an east wind. If we ever thought otherwise we are dis-
illusioned now. Yet there is Peace again, and the souls of men
fresh-murdered are not flying into our lungs with every breath
we draw. Each day this thought of Peace becomes more real
and blessed. I can lie on this green hill and praise Creation
that I am alive in a world of beauty. I can go to sleep up here
with the coverlet of sunlight warm on my body, and not wake
to that old dull misery. I can even dream with a light heart,
for my fair dreams will not be spoiled by waking, and my bad
dreams will be cured the moment I open my eyes. I can
look up at that blue sky without seeing trailed across it a
mirage of the long horror, a film picture of all the things that
have been done by men to men. At last I can gaze up at it,
limpid and blue, without a dogging melancholy ; and I can
gaze down at that far gleam of sea knowing that there is no
murk of murder on it any more. And the flight of birds, the
gulls and rooks, and little brown wavering things which flit
out and along the edge of the chalk pits, is once more refresh-
ment to me utterly untempered. A merle is singing in a
bramble thicket, the dew has not dried off the bramble leaves ;
there is a feather of a moon floating across the sky ; the
distance sends forth a homely murmur; the sun warms my
cheeks. And all of this is pure joy. No hawk of dread and
horror keeps swooping down and bearing off the little birds of
happiness. No accusing conscience starts forth and beckons
me away from pleasure. Everywhere is supreme and flawless
beauty, whether one looks at this tiny snail-shell, marvellously
chased and marked, a very elfs horn whose open mouth is
coloured rose, or at the flat land between here and the sea,
wandering under the smile of the afternoon sunlight, seeming
almost to be alive — hedgeless, with its many watching trees,
and silver gulls hovering above the mushroom-coloured
" ploughs," and fields green in manifold hues. Or if one gazes
at that little pink daisy born so out of time, or at that valley
of brown-rose-grey woods, under the drifting shadows of those
low-hanging chalky clouds — all is perfection as only Nature
can be perfect on a lovely day, when the mind of him who
looks on her is at rest. On this green hill I am nearer than
I have been yet to realization of the difference between war
and peace. In our civilian lives hardly anything has been

5o6 REVEILLE

changed — we do not get more butter or more petrol, the garb
and machinery of war still swarm around us, journals are still
dripping hate, but in our spirits there is all the difference
between gradual dying and gradual recovery from sickness.

At the beginning of the war a certain artist, so one heard,
shut himself away in his house and garden, taking in no news-
paper, receiving no visitors, listening to no breath of the war,
seeing no sight of it. So he lived, buried in his work and his
flowers — I know not for how long. Was he wise, or did he
suffer even more than the rest of us who shut nothing away ?
Can man, indeed, shut out the very quality of his firmament,
or bar himself away from the general misery of his species ?

This gradual recovery of the world — this slow reopening of
the great flower. Life — is beautiful to feel and see. I press my
hand flat and hard down on those blades of grass, then take it
away, and watch them slowly, very slowly, raise themselves
and shake off the bruise. So it is, and will be, with us for a
long time to come. The cramp of war was, deep in us, as an
iron frost in the earth. Of all the countless millions who have
fought and nursed and written and spoken and dug and sewn
and worked in a thousand other ways to help on the business
of killing, hardly any have laboured in real love of war. How
ironical that, perhaps, the most beautiful poem written these
four years — Julian Grenfell's *' Into Battle!" was a song of
heartfelt praise of fighting ! But if one could gather the
heartfelt sighs and curses breathed by man and woman against
fighting since the first bugle was blown, the dirge of them
could not be contained in the air which wraps this earth.

And yet the ** green hill," where dwell beauty and kindli-
ness, is still far away. Will it ever be nearer ? Men have
fought even on this green hill where I am lying. By the
rampart markings on its chalk and grass, it has surely served
for an encampment. The beauty of day and night, the lark's
song, the sweet-scented growing things, the rapture of health,
and of pure air, the majesty of the stars, and the gladness of
sunlight, of song and dance and simple friendliness, have never
been enough for men. We crave our turbulent fate. Can
wars, then, ever cease ? Look in men's faces, read their
writings, and beneath masks and hypocrisies note the restless
creeping of the tiger spirit ! There has never been anything

'*A GREEN HILL FAR AWAY" 507

to prevent the millennium except the nature of the human
being. There are not enough lovers of beauty among men.
It all comes back to that. Not enough who want the green
hill far away — who naturally hate disharmony, and the greed,
ugliness, restlessness, cruelty, which are its parents and its
children.

Will there ever be more lovers of beauty in proportion to
those who are indifferent to beauty ? Who shall answer that
question ? And yet on it depends peace. Men may have a mint
of sterling qualities, be vigorous, adventurous, brave, upright,
and self-sacrificing ; be preachers and teachers ; keen, cool-
headed, just, and industrious ; but if they have not the love of
beauty, they will still be making wars. Man is a fighting
animal, with sense of the ridiculous enough to know that he is
a fool to fight, but not sense of the sublime enough to stop him.
Ah well ! we have peace — we have peace !

It is happiness greater than I have known for four years
and four months to lie here and let that thought go on its
wings, quiet and free as the wind stealing soft from the sea,
and blessed as the sunlight on this green hill.

5o8

DEATH IN BATTLE.

By CLIVE HAMILTON.

Open the gates for me,

Open the gates of the peaceful castle, rosy in the West,
In the sweet dim Isle of Apples over the wide sea's breast,
Open the gates for me !

Sorely pressed have I been

And driven and hurt beyond bearing this summer day,
But the heat and the pain together suddenly fell away.
All's cool and green.

But a moment agone,

Among men cursing in fight and toiling, blinded I fought,
But the labour passed on a sudden even as a passing thought,
And now — alone !

Ah, to be ever alone.

In flowery valleys among the mountains where never foot

has trod,
In the dewy upland places, in the garden of God,
This would atone !

I shall not see

The brutal, crowded faces around me, that in their toil have

grown
Into the faces of devils — yes, even as my own —
When I find thee,

Oh Country of Dreams !

Beyond the tide of the ocean, hidden and sunk away,
Out of the sound of battles, near to the end of day,
Full of dim woods and streams.

^1

m^'ii^m^^

■ ■-•^

509

MISCELLANEOUS.

Collected by the EDITOR.

The following are the views held on the subject of training
disabled soldiers by Mr. J. Rowan, the well-known Trade
Union official; and shared, one would imagine, by most
others : —

" I think there is no opposition on the part of the average
Trade Unionist, either in his individual or collective capacity,
to any training of a disabled soldier or sailor that will improve
his chance of raising his status and increasing his earning
capacity. In fact, such an object is the true function of a
Trade Union. Opposition has unquestionably been shown in
many quarters to certain systems of training disabled soldiers
and sailors, but this opposition is due to the fact that no proper
safeguards were introduced to ensure that the soldier or sailor
should receive a propei^ training ; or that he should be paid a
reasonable rate of wages for his services. Without doubt there
are employers who would willingly take any opportunity of
securing cheap labour, even through the medium of men
disabled in the War, and it is the business of the Trade
Unionist to prevent, by all means, such selfish action.

''With these points in mind officials of the various Trade
Unions have collaborated with the general body of employers
in devising schemes which would ensure proper training and
proper remuneration. So far as my experience goes, we have
been met very fairly, and I have found several bodies cf
employers willing to co-operate with us m drawing up
reasonable schemes which will ensure a fair standard ot livmg
in the future for those men who have borne the brunt and
suffered some of the penalties of war.

"In the engineering industry, both mechanical and
electrical, the schemes are to my mind fair and equitable,
except that the starting rate of wage (27s. 6d. per week) is

5IO REVEILLE

much too low, and would prevent any disabled man taking
advantage of the schemes unless he has someone to assist him
financially in the early stages. Strong representations have
been made to the Ministry of Pensions on this point and
maybe this blot will be removed.^

" Of the method and period of training I would say that
this must certainly be such that the trained man will be in a
position to compete in ability with other workmen, otherwise
he can only compete by working cheaper and undercutting
established rates, which would certainly cause friction. The
organized worker, after years of work in building up a standard
of ability and a corresponding standard of wages, cannot justly
be expected to view calmly the re-institution of individual
competition in the Labour Market.

"In drafting the schemes, therefore, rigid conditions as to
time and method of training have been incorporated, both for
fully skilled and semi-skilled occupations.

** On the completion of what can reasonably be termed the
' apprenticeship period ' these men should be able to compete
in the open market on equal terms with their fellow-workers ;
otherwise, the whole scheme fails. If, however, employers
by giving facilities in their w^orkshops, and workmen by
sympathetically taking in hand and teaching these men, do
their duty, there seems little reason to doubt success."

This quotation from the letter of an officer must surely
sum up many cases of real hardship : —

"It seems to me however — possibly my view is a selfish
one — that all the schemes for the re-establishment of officers in
civilian life are based on the assumption that they are in the
main quite young men, and single young men. No doubt this
is so in the majority of cases ; but there are a large number of
officers who, though of very junior rank, are married men of an
age much nearer forty than thirty. Such men — I am one of
them myself, hence these tears ! — are up against a rather bigger
proposition than the type of man that the word * subaltern '
brings naturally to one's mind — the young fellow of two or
three and twenty, and free from all the responsibilities and ties
that marriage brings.

' See the Note at end of" Miscellaneous."

MISCELLANEOUS 5 1 1

'• I will venture to state my own case. Not for a moment
because I think it presents more hardship than that of hundreds
of others, but because it may help to make plain the difficulties
which others like myself have to face.

"When I enlisted I was thirty-six years of age; I had been
married two years and had one child. I was at the time head-
master of a large preparatory school for boys — a private school
of the sort that prepares boys for the big public schools. I had
held this position for some three years before I enlisted in
the ranks. Incidentally it had cost me some fifteen years'
work in my profession to reach this position. My prospects
just before the War were such that I felt justified in marrying.
There was a considerable amount of responsibility attached to
my job ; I had the control of a biggish staff and my position
called for a not inconsiderable amount of organizing and
administrative ability. I think I may fairly claim that at that
time, like thousands of men of my age and class, I had reached
the point where I was just * making good ' — where I could
expect that with steady work and average luck I might
confidently look forward to being able to maintain my family
adequately, and to provide for the education of my son in a
manner befitting my walk in life.

*' I enlisted in the ranks, and that job as far as I was
concerned ceased to exist. With it went the whole of my
prospects. Nine months later I gained a commission — I need
hardly say that meanwhile it cost considerably more than my
Tommy's pay to maintain my small family. The point is that
nothing can now put me back where I left off when I enlisted,
except an outlay of capital which is entirely beyond my reach,
be conditions of the scholastic profession are such that the
besCxcan hope for is a junior mastership at a public school, at
say, ;^^\'o a year. This would be quite a good start for a
single i7ian ten years my junior — for a man of my age it is
a Lliud alley, and a short one at that.

'' Now, mutatis viutandis, there must be a great many
men in a similar position. I know of half-a-dozen myself.
What are we to do ? Are we to begin again at the foot of the
ladder in our own professions — if so, how are our families to
live ?

"The alternative is to strike out a new 'line of business.'

512 REVEILLE

How are we to find the time and the money for the necessary
training? Under the admirable O.U.T.C. scheme directed by
the Ministry of Labour there is a whole series of courses of
training provided. But to get the necessary 'label' which
these courses would provide means at the least a year's hard
study. The Cambridge Diploma in Agriculture, for instance,
is a very big task for an average student to do in eighteen -
months — much more so for a man who has left his school days %
fifteen or twenty years behind. Still for the young unmarried
officer this scheme of training offers a splendid opportunity.
But to the married man of thirty-five and upwards, a year or
two for technical training is a long time. And how is he to
live himself and maintain his family meanwhile ? Even with
the full pay and allowances of a subaltern he has his work cut
out to meet expenses — what will he live on when his pay and
allowances cease .'*

*' To put the matter bluntly and in concrete form, married
men, of the age and social position which I have in view, could
not in civilian life * carry on ' on less than — at a low estimate —
;^300 a year. This would give them perhaps a bare living-
wage. With luck they would have another fifteen or twenty
years of active life in which to once more * make good ' and to
provide adequately for their wives and children. How is it to
be done .«*

'* In conclusion, let me say that I have a genuine and I
hope a grateful appreciation of all the efforts that are being-
made on behalf of the officer and the ex-officer. But the
remark of a fellow * elderly subaltern ' seems to me to put the
matter in a nutshell : * They do not seem to recognize that
being married makes all the difference.' "

The following special hospitals have been established for
the treatment of officers and soldiers suffering from functional
nervous disorders : —

For Officers.

(i) Maudsley Neurological Clearing Hospital, Denmark
Hill, S.E.

(2) Special Hospital for Officers, 10 and 11, Palace Green,
Kensington.

(3) Red Cross Military Hospital, Maghull, Quarry Brook
Section (near Liverpool).

MISCELLANEOUS 513

(4) Officers' Hospital, Nannau, Dolgelly.

(5) Craiglockhart War Hospital, Edinburgh.

(6) Neurological Section, King's Lancashire Military
Hospital, Blackpool.

For Soldiers.

(i) Maudsley Neurological Clearing Hospital, Denmark
Hill, S.E.

(2) Springfield War Hospital, Upper Tooting, S.W.

(3) Red Cross Hospital, Maghull, near Liverpool.

(4) Abram Peel Hospital (Bradford War Hospital), Brad-
ford, Yorks.

(5) Ewell (County of London) War Hospital, Ewell,
Surrey.

(6) I St Southern General Hospital (Monyhull Neurological
Section), Birmingham.

(7) Glen Lomond Hospital, Fife.

(8) Dunblane War Hospital, Perthshire, N.B.

(9) Seale Hayne Neurological Hospital, Newton Abbot,
South Devon.

(10) Gateshead War Hospital, Stannington, Newcastle-on-
Tyne.

(11) Neurological Section, 4th Southern General Hospital,
Plymouth.

(12) Neurological Section, 2nd Western General Hospital,
Brinnington, Stockport.

(13) East Preston Military Hospital, near Worthing.

A POINT which merits earnest attention from those who are
considering the training and settlement of soldiers, disabled or
no, on the land is here given in the words of a lady with no
small experience : —

" The men for such training should be even more carefully
selected than candidates for other educations, particularly with
regard to their homes. I believe myself that only single men
or men with country-bred wives should be chosen (broadly
speaking, of course).

** For a great number of years I have been trying myself,
or watching the efforts of others, to plant out the tuberculous
in favourable country conditions, and even more than usual
does the success or failure lie with the wo7?ian.

514 REVEILLE

** The townsman who is trained for agriculture has, on
transportation, the insistent claims of the land or the live
creatures he is dealing with to root him to his new place.
Country work is not monotonous, but daily changing, and in
return for a demand of the whole of a man's powers, gives a
most vivid interest. But the transplanted woman undergoes
no training to open her eyes and thoughts. She has the same
daily drudge of house work without the alleviations of street
adventure, neighbours' gossip, cinemas, and so on, and our
strange national education has provided her with no mental
resource. Over and over again I have seen the family dragged
back to London (once from Bloemfontein to Whitechapel) from
the failure of the town-bred wife to cope with the rural situa-
tion. It isn't an easy one. I know some of my cottage friends
fairly well here, and what competence and resource it does
mean to be a good housewife when four miles from a lemon ;
and what chaos and upheaval one sees in the homes of
chauffeurs and other urban importations. There was a pro-
found" (if lugubrious) '^ wisdom in the early days of conquest in
the massacre of the men and the marriage with native women.

''I am so tremendously anxious for the country training to be
a success, and so I have ventured just to pass on to you this
small bit of personal experience which might be a little useful
as a sidelight on the human aspect."

The attention of the medical readers of Reveille is drawn
to a pamphlet by W. Wilbraham Falconer, entitled " Arthro-
metry, or the Measurement of the Movement of Joints (being
notes of a new and simple system for showing the mobility
of injured limbs by means of an instrument called an Arthro-
meter"). It is published by John Bale, Sons and Danielsson,
Ltd., Ss, Great Titchfield Street, Oxford Street, W. i. In a
foreword, Dr. Fortescue Fox says: '* Mr. Falconer offers the
results of his own original studies in this matter, to those
especially who are employing physical remedies for disabled
limbs. He has devised an ingenious and attractive ' Arthro-
meter,' as well as charts for recording the angle of movement,
whether voluntary or assisted by the operator. The experience
of so accurate and careful an observer cannot fail to be of
assistance to others engaged in the same good work."

MISCELLANEOUS 515

(From the Note-book of the Editor.)

The importance of forestry to the future of this country
can hardly be exaggerated, and as an industry for the disabled
it may perhaps outbid most forms of agriculture.

In the year before the war our total imports of timber
exceeded 1 1,000,000 loads ; and we felled only about 1,000,000
tons of native timber. At the end of 1916 about one million
acres of our woods — or one-third of the total area — had been
felled for war emergencies. All this must obviously be
replenished ; and we have a great deal of waste hill-land,
especially in the North, far more suited to timber growing
than to the growth of food.

No work can be more healthful.

This most urgent problem is closely bound up with that of
any agricultural revival. Let us have breadth and foresight
in dealing with it.

It was on as grey a day as I have known that I went
down to Weymouth to see the admirable Y.M.C.A. work
among the Australians there. And my first thought was :
** How they must hate the climate of this country, children of
the sun as they are ! " I remember the first thing I was asked
when, once upon a time, I visited California, " Have you
observed the Californian eye.-^" and the shame with which I
answered : ** I have not observed the Californian eye." Not
even trained observers (such as novelists, alas ! are supposed
to be) could fail to observe the Australian eye — that deep grey
eye blacked in with its long lashes, which are so obviously a
protection from the sun. It will be surprising if Australians
back in their own land do not call the lack of sun the greatest
hardship they have been through. No Y.M.C.A. work, though
it has remedied much else, can remedy that, alas ! I confess
to a sentimental admiration for the Australians. If there has
been a war record to surpass theirs I do not know it. If man
for man they are not superior in looks to any other fighting
force I am mistaken. If they have not somehow realized
democracy in a w^ay which leaves us all behind (with the
exception of the New Zealanders), again I am in error. To
see Australians is a most refreshing sight, renewing one's

5i6 REVEILLE

faith in the possibihties of human life in this machine-made
age. They must feel terribly far from their sunny home. If
we have not been able to do enough for them over here, in
return for the splendid way they came to help us, we have at
least admired and respected them with an admiration and
respect deeper than we could put into words. They will soon
be home now, back with the sun, and we in this grey island
will ever think of them with gratitude and wonder. Truly a
magnificent race !

The *^ Painted Fabrics Disabled Sailors and Soldiers
Mutual Association," whose honorary secretary and treasurer
is Mrs. F. A. MacGregor, 9, West Bar, Sheffield, have opened
some workshops in Sheffield for badly disabled men who have
lost one or both hands.

The American Outlook of September 11, 1918, contained
this record of what a certain man without hands can do : —

" Thread a needle, sew on buttons, pick up a pin or a dime
from the floor, take my purse from my pocket and make change,
go to market and bring as many bundles as the next one, playj
the piano, use the typewriter (slowly), dress myself completely,]
lacing and buttoning my shoes, buttoning all buttons except m]
collar button, undress with no help at all, eat with no help,
using all eating utensils, black my shoes, shave myself witl
safety or ordinary razor, sweep the floor, build a fire, presi
clothes, and, in short, I have done and do the usual thingf
of life, even to marrying a wife."

From ** E. C." we have received the following appeal that
classes of cookery may be established for our disabled. We
beg to endorse its good sense : —

'' It is strange how little attention we, as a nation, devote to
cookery. After all, it is one of the fundamental necessities of
man. The need of cooked food is universal, and the health
of the nation to a great extent depends on its cooks ; and
not only the health but the wealth, for the national bill for
wastage both in physical energy and in food itself is a heavy
drain on our resources.

"The French and the Italians are more particular in these
matters. Simple, wholesome, economical cooking is general

MISCELLANEOUS 517

in the homes of their people ; the art and knowledge are
passed on from one generation to another and not confined
to women. But in England the ** notable housewife " is
now a rarity, and though fragmentary knowledge is imparted
to some few girls in the elementary and secondary schools, and
perhaps to some few boys among the Scouts, the nation as
a whole is deeply ignorant of the importance and value of a
practical knowledge of cookery. We suffer accordingly. Here,
as in other branches of education, the war has brought home
to us our abyssmal ignorance.

" The first food economy campaign, instituted and carried
out by the War Savings Department, with the help of the
Board of Education inspectors and local education authorities,
showed what could and should be systematically done for the
homes of the people. Though, by the way, the interesting
food value charts issued last year by the Food Control
Department gave no hint of the mysterious element of
''vitamine " which the authorities now appear to consider of
vital importance.^

** Theory and practice are co-partners. The efficient cook
needs knowledge not only of how to select, combine, and deal
with the materials, but of the hygienic effect of diets and how
they may be effectively combined, of the powers and needs of
digestion, of the part played by " taste," of cleanliness and
sanitation — in the kitchen, the scullery, the pantry, the dustbin.
In fact, the general knowledge of health which should be the
common possession of man, woman, and child, should be
specially applied by every accomplished cook.

*' It is impossible to calculate the amount of suffering, the
loss of man power and of money power, during the war, arising
not from the want of food, but from badly cooked and often
wrongly selected food.

'* Never, probably, has any army been so well and abundantly
supplied with food — much too abundantly, indeed. But differ-
ences of climate were not sufficiently taken into consideration,
and since the trained Army cooks were all absorbed by the old
Army, the new Army had to take any and every man with little
or no qualifications. The results were deplorable.

' See Food Value Exhibits in Central Hall, Natural History Museum.

5i8 REVEILLE

** Those who are devoted to the service of Silver Badge men
might well persuade them to consider favoicrably the vocation
of cookery. The opening for qualified cooks is large for both
simple and fine cooking in hospitals, camps, hotels, clubs,
institutions, and private houses. It is a well-paid employment,
and suitable for some forms of partial disablement.

" At present there seems to be no school of cookery for
disabled soldiers, though some exist for sailors, but a desire
for training expressed by the men would meet with immediate
response from the authorities. What seems to be necessary is to
popularize the vocation of cooking among our disabled by
effective demonstration of the advantages to be gained, and to
have training courses in readiness^ so that no suitable man who
wishes to become a cook — for this work mental as well as
manual proficiency is required — should lack the opportunity."

The Editor again draws the attention of all readers of
Reveille — official, medical, and otherwise — to the plea of
Dr. Varrier-Jones for the consumptive soldier in Reveille
No. 2, and to the article called "The Cost of Consumption,"
by Economist, in this number. Consumptive soldiers are
perishing before their time for want of a determined effort to
save them. Once again he asks : ** What is their grateful
country going to do?"

The following is an official precis of the amounts now
payable to disabled men taking training : —

"Twenty-seven shillings and sixpence, plus a 20 per cent,
bonus, bringing the amount up to 33s. per week.
Twenty per cent, is also to be added to the wives,
children's, and dependant's allowances. These bonuses
will date back from November i, 19 18, and be pay-
able till June 30, 191 9."

All communications to : The Editor of "Reveille,"

21, Bedford Street,

London, W.C.2.

519

THE ROYAL WARRANT.

The principal provisions of the Royal Warrant of April 17,
1 9 18, regulating the pensions of soldiers disabled, and of the
families and dependants of soldiers deceased, in consequence of
the present war, are set forth below in a summarized and
explanatory form.

Temporary Allowance pending Award of Pension.

A soldier discharged as medically unfit for further service,
or while suffering impairment, may be granted a temporary
allowance of 27s. 6d. a week, together with children's allow-
ances at the full rate, until his pension is fixed. If, by reason
of his disablement, he needs hospital treatment he may receive
it gratis.

Men "suffering impairment" are men who being of low
health category and having been discharged as surplus to
requirements in that category, are found to have suffered
impairment.

Pensions and Allowances to Disabled Men/

Conditions entitling Men to Pension. — (i) The man must
be discharged as medically unfit for further service or while
suffering impairment; (2) his unfitness or impairment must be
certified as either attributable to or aggravated by military
service during the present war ; and (3) the disablement must
not be less than 20 per cent, of total disability.

Gratuity or Temporary Allowance. — If the first two of the
above conditions are complied with, but the man's disablement
is less than 20 per cent, of total disability, he may receive a
gratuity or temporary allowance, the grant not to exceed ;^200.

' A man whose disability is due to his serious negligence or misconduct will be
regarded as ineligible for pension or allowance, and his family or dependants will
also be regarded as ineligible.
34

520

REVEILLE

SCALE OF PENSIONS THAT MAY BE GRANTED FOR SPECIFIC

INJURIES.

Specific injury

O V 0)
C O 4>

.2 f.3
o g««

Disablement Pensions

Loss of two or more limbs

Loss of an arm and an eye

Loss of a leg and an eye

Loss of both hands or of all
fingers and thumbs

Loss of both feet

Loss of a hand and a foot

Total loss of sight

Total paralysis

Lunacy

Wounds, injuries or disease
resulting in disabled man

being permanently bedridden
Wounds of or injuries to inter-
nal, thoracic or abdominal
organs, involving total per-
manent disabling effects ...

Wounds of or injuries to head
or brain involving total per-
manent disabling effects, or
Jacksonian epilepsy

Very severe facial disfigure-
ment

Advanced cases of incurable
disease

Amputation of right arm at
shoulder joint

Amputation of leg at hip or
left arm at shoulder joint

Severe facial disfigurement

Total loss of speech
I Short thigh amputation of
leg or of right arm above
or through elbow

Total deafness

Amputation of leg above knee
(other than 4) and through
knee or of left arm above or
through elbow, or of right
arm below elbow

Amputation of leg below
knee (including Symes' and
Chopart's amputation) or
of left arm below elbow

Loss of vision of one eye

Loss of thumb or of four

fingers of right hand
Loss of thumb or of four
fingers of left hand, or of
three fingers of right hand
Loss of two fingers of either
hand

Per
cent.
100

90
80

70

60

50

40
30

20

If not entitled to a Service Pension

I

s. d.

42 6

J3U„

►5? !5^
^§0

s. d.
37 6

38 3

34 o

29 9

25 6

21 3

17 o
12 9

8 6

33 9
30 o

26 3

22 6

18 9

IS o
" 3

76

s. d.

35 o

31 6
28 o

24 6

17 6

14 o
10 6

7 o

s. d.
32 6

29 3
26 o

22 9

19 6

163

13 o
9 9

6 6

15

s. d.
30 O

f 5 ■" U5

>M

0:

27 o

24 o

21 O

18 O

15 o

12 O

9 o

6 o

s. d.

27 6

24 9

22 0

19 3

16 6

13 9

II 0

^3

56

Note.— In the case of left-handed men, certified to be such, the compensation m respect
of the left arm, hand, &c., will be the same as for a right arm, hand, &c.

THE ROYAL WARRANT 521

Amount of Pension. — A man may be granted either a dis-
ablement pension or an alternative pension. A disablement
pension is ordinarily temporary at first and it continues to be
renewed until the man's disability becomes fixed or disappears,
when the pension is made permanent or ceases. This pension
is fixed in accordance with the scale on the opposite page.
If the disablement is not in this list the pension is assessed at
the degree in the list most applicable.

In addition to his disablement pension a man is granted
children's allowances as shown below.

A man who already has a disablement pension may apply
for an alternative pension in lieu of his disablement pension
and children's allowances if the total of (1) his disablement
pension pins (2) his children's allowances (if any), plus (3) the
average earnings of which he remains capable, are less than his
pre-war earnings. The aim is to make the man's post-war
income as nearly as possible equal to his pre-war earnings, and
if the pre-war earnings did not exceed 50s. a week this aim is
actually accomplished and the post-war income is brought up
to the pre-war earnings. If, however, the pre-war earnings
were over 50s. a week, the result aimed at can but partially be
obtained, as only the pre-war earnings up to £^ are taken into
consideration and only half the excess of the pre-war earnings
over 50s. is allowed for.

Example, where the pre-war earnings did not exceed 50s.

a week : —

A man now capable of earning ... ... ... 20s. a week

and before the war earning ... ... ... 45s. ,,

would have up to ... ... ... ... ... 45s. „

less what he is capable of earning ... ... 20s. „

which gives as his alternative pension ... 25s. ,,

This 25s. with his earnings of 20s. makes up the 45s. he
was earning before the war.

Example, where the pre-war earnings exceeded 50s. a

week : —

A man now capable of earning... 20s. a week

before the war earning ... ... ... ... 80s. ,,

would have up to 50s. ,,

and half the excess of 80s. over 50s 15s. ,,

making ... ... ... ... ... ... 65s. „

less what he is capable of earning 20s. „

leaving as alternative pension 45s. „

522 . REVEILLE

The highest alternative pension a man can obtain, if for
instance his pre-war earnings were ;^5 a week or over and his
earning capacity was nil, would be 75s. a week.

The earnings of a man who has lost both legs, both arms,
or the sight of both eyes are regarded as nil.

Pensions on Re-enlistment. — A disabled pensioner who re-
enlists receives his appropriate disablement pension just as if
he had not re-enlisted, but he does not get children's allowances
in addition as they are entitled to separation allowance.

Service Pensions. — A Private receives any service pension
in addition to his pension. It is otherwise with Warrant or
Non-com. Officers, who receive either their service pension
plus the Private's rate of pension, or their full rate of pension
according to their rank as shown in the scale given without
the service pension.

Miscellaneous Provisions. — Paid acting rank at the time of
disablement or of removal from duty by reason of the disable-
ment carries with it the pension corresponding to that rank.

If a temporary disablement pension does not continue more
than a year a gratuity of ^5 may be granted to the pensioner.

Where a pension is made permanent it cannot be decreased
on account of a man s earning capacity ; but it may be increased
if his disablement has substantially increased.

Where a man requires constant attendance he may be
allowed an additional pension not exceeding 20s. a week.

A man's pension and allowance may be reduced one half if
he refuses to undergo treatment certified to be necessary in his
interests.

Where the disablement does not show until after a man's
discharge he ' may claim a pension as though he had been
discharged as medically unfit for service, such pension to date
from the establishment of his claim.

N on-attributable Cases. — Men whose unfitness is not due
to military service may be granted a gratuity or temporary
pension which may amount to ;^I50 according to length and
character of service. This may be paid out in weekly sums

Children's Allowances and Pensions.

To be entitled to a children's allowance a child must have
been born before or within nine months of the father's

THE ROYAL WARRANT 523

discharge, except in the case of children's allowances to a man
under treatment or training.

Children's allowances are 6s. 8d. for the first child, 5s. for
the second, and 4s. 2d. for each child after the second.

"The allowance is granted for each child under 16, but it
may be continued beyond that age where the child is only
receiving a nominal wage, or is being educated, or is incapable
through physical or mental infirmity of earning a living.

A man drawing a disablement pension has, in addition to
that pension, children's allowances corresponding to his degree
of disability. For example, if half disabled he gets half the
children's allowance for each child, if one-fifth disabled he gets
one-fifth of the children's allowance. There is no difference
between the allowance for the child of a Private and for that of
a Warrant or Non-commissioned Officer.

A widow who draws a *' widow's " pension gets the full
allowance for each child, so do the "separated wife" and the
"unmarried wife" as long as the children are with her.
Children's allowances continue after their mother's re-marriage.

Motherless children and children removed from the control
of their mother may be granted a pension not exceeding los. a
week ; where two or more are with the same person the
pension will be reduced to 9s. 2d. for each child after the first.
Illegitimate children of men who have died may be granted a
pension not exceeding 6s. 8d. a week.

Treatment and Training.

Treat7nent, — Treatment may be granted free in the case of
any man who in consequence of his disablement is certified to
need medical treatment, whether such disablement is due to
military service or not. Where the disablement is due to
military service there is no time limit, and not only his family,
but the man may be granted an allowance. Where the dis-
ablement is not due to military service treatment is limited to
the duration of the war and one year afterwards, and no allow-
ance is paid to the man (other than any temporary allowance
that may be due to him), but his family may be granted the
usual allowances.

Training. — Training will be granted free in the case of any
man whose disablement is due to military service and as to

524 REVEILLE

whom it is decided that he should, in consequence of his dis-
ablement, receive training. At the termination of training a
bonus equivalent to 5s. for every week of training may be
awarded and a sum not exceeding ;^io may be granted for the
purchase of tools if required to be provided by the man in the
trade in which he has been trained.

Allowances for Treatment and Trainmg. — During treat-
ment (except as above stated in the case of non-attributable
men) and training, an allowance equal to the highest disable-
ment pension, according to his rank, is given to the man, and
he is given, in addition, the full children's allowance. If the
treatment or training necessitates his living away from home
his wife receives an amount equivalent to a ** widow's" pension,
or a dependant supported by him up to the time when his
treatment or training began may be granted such support up
to I OS. a week. If, however, it would be to his advantage a
man may have instead an allowance equal to his alternative
pension on the basis that his earning capacity is nil, and in
such case there would be no additional allowance to wife, child,
or dependant.

From the allowance 7s. a week is deducted in respect of a
man's maintenance in an institution.

Widows' Pensions, &c.

The term ''widow" does not include a widow whose
marriage took place after the termination of the war, or after
the discharge of the soldier, or after the receipt of the wound
or injury which caused his death ; nor does it include a widow
who was separated from her husband at the time of his death.

On the death of her husband a widow receives £$, and £1
for each child, to meet expenses consequent on her husband's
death.

The Minister is empowered to terminate or suspend the
pension of a widow for misconduct, and also to provide for the
administration of a pension on behalf of a widow and her
children.

Widow whose Husbands Death is due to Military Service, —
The widow of a soldier who is killed in military service or
who dies within seven years as a result of wounds or injuries
received in, or of disease contracted on, or aggravated by,

I

I

THE ROYAL WARRANT 525

active service, receives a ** widow's" pension equal to half what
would have been her husband's disablement pension at the
highest rate ; she also receives full children's allowances ; and
on reaching the age of forty-five is. 3d. a week is added to her
'* widow's" pension. If, however, she was married to the
soldier prior to the commencement of the war (or enlistment),
and she can show that her " widow's " pension together with
any children's allowances is less than two-thirds of any alterna-
tive pension that might have been awarded to her husband had
he survived and been incapable of earning anything, she may
be granted an alternative pension equal to two-thirds of what
would have been her husband's alternative pension, as com-
puted above, instead of her " widow's " pension and children's
allowances. The highest amount which a widow could obtain
as alternative pension would be 50s.

A widow undergoing a course of training may be allowed
i2s. 6d. a week for thirteen weeks, and her training fees may
be paid.

A widow's pension ceases on re-marriage, but she may then
be given a gratuity equal to one year's " widow's " pension.

The widow o^ ^, pensioner, who at the time of his death was
drawing a pension of not less than los. a week, may, if not
otherwise qualified for pension by reason of the death being
due to the pensioner's former military service, receive a pension
of not more than half her husband's pension, but it must not
exceed what would have been her " widow's " pension and it
ceases on re-marriage.

Widow zuhose HiisbancVs Death is not due to Military
Service, — Such a widow may be granted a temporary pension
of 15s. a week for the period of the war and twelve months
afterwards.

Dependants.

Separated Wives, — The separated wife of a soldier who has
died in consequence of military service, may be granted the
amount her husband contributed to her support up to 13s. gd.
a week ; if the support was less than 3s. 6d. the pension will be
made up to that sum. The usual allowances will be made for
the children if maintained by her, even though the man did not
contribute to her support.

526 REVEILLE

Unmarried Wives. — If a woman has lived as his wife with
a soldier who has died in consequence of military duty, and
has been substantially dependent upon him, and has drawn
separation allowance, or was entitled to it, she may receive
I OS. a week for the period of the war and twelve months after-
wards. If she has children for the soldier in her charge she
gets the usual allowances for them and her los. a week con-
tinues until twelve months after the last child has gone or
has ceased to have pension. If she is too old and infirm to
support herself the los. a week may be continued.

Parents : Dependency Pensions. — The parent (or parents)
of a soldier who has died in consequence of military service
may get a pension equal to the weekly value of the assistance
they may have had from the soldier before the war (or enlist-
ment), up to 15s. a week ; but the pension will not be less
than 3s. 6d. a week, although the assistance may have been
less. In reckoning the assistance given the cost of the soldier's
keep when he lived at home is deducted.

Pensions may be granted in respect of two or more sons
who assisted the parents before the war (or enlistment), but
the total coming to each parent must not exceed 15s, a week.
Earnings do not affect these dependency pensions.

Parents : Special Pensions. — Parents whose son has died
in consequence of his military service, and who are too old or
infirm to support themselves, and are in need, and have no
other children who can support them, may be granted a pension
not exceeding 15s. a week. This pension may be given even
though they had had no help from their son.

Parents : Special Gratuity, — If the soldier died from causes
not due to the war, his parents may be given a gratuity if they
were dependent upon him, or if they are too old or infirm to
support themselves and are in need.

Minor Provisions. — There are also provisions with respect
to other dependants, re-marriage, interpretation, &c.

Sailors and Marines.

The Order in Council regulating the pensions and allowances
of Sailors and Marines disabled and the pensions and allowances
to the families of Sailors and Marines deceased, during the
present war is practically identical with the Soldiers' Warrant

THE ROYAL WARRANT 527

except that the disablement pension scale is the same for all
ratings, additions to pension being made, in accordance with
existing regulations, for the possession of good-conduct badges
or medal for long service and for petty time or N.C.O. time.
Further additions to pension are made in respect of service at
the following rates : —

Weekly

s. d.

Men of 6 years' service and under 12 years' ... 10

n 12 „ „ 18 „ ... 2 O

,, 18 ,, ,, 21 „ ... 3 O

n 21 ,, ,, 25 ,, ... 4 O

„ 25 „ and over ... ... 50

Supplementary Allowances and Grants.

Wives and dependants of men serving in His Majesty's
Forces may claim additional allowances under the Regulations
of the Special Grants Committee of the Ministry of Pensions.

Allowances and gra7its are made throitgh the Local War
Pensions Committees, to zvkom all applications shotild be
addressed. Applications should not be made direct to the
Ministry of Pensions as this will involve delay.

The following are some of the most important provisions
contained in the Regulations : —

(i) Wives and Children.

(a) A childless wife who is not earning wages is entitled to
an allowance of 6s. 6d. a week.

(b) A wife is eligible for an allowance towards rent, insur-
ance premiums, hire purchase payments, and other contractual
obligations undertaken by her husband before his enlistment,
if the total amount of these obligations does not exceed 12s.
a week. It is necessary for her to show that her separation
allowance and other income is not sufficient to make good the
loss caused by her husband's enlistment after allowing for the
saving due to his absence. If the husband enlisted before
January i, 1918, the Local War Pensions Committee will take
into consideration the wages he would have been earning at
that date. If the total of the contractual obligations exceeds
I2S. a week, application must be made to the Military Service
(Civil Liabilities) Committee.

528 REVEILLE

{c) If a child over 14 is at school, or Is an apprentice earning
only nominal wages, an allowance can be given to bring the
separation allowance up to the amount which would be paid if
the child were under 14.

(d) If a wife or her children are seriously ill, grants may be
given to assist in meeting the expenses of the illness.

{e) Maternity grants up to £2 are payable to a wife who is
not herself insured under the National Health Insurance Act.

(/) Funeral grants may be given not exceeding ^5 for an
adult and £2 los. for a child.

[g) Advances of separation allowance may be obtained if
there is delay in the issue of the allowance.

(2) Dependants.

Sickness grants, funeral grants, and recoverable advances
may be paid to dependants as in the case of wives, (i) A
supplementary allowance may be given in respect of contractual
obligations not exceeding 1 2s. a week if the maximum amount
of separation allowance is being paid and this is less than the
dependence on the man before enlistment. (2) If the separa-
tion allowance is less than the maximum for the number of
dependants concerned, and the bread-winner has died or
become incapacitated since the enlistment of the man, a sup-
plementary allowance may be granted. (3) A special allowance
may be given to the dependent parent of a man who enlisted
under the age of 23, before he was earning the full average
wage payable in his trade or occupation, if it is necessary for
the due upkeep of the home. (4) Allowances may be granted
up to one-half of the dependence, to meet the loss due to the
increased cost of living, if the dependant is unable to earn.
The actual amount of the allowance depends on the date of
the enlistment.

TABLE A

529

TABLE A.

A RETURN OF OFFICERS AND MEN PENSIONED FOR DISABILITY FROM
OUTBREAK OF WAR TO NOVEMBER 30, 1918.

Eyesight cases

Wounds and injuries to leg (necessitating amputation) ...

Wounds and injuries to arms (necessitating amputation)

Wounds and injuries to leg (not necessitating amputation)

Wounds and injuries to arms (not necessitating amputation)

Wounds and injuries to hands (not necessitating amputation)

Wounds and injuries to head

Hernia ...

Miscellaneous wounds and injuries ...

Chest complaints )

Tuberculosis )

Rheumatism

Heart disease

Epilepsy ...

Nervous diseases —

Shell shock j

Neurasthenia j- ...

Miscellaneous j
Insanity ...
Deafness...

Frost bite (including cases of amputation of feet or legs)
Miscellaneous disabilities

Not classified (awards made by War Office and Admiralty which have lapsed or not
come up for renewal by Ministry of Pensions)

Total

12,497

...

14.095

6,816

...

60,998

...

43,839

21,031

18,715

...

3.924

...

30,806

...

52,802

...

31,818

...

46,481

4,782

29,879

4,801
8,700

3.608
97,450

708

Total

493.750

530

REVEILLE

TABLE B

531

fill

CJO- eij 3

.£3 «? o ">

d

I

2

3
a.

a

ti

J:
o

w •- 0 k-

S >-x: S
f «» I .2

I "~ ^ 3
w (U o *j

s.iif

4i rt «« 1

- I o «

X 2 I T3

I
.2*Jc fl 0 CI

J3 GioEvS ^

II,

-c '5 ?> ?^ iH

5 9-,

1= I ^d «9 .§-
2 f/ -Q ^ --s -^ 5 ^

•^3 L W) ,.

-*= T

3|i

TJ »-i 'P i;

r

S^ 3 2 S.2-|te I I g-S

■"-a o 5 5 f3 1^ -t$ i2 -a
^^ «.;£ ..SSI "^3.2

CO

d

1.

I o I ti g

. ^ >^ Ml; 3

9 I I.- I ?

IH w u >5 W

1^ o

13 .^

rf\ J3 'C
— k. *-' <« -

2 — •" I I "
(4 eS W)- <^ a

s^

a ^

J3 3

IS

c/3 i5

2E o '. o

|Q

XI •-'-I .i2

s £ 3 4,-s a

fc< J3 •«-• j-i 'H *»

a"^ a ^ a
•«S ^rt °-'0
.Sf -C "3 ? 3

•c ^ o^ 2

> c 3^ ovi:
«c/3 -g I ^ii I

2ds a«-^^

xi .2 -^ c «* I ^
S 5^ • t*- TJ t« •

• "U J-i

I I w c« ^ 3 .2 »> c

9S>^Mis

L

'2B

ti3C/3

5d

o

3 ^ i'-z: w a C -^ i g

'S'rii •- '« -^ ^ ^3 o "-Ja S
f^--5t5 2 2 CO 22;^ .a

^Gj?a^-srfi»«>c

03

a

I-

a,

c/5 73

dd

•a

I

a

■tr

I T3

•=^

:0

§a

>» «« Si
'S3"
^ a- o

c/3 1-3 25

w

^.-^

i

V)

CO en

CO

e-5

■£•5

(A

l-l g

c

1 1 c

C !*^

' 1

VO

C C

£4 £S

£ S

0

g 5 a

0

1 1 0

= 0

0 0

cu 0

Q

a

VO

a a

VO vO

VO

a a

VO

VO a 2

220

^ VO

0 « S
Q

: -^

a2

M ee o

H i5 S
g £ Z

: >-i :
<
u

< « c

5 £ «

06 oi o

H OeI >«
Z Z s

3 3^
z z^

MM

a.a

a s
|a

3 o
I o

CUB C

o

«*•-§ e a.i

4>

6io a - 4-. ^

C f: 3 <UJ3 «

ill '

"5 c S

5-? a "
< ^ *= «

a o c-s

u C «^

532

REVEILLE

ST

^ -2 '^

«" rn 4-» ,^

C "^ c«0

'S Q 3 I

> bJO . CL i.

^

C - ^ -rj "flj

J3

"" rt e 3

(u =, ra
I 1^

s s

-Sff J^t

43

n3 TJ

(U u

a "3
a. a.
S S

< a ci

> Q 0) 0)

. '^ "H '-
• ;z: <u <u

6
I

^*

d

I
a>

« o
flj ^

^&
c3c5

X! ^ 4-.
tJJVw «-t_.

rt rt t^
3 3 3
CU Q. CU

s s a

I '2 "rt 13 J)

-^ <" .2 -TJ .«

^ - § ? i

en's Sf 5

= o E c Jd
6 rt

O ''S

°>_g i « 3
c • E X! °

rt O ^ -^ ■:£ k:
£^ « o IH

■ 2 > O rt 3

" ■" ^ - 3

"•3 hn I T^

biD

; 'f .H bi8

b/s 3 !^ 2 S S

^ V4-1 (^ >- "

§0 as S-5 S

^3

yj

J5
CJ

■|l ' ' '

§S:3 = ^ :

t-3 rt V tJ e " !7

^ S o i5 S g 2

i2 1^ Ph c55 H P=^ S

S Ph

o . .

:;:::: g :

<

w C

is ^ _^ &s

Og-55Sa)2f^j'ri

o u Q ►-] :§ ph i;o §«<

t-i n

< w

Pi
D

f- :
o :

<

U

- o

^1
u c

il

(U

>

9 M

ns

S5 0

S

^ 0

2-

H

H

: Q
<

. S

: !3
p:i

o

C5 to ^

TABLE C

533

TABLE C.

COURSES OF TRAINING UNDER THE MINISTRY OF

PENSIONS.

An asterisk (*) against any subject denotes that a Local Technical Advisory Committee
has been formed by the Ministry of Labour for that subject in the centre concerned.

NORTHERN AREA.

Superintending Inspector — Colonel C. B. Little, C.M.G., Sun Buildings, Collingwood Street,

Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — A. M. Oliver, Esq., Town Clerk's Office,

Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Local Committee

Process

Where held

Darlington

Commercial

...

Darlington Technical College and Dar-
lington Central Commercial School

Boot making and repairing , , .

Technical College, Darlington

Retail tailoring

»» »»

Mechanical drawing

and

»» M

tracing

Aircraft work

»» »»

Durham

. Dental mechanics

Consett Technical School, Durham

Electrical work

...

»> >f >i

Forestry

...

Egglestone

Boot making and repairing ...

Training centres in Durham and in

Bishop Auckland

Newcastle-on-Tyne..

. *Boot making and repairing ...

Cowen Home, NewcaslIe-on-Tyne

♦Cinematography

>> »»

Electrical work and Switch-

H >i

board work

Wireless telegraphy ...

...

Rutherford College, Newcastle-on-Tyne

Clerical work

...

}9 )f

Carpentry

...

»» »» .

Watch and clock repair

ing ...

>f »

Dental mechanics

91 1*

Motor engineering ...

...

>> f*

Tailoring

...

»» »»

Motor tractor work ...

Messrs. George and Jobling, Newcastle-
on-Tyne

Northumberland ..

. Poultry farming

...

Messrs. Sinclair, Ltd., Benton, New-
castle-on-Tyne

South Shields

. Motor mechanics

...

Motor Sup. Co.'s Works, Newcastle-
on-Tyne

Cumberland...

. Mixed arable and

dairy

Cumberland and Westmorland Farm

farming

School (Penrith); Cumberland and
Westmorland Education Committee
(Penrith)
Keswick School of Industrial Arts

. Sheet metal work ...

Sunderland

Fishing tackle making

Messrs. Hardy Brothers, Alnwick

YORKSHIRE AREA.

Superintending Inspector — R. E. Westaway, Esq., 37, Petergate, York.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — Captain R. G. Angus, Education Offices, Leeds.

Barnsley ... ... Tailoring ... ... ... Barnsley Technical School

Boot repairing and making ,, ,,

(hand-sewn)

Mine deputy work ,, „

Commercial „ ,,

534

REVEILLE

Local Committee
Barnsley

Batley

Bradford

Huddersfield

Doncaster
Leeds

Middlesborough
Sheffield

Wakefield ...

Process

Electrical engineering

Watch and clock repairing
and making

Basket making ... ..^

Carpentry

Clogging

Brush making

Engineering draughtsmanship

Coke oven chemists ...

Picture frame making

Basket making

Colliery steam tender sur-
veyors, store-keepers, time-
keepers, lampmen, &c.

Hand and power loom weaving

Motor mechanics

Dye works' chemists

Drawing and designing

Cabinet making

Clerical

Boot and shoe making and
repairing

Electrical work

Higher commercial work ...

Chemistry

Tailoring

Commercial (ordinary)

Power loom weaving and
other textile processes

Store clerks ...

Boot repairing
*Boot repairing and making ...

Tailoring

Motor engineering and driving
"Cinematography

Chemical work

Sanitary inspector

Electrical engineering

Woodcarving and modelling

Printing ,

Photography ...

Tram car driving

Commercial ...

Oil-can makers

Where held
Barnsley Technical School

Pindar Oaks Hostel, Barnsley
Technical School, Batley

Technical School, Bradford

»j >»

School of Art

>>
Technical College, Huddersfield

Several firms in Doncaster
Central Technical School, Leeds

Maintenance and

typewriters
Lettering for printing trades

Stencil plate cutting

Ticket writing

Woodcarving and modelling
Market gardening, stock

breeding, &c.
Dental mechanics ...

Bill posting

Tailiring (costume cutting),..
Artificial limb making

Agriculture

Glass and lamp blowing
Silver smithing

Boot making and repairing ...

Gardening

Commercial ...

Sign writing ...

Mechanical draughtsmanship

... Leeds City Council

Northern Institute, Leeds

... T. Webster and Sons, Ltd., Kirkstall,
Leeds
repairs of Remington Co., Ltd., Leeds

Leeds School of Art

Leeds University Experimental Farm,

Garforth
Public Dispensary
Messrs. Sheldon and Co.
Messrs. A. H. Adamson and Co.
The •' Essential " Artificial Limb Co.,

Ltd., 6, Portland Avenue
Messrs. Stewarts Clothiers Ltd.,

Wilson Street, Middlesborough
Glass Technology Department
Technical Art School and Workshops

(later)
Nor bury Training Hostel

»» i»

Wakefield Technical College

TABLE C

535

Local Committee

East Riding, Kingston-

upon-HuU
East Riding

Process
Agricultural basket making.

Wood brush making...

Where held
Hull Basket Co., Ltd.

S. K. Moore, Bridlington

NORTH-WESTERN AREA.

Superintendtng Inspector — The Hon. E. Cozens-Hardy, The Hollies, Woolton, Liverpool.

Secretaries of Joint Disablement Committee — [a) Lancashire and Westmorland :
Sir Harcouri Clare, County Offices, Preston; (h) Cheshire : T. W. Potts, Esq., Queen's
Buildings, S. Peter's Square, Stockport.

Blackburn

Bolton

Bootle
Burnley

Lancashire

Liverpool

i

< 1 Manchester

Nelson

35

Motor mechanics and driving

and clerical work
Motor mechanics and driving
Boot making and repairing ...
Motor mechanics
Textile (all processes)
Engineering draughtsmen ...
Mechanical engineering
Electrical wiring
Commercial subjects...
Textile commercial subjects
Agriculture
Poultry keeping
Dairy farming & horticulture
Agriculture and allied subjects

Clerical work

*Boot repairing and making ...

Electrical work
*Cinema operating

Carpentry and joinery

Plumbing and gas fitting ...

Drawing and design

Carving and inlay

Cabinet making

Painting and paperhanging...

Masonry ...

Bricklaying and plastering ...

Copyholding ...

Warehousing

Monotype and Linotype
operating

Etching

Half tone operating

Lithography ...

Hand compositor

Greenkeepers and grounds-
men

Dental mechanics

Clerical work...
^Cinematography

Sub-station attendants

Woodworking machinists ...

Benchwork & cabinet making

Tailoring ...

*Boot making and repairing...

Watch and clock repairing ...

Upholstery & french polishing

Jewellery making and re-
pairing

Dental mechanics

Wireless telegraphy

Painting and decorating

Assistant designers and clerks
(textile)

Blackburn Technical School

Messrs. Compton and Davies
Workshops in Blackburn
Technical School, Bolton

Bootle Electrical Works
Technical College, Burnley

County Council Farm,Hutton,nr.Prestoii

Farms throughout N.W. area

Oulton Street School
Friends' Institute, Islington
Central Technical School, Liverpool

City School of Art, Liverpool

Woolton Golf Club

Dental Hospital, Pembroke Place
Mosley Street School, Manchester
School of Technology, Manchester

Mill Street School, Ancoats, Manchester

Messrs. Pendlebury's, Ltd., Manchester

Dental Hospital of Manchester
City School of Wireless, Manchester
Municipal School of Art, Manchester
Municipal Textile School, Nelson

536

REVEILLE

Local Committee
Preston

Salford

St. Helens ...
Wigan

Westmoreland
Cheshire ^

Dukinfeld ...
Chester

Crewe

Stockport ..

Process

Clerical work

Elementary woodwork

Boot and shoe making and

repairing
Bespoke tailoring
*Boot repairing and making ...
Motor driving and repairing...

Plumbing

Steam tractor driving
Painting and decorating
Basket making

Plumbing

Tram car driving

Motor mechanics and driving

Watch and clock repairing ...

Coalmining

Clogging

Boot making and repairing ...

Bespoke tailoring

Agriculture ...

Commercial

Engineering drawing and
tracing

Forestry

Vegetable hamper making ...

Greenkeepers and grounds-
men on golf courses

Agriculture

Clogging

Switchboard work ...

Commercial ...

Boot and shoe making and
repairing

Motor tractor work

Motor mechanics

Boot, repairing

Vegetable hamper making ...

Where held
Preston Technical School
Hostel Local Technical School, Preston
Victoria Technical School, Preston

Race Course, Cromwell Road, Salford

*) if it

Local workshops

Garage lent by Bleachers' Association

Royal Technical Institute, Salford

The New St. Helens and District

Tramway Co.
Mining and Technical College, Wigan

»> j> »>

Mining College, Wigan
Workshops of Master Cloggers, Wigan
Allen Technical School, Kendal

Lanes and West. J. C.

Verdin Technical Institute, Northwich

Delamere Woods

A. Gidman & Sons, Knutsford

Wallasey Golf Club

Wallasey, Cheshire

Technical School

Electricity Works, Chester

Miss Davies, Business Training College

Bishop Graham (late) Council School

Crewe Technical Institute

»» »»

Old Grammar School, Stockport
A. Gidman & Son, Knight Street,
Knutsford

EAST MIDLANDS AREA.

Superintending Inspector — W. E. Hincks, Esq., 8, Highcross Street, Leicester.
Secretary — F. W. Brooke, Milton Chambers, Milton Street, Nottingham.

Derbyshire . .

Leicestershire

Leicester

Boot and shoe making and Derbyshire Workshops

repairing
Small Holders' Course

Acetylene welding

Commercial subjects

Electrical work
Painting and decorating
Centre lathe turning
Light gardening and dairy

work
Basket work

Comptometer operating
"Boot making and repairing ...
Hosiery manufacture
Hosiery salesmanship

Electrical work

Boot and shoe machinery ...

Ticket writing

Cabinet making

Sign writing ...
"Tailoring

Midland Agricultural and Dairy College

(Kingston)
Loughborough Technical School

Midland Agricultural and Dairy College

and Farms
Messrs. Peach and Pick, Dryad Lane

Works, and Tech. College, Leicester
Comptometer Training School
Municipal Technical Art School

TABLE C

537

Local Committee
Leicester

Northamptonshire

Northampton
Nottingham ..

Nottinghamshire
Soke of Peterboro'

jEast Midlands
Lindsey

Process
Mechanical engineering
Printing
Carpentry

Bookbinding

Forestry

Commercial subjects

Chemistry and dispensing ...
Mechanical engineering

Cabinet making

Cinematography

Electrical fitters

Watch and clock repairing . . .
Fancy leather work

Circular latch needle web

knitting
Boot making and repairing ...
Latch needle making
Making of fruit baskets

Gardening
French polishing

Commercial subjects

Farm training

Motor tractor work

Where held
Municipal Technical Art School

>> f» >>

Castle Ashhy (Marquis of Northamp-
ton), Wakefield (Duke of Grafton),
Overstone (Lady Wantage), Ilarles-
den Woods (Earl Spencer)
Northampton Technical School
University College, Nottingham

Training workshops

Boulevard Manufacturing Co., 1 1, By^rd

Lane, Nottingham gw^ •',

Messrs. J. B. Lewis and Co., Haydn

Road, Nottingham inj6,i

Attached to Technical Institute
Messrs. Jardine, Chelsea St. Factory
Horace Mills, Newark-on-Trent, and

Trent Basket Co., Newark-on-Trent
Local gardeners
Mr. J. W. Williamson
Commercial School
Hempstead Hall (Hempstead, Essex)
Mr. J. R. Jackson, The Castle, Lincoln,

and R. M. Wright, The Garage,

Newland, Lincoln

WEST MIDLANDS AREA.

Superintending Inspector — B. Plummer, Esq., i, Newhall Street, Birmingham.

Secretary of Joint Disablement Co?nmittee — Major T. J. Richardson, Council House,

Birmingham.

Birmingham ...

Dudley
Smethwick

Staffordshire..,
Stoke-on-Trent

Motor work

Mechanical engineering
Electrical engineering
Bootmaking and repairing ...

Clerical work

Art metal work
Furniture and leather work
Mechanical draughtsmanship
Attendants at Poor Law

Institutes
Making of artificial limbs ...
Commercial .^.
•Jewellery and silversmithing
* Cinematography
Dental mechanics
Diamond cutting

Pen grinding

Piano tuning ...
Light farm work
Motor mechanics
Artificial limbs
Boot repairing
Lamp work ...

Electrical wiring

General office work

Sign writing and lettering ...
Mechanical engineering
Market gardening
Commercial ...
Watch and clock repairing ...

City Garages

Municipal Technical School

Monyhall Colony

Outside firms under Local Committee

Lawrence's College

Vittoria Street School

Various Local Cinemas

Army Dental Workshops

Ginder and Ginder

Marrian's, Great Barr Street

Ri^ley's, Constitutional Hill

Turf Pit's Farm, Erdington

Priestley Motor School

Birmingham

Messrs. Little, Netherton

The Thomson Glass Co., Harts Hill

Smethwick Technical Institute

County Met.and Eng. Inst. , Wednesbury
Mr. T. B. Key, Trentham
Technical and Art School
Hanley School of Art

538

REVEILLE

Local Committee
Walsall

Warwickshire
West Bromwich

Wolverhampton

Worcestershire

Worcester . . .

Process
Box making ...

Fancy leather

Boot repairing
Tailoring (wholesale)
Boot making and repairing ...
Village saddlery

Cabinet making

Chair making...

Upholstery

Tailoring

Motor engineering

Electrical engineering
General iron work, sheet
metal work

Motor tractor work

Commercial ...
Carpentry and joinery

Boot repairing

Basket making

Motor mechanics

Glass work
Hamper making

Forestry

Carpet weaving

Printing

Boot making and repairing ...
Linotyping

Where held
Messrs. Nicholson and Lord
Art School
Local factories

Messrs. J. Shannon and Sons, Ltd.
Midland Counties* Institute, Knowle
Various village saddlers in County
Messrs. A. G. Turley, West Bromwich
II II II II

II i> >i II

Messrs. Morrisand Dixon, W. Bromwich
Technical Institute, Wolverhampton

School of Commerce

Instructional Centre, Dunkley Street

County workshops

>» »»

Local garages

Messrs. Webb and Corbett, Stourbridge

The Evesham Basket Company, Ltd.,

Evesham
County landowners
Messrs. Brinton's, Ltd., Kidderminster

Local workshops

Berrows, Worcester Journal Offices

SOUTH MIDLANDS AREA.

Superintending Inspector — Wills Taylor, Esq., 19, Abingdon Street, S.W.i.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — C. R. Hoare, Esq., Pinner's Hall, London, E.C. 2.

Hertfordshire ... Market gardening

Swiss embroidery, weaving..
Glass house culture

Cabinet making

Huntingdon...

... Basket making

Fruit culture, market garden-

-■'.

ing, poultry keeping

Luton'

... Straw hat making

Watford

... Electrical work

Light bench fitting work and

brass finishing

Bedford

. . . Boot making and repairing . . .

The Floral Farm, London Colney,

St. Albans
The Garden City Embroidery Works,

Letchworth
Lea Valley and District Growers'

Association
Mr. Speaight, Hatfield
Earith
Selected fruit growers and vegetable

growers
Factory in Clarendon Road
Watford Electric Manufacturing Co.

Training Centre

EAST ANGLIA AREA.

Superintending Inspector—], A. Fowler, Esq., 2, Royal Arcade, Norwich.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee —

Cambs.

East Suffolk...

Ipswich

Isle of Ely

Retail bespoke tailoring
Fruit and vegetable culture ...
Sign and ticket writing
•Furniture making (upholstery)
Light metal work
Jewellery
Fruit gardening, flowers and

vegetable
Motor engineering

Agricultural basket making...

School of Art, Cambridge
Hollesey Bay Farm Colony
Uader Local Education Authority

II II

Municipal School of Art

II II

Twelve fruit growers

Messrs. Mann, Egerton and Co., Bury

St. Edmunds
Messrs. English Bros., Ltd., Wisbech

TABLE C

539

Local Committee
Norfolk

Norwich

Process

Forestry

Small holders' course
Cabinet making, woodwork-
ing machinists
Horticulture ...

Boot making and repairing ...

Commercial ...

Agricultural motor tractor ...

Engineering (electrical)

Engraving

Metal work

Where held
Earl of Leicester, llolkham
Colonel Petre, Westwick
Wiveton Hall, Cley, Norfolk
Inlaid Wood and Allied Arts Manu-
facturing Co., Ltd.
Ingham Horticultural Institute,

Stalham
Technical Institute

School of Art, Norwich

HOME COUNTIES (NORTH) AREA.

SuperinUndiiig Inspector — Wills Taylor, Esq., 19, Abingdon Street, S.W^. I.
Secretary of Jotnt Disablement Committee — W. P. Harding, Esq., Town Hall, Wood Green.

Colchester
Edmonton

Middlesex

Esse>

Tottenham . . .
West Ham ...

Willesden ...

Southend-on-Sea

Tailoring .«

Basket making

Glass woik ...
Boot repairing

Dental mechanics

Motor engineering (not in
operation)

Coach painting

Glass drawing

Basket making

Hand -loom weaving ...

Post office workmen...

Agriculture ...

Fruit growing under glass »...

Horticulture and market gar-
dening
Fruit farming

Market gardening

Commercial

Laundry work
Electrical engineering

Acetylene welding

Electrical maintenance

Boot and shoe repairing

Watch repairing

Biscuit making

Market gardening

Pig and poultry keeping

Electrical engineering

Watch and clock jobbing ...

Hand tailoring

Boot making and repairing...

Electrical wiring

Premises of Crowther Bros., Colchester
Technical Institute, Edmonton

G. Thackeray, Ealing ; G. H. Standen

Southall ; and other firms
Mr. Summers, Hounslow; Mr. Simpson,

Uxbridge ; Mr. Lakeman, Uxbridge
Central Engineering Works, Northwood

Mr. Dunkley, Ealing

Messrs. R. Johnston and Co., Yiewsley

Hounslow Polytechnic

Ealing School of Weaving

Technical classes

H. B. Turner, Barnston Hall, Dunmow

Farms selected by Lea Valley and

District Nurserymen's Growers

Association
Lady Angela Forbes, Wesley Lea

Messrs. W. Seabrook & Sons, Ltd.,

The Nurseries, Chelmsford
Suitable market gardens and farmers
Tottenham Polytechnic
Oceana Laundry, Ltd.
Technical Institute, West Ham

Willesden Polytechnic

»» »>

McVitie and Price, Ltd., Willesden
Church Army Gardens, Stonebridge

*« >f »

British Thomson- Houston Co., Ltd.
Building attached to Technical School

SOUTH-EASTERN COUNTIES AREA.

Superintending Inspector — Brigadier-General D. G. Piinsep, 19, Abingdon Street, S.W.
Secretary of 'foint Disablement Committee — 9, Pembroke Avenue, Hove.

Kent

Fruit growing
Agriculture ..
Boot repairing

Fruit farms in Kent
Wye College, Kent
Factories and workshops in Kent

540

REVEILLE

Local Commttee
Kent... • ...

Rochester
Surrey

Croydon
Wimbledon

Leatherhead
East Sussex ...

Process
Boot making and repairing ...
Electrical wiring

Trunk making

Dispensing and photography

(not in operation)
Basket making

Agriculture

Mechanical drawing and

tracing
Electrical work
Art metal and metal plate

work
Whitesmith and tinsmith's

work
Brush making

Cabinet making

French polishing & upholstery
Commercial subjects...
Surveying

Cricket-ball making

Basket making

Smallholders' course
Mechanical, civil and colonial

engineering
Cricket and hockey ball

making
Boot making and repairing ...
Brass work, copper, bronze ...
Motor tractor work and market

gardening

Commercial work

Bespoke tailoring
Basket making
Horticulture training
Estate work and forestry
Boot making and repairing ...
Boot making and repairing ...
Golf club making
Commercial classes ... . ...

Electrical work

Brass engraving

Builders' drawing and tracing

Electrical work

Engineers' drawing and

tracing
French polishing and cabinet

making
Letter writing and illuminating
Motor engineering ...
Pottery design
Stained glass work ...
Tailoring

Photography

Motor tractor work ...
Carpentry and joinery
Commercial work
Handy-men's course
Basket making, brush making,

mat making, piano tuning

Boot repairing

Gardening and estate work...
Waterproof cover and canvas

making and mat making
Pottery work ...
Agriculture and market gar-
dening

Where held
Messrs. Randall and Co., Maidstone
Chatham Dockyard
Technical Institute, Tunbridge Wells

Messrs. J. Farman, Langley, near

Maidstone
Hurst Place, Sidcup
Erith Technical Institute

The Limes, Luton

Messrs. Couchman, Maidstone
S. P. Sanders, Maidstone

it >i

Maidstone Technical Institute
Rochester Technical Institute
Messrs. T. Ives, Tonbridge
Otford Co-operative Agricultural

Trading Society
Otford Smallholders Limited
Crystal Palace School of Practical

Engineering
Messrs. A. Reader and Co., Teston,

and Maidstone
Church Army Home, Maidstone

Woldingham

Technical Institute, Kingston

Ockham Park, Ripley
Technical Institute, Woking
Technical Institute, Reigate
Messrs. Cann and Taylor, East Sheen
Central Polytechnic, Croydon

1* It i>

Wimbledon Technical Institute

Royal School for the Blind

Mr. T. Bailey, Crowboro'

Eridge Castle

Messrs. Green, Hailsham

W. Meeds and Son, Burgess Hill
Local farms and market gardens

TABLE C

541

Local Committee

Process

Where held

Brighton

Boot repairing

Municipal Technical College, Brighton

Commercial design work . . .

,,

M »•

Commercial subjects

'*

Confectionery

,,

1

Diamond cutiingand polishing

J,

*) 1

1

Diamond cutting engineers...

,,

1

Dispensing

,,

, 1

Electrical work

^^

Electrical wiring

,,

II

*

Letter cutting

,,

II

(

Mechanical drawing ami

,,

II

1

tracing

Sign writing and lettering ...

,,

»»

,

Surveying

,,

II

1

•Tailoring

,,

II

Metal work, fitting & turning

,,

II

1

Builders' drawing

u

ti

1

Cabinet making

,,

1 1

Wood carving

,,

»i

\

Hairdressing

) J

Manual Instructors

}}

,,

Dental mechanics

Dental

Hospital

Commercial work

Clark s

College

Hairdressing

Local hairdressers,

Brighton

Aircraft work

Technical College and Workshops

Eastbourne

.. Boot repairing

Caddies' Workshop, Royal Eastbourne
Golf ^^"^

Hastings

.. Baking and confectionery ...

Private

firms

Hove ...

.. Ladies' tailoring

Mr. William Hill

West Sussex...
Worthing

Bread baking...

Storekeepers, packers, sales-
men

Storekeepers, clerks, engine
and boiler fitters

Fruitgrowing...
Motor tractor work ...
Agriculture ...

Fruit growing under glass ...
Watch and clock repairing ...

Clarke's Bread Co.
Automobile Accessory Co.

Brighton and Hove General Gas Co.,

77, West Street, Brighton

Barnham Nurseries

Rice Bros., Horsham

160 farms and market gardens in Sussex

Local fruit growers
Mr. Alfred James

SOUTHERN AREA.

Superintending Inspector — Brigadier-General Phipps Hornby, V.C, C.B., C.M.G.,
37, London Road, Reading.

Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — H. C. Pratt, Esq., Mayor's OflSce, Town Hall,

Portsmouth.

Berkshire

Reading

Horticulture ...

Agriculture

Estate work ...
General farm work ...
Saw milling ...

Motor tractor work

Electric lighting

General estate engine work ...
Basket making
Cane chair seat making
Forestry

Dairy work (cowkeeping) ...
Butter making
Poultry keeping
Horticulture

Royal Gardens, Windsor

Col. Morrison's Estate, Basildon

College Farm, Shinfield
British Dairy Institute, Reading
College Farm Institute, ,,

542

REVEILLE

Local Committee
Hampshire ...

Bournemouth

Portsmouth

Southampton
Buckinghamshire

Oxfordshire ...

Process

General agricultural work ...

Motor tractor work

Steam tractor work ...
Minor machine operations and

fitting, turning and brass

finishing
Minor machine operations and

fitting, turning, and brass

finishing
Motor tractor driving and

repairing
Fruitgrowing...
Drilling, fitting, turning, and

brass finishing
Cabinet making

Drilling

Market gardening

,, ,,

Wheelwrighting, ironmongery

shop-assistants' work
Basket making

Upholstery

Watch and clock repairing ...
Art pottery ...

Boot repairing

Fancy leather work

Tailoring ^

Clerical work ...
Cinema work

Basket making

Watch and clock repairing ...
Electrical engineering

General engineering

Motor tractor work ...
Boot making and repairing ...

Motor mechanics

Commercial work
Agriculture ...

Brush making

Motor driving and mechanics
Cabinet making

Cabinet making, French

polishing and upholstery
Electrical engineering
Commercial ...
Furniture

Forestry

Mechanical engineering

Upholstery

Cabinet making

Wood carving

Boot repairing

Tailoring

Electrical engineering

Fancy leather work ...
Boot making and repairing ...

Agriculture

Where held
Sparsholt Farm Institute
Messrs. W. Crowdy, Fording Bridge
Messrs. Tasker, Andover
Hartley University Coll., Southampton

Messrs. Thorny croft & Co.

Messrs. Colliss & Tilling, Andover

Messrs. J. B. Groom & Son, Gosport
Messis. White Bros., Itchen

Messrs. Laverty and Sons, Kingsgate

Winchester
Messrs. Dixon and Hutchinson, Ltd.,

Itchen
Mr. P. H. Cousins, Swanwick
Mr. Stobbs, Botley
Mr. Thomas Draper, Fareham
Messrs. W. H. Rogers and Sons, Bassett
Mr. T. Smith, Fareham
Mr. T. Millett and Son, Elsom
Mr. W. Radford, Fareham

Messrs. W. Light and Sons
Winchester Art School, Guildhall

Art Pottery Works, Poole
Bournemouth Municipal College

Mr. King

Municipal College, Lansdown

Portsmouth Municipal College

John Palmer, Ltd., Portsmouth

R.N. A., Eastney Barracks, Portsmouth

Messrs. Spickernell and Co., Lake

Road, Portsmouth
Messrs. Wendover, Southsea

Hartley University Coll., Southampton

M »» »»

High Wycombe local factories and

workshops
Great Missenden (Earl of Bucks)
School of Art, No. 50, High Wycombe

Local county workshops in Oxfordshire

Local county workshops

Works of the Burford, &c., Electric

Light and Power Co. .Ltd., and other

centres
Messrs. Dunhill, St. Aldates', Oxford
Workshops under the Local County

and Technical School
Farm Training Colony, Turner's Court,

Wallingford

TABLE C

543

SOUTH-WESTERN AREA.

Superintenditig Inspector — ^J. Radcliffe, Esq., 8, The Close, Exeter.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — H. W. Wood, Esq., 8, The Close, Exeter.

Where held
School of Arts and Crafts, Gloucester

Local Committee
Gloucestershire

Bath
Bristol

Swindon

Li

Wiltshire

Process
Ticket writing and lettering
for commercial art purposes

Basket making

Forestry «

Estate carpentry

Hand -loom weaving ...

Commercial ...

Clerical work

Electrical handymen

•Tailoring (retail, bespoke,
and wholesale)

Aircraft (fuselage)

*Boot repairing and making . . .

Cabinet making

Chair making

Upholstery

Toymaking .^

Ticket writing

Engineer's tracers

Builders' draughtsmen

Designers

Manual instruction ...

Brass work

Cabinet work...

Jewellery

Silver work ...

Pottery

Printing

Masonry

Mosaic work ...

Plaster woik

Brush making

Carpentry

Dental mechanics

Painting and decorating

Writing and illuminating

Chemical work

Commercial work

Jewellery and enamelling ...

Light woodwork

French polishing

Engineers' tracers

Mechanical drawing ...

Metal plate work

Lettering and sign writing ...

Pottery design

Poultry keeping

Gardening and fruit culture

Stained glass work ...

Woodcarving ...

Basket making

Motor tractor work and motor
repair work

Sub-station work

Power loom weaving...

Painting leading to lining and
wood and ironwork in
vehicle building

Painting of agricultural imple-
ments and road vehicles

Light smithing, moulding and
core-making

Poultry farming

Mr. Henry Finch, Pitt Street
Forest of Dean
Technical School, Gloucester
Humphries and Co., Stroud
Technical School, Guildhall
Merchant Venturers' College, Bristol

Messrs. Ridingberry and Co.
Municipal School of Art

Royal Blind Asylum

Bristol University
Technical Institute

Messrs. Skur ray's Works

Swindon Corporation Electricity

Department
Royal Carpet Factory Co. , Wilton
E. C. Chequers, Chippenham

E. W. Maundrell, Colne

Mrs. K. M. Knight,
near Salisbury

Manor Farm,

544

REVEILLE

Local Committee
Devonshire ...

Plymouth

Dorset
Somerset

Process
Boot making and repairing ...
Clog block making ...
Motor tractor work ...

Air-craft

Boot making and repairing ...
Agricultural basket making...
Basket making

Forestry

General farm work and market
gardening

Where held
Messrs. Ford and Penny, Ilfracombe
Messrs. Goodfellow and Beattie, Exeter

Messrs. Shapland and Petter

Technical School

Mr. S. C. F. Clarke

Training workshop, Blandford

Quantock Lodge

Farms and market gardens in county

NORTH WALES AREA.

Superintending Inspector — W. Lewis, Esq., lo, Menai View Terrace, Bangor.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee— Q,, Lerry, Esq., 4, Overton Arcade, Wrexham.

Denbighshire

Flintshire
Carnarvonshire

Montgomery

Market gardening

Electrical wiring and fitting...

Repairers to gas and electri-
cal plant

Repair and maintenance of
public lamps

Electrical wiring

Blacksmithing

Cabinet-making

Clogging and boot repairing

Coach painting and wheel-
wrighting

Painting and paperhanging . . .

Toy-making

Electrical work

Clerical work

Toy-making and rural indus-
tries

Watch repairing

Inspector of weights and
measures

Diamond cutting

Dental mechanics

Watch and clock repairing ...

Market gardening

Automatic machine work ...

Switchboard work

Cable jointer and meter fixer

Agriculture ...

Forestry

Bespoke tailoring

Forestry

Wrexham Garden Village

,, Corporation Elec. Dept.
Colwyn Bay Urban District Council

Plas Power Colliery Co., Broughton
Messrs. Francis and Sons, Colwyn Bay
Messrs. W. Aston and Sons, Johnstown
Messrs. Fletcher, Wrexham
Messrs. Francis and Sons, Colwyn Bay

Mr. E. Jones, Wrexham
North Wales Toy Factory
Messrs. H. D. Carter
Education Offices, Ruthin
Vale of Clwyd Toy Workshop

Messrs. Butt and Co., Wrexham
County Inspector, Wrexham

Acton Park, Wrexham

Wrexham Science and Art Schools

>> j> j»

Gardens attached to Brynduffry Hostel,

Vale of Clwyd, Trefriant
Phoenix Works, Rhuddlan
Rhyl Electricity Works
Rhyl Urban District Council
Madryn Castle Farm School
GwydyrUchaf, Rhydycrena, Bettws-y-

Coed, Penrhyn
Training centre, Bangor
Lake Vymwy, Liverpool Corporation
Major Davies' estate, Llandinam,

Llanwrnyog, Sam

SOUTH WALES AREA.

Superintending Inspector — T. L. Jenkins, Esq., Rooms 6 and 7, Metropolitan Bank Buildings,

Castle Square, Swansea.

Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — S. Auckland, Esq., 28-30, Western Mail

Chambers, Cardiff.

Glamorgan

Electrical work (mining)
Mechanical work (mining)
Chemical work (mining)
Surveyors and tracers
Ferro-concrete work...
Magneto work
Colliery weighsmen ...

Treforest School of Mines

TABLE C

545

Local Committee

Process

Where held

Carmarthen ...

... Basket making

. South Wales Co-operative Basket-
making Association

Cardiff

... Horticulture

Green Farm Colony

Boot-making and repairing ..

Technical Institute

Commercial

)* •>

Tailoring

tt tt

General preliminary educa-

>> *»

tional class

*Cinema work

Penylan Cinema, Cardiff

Plumbing, painting, and deco

- Technical College

rating

Newport

... Clerical work

Technical Institute

Cabinet-making '

>> If

Jewellery

M »»

Upholstery ,^

♦ » »1

Rhondda

... Boot repairing

Council School, Llwynpia

Swansea

... *Dental mechanics

Technical College

Motor mechanics

>> If

Engineering

f> f »

Draughtsmanship

i> It

Steel works chemist

It 11

Cleaning and making of School of Arts and Crafts

jewellery

Watch and clock repairing ..

II II

Coach painting

M »l

Motor tractor work

Rock Spa Institute, Llandrindod Wells

Commercial work

Business College

Agriculture

Radnorshire...

... Massage and electro-medica

1 Rock Spa Institute, Llandrindod

treatment

Wells

Llanelly ...

... Commercial

Higher Elementary School

LONDON AREA.

Supei intending Inspector — Wills Taylor, Esq., 19, Abingdon Street, S.W.i.
Secretary (London W. P. C.) — Mrs. Wood, 43, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.i.

London

*Cinema work ...
*Tailoring

Electrical work

Commercial work

Architectural draughtsman-
ship
*Boot making and repairing

and leather work
*Leather goods

Motor mechanics
* Dental mechanics

Baking and confectionery

Cutting of precious stones

Military embroidery ...

Press and tool making

Cigar making...

Scientific glass blowing

Lip reading ...

Nautical cookery

Printing

Scientific instrument making

Gold and silver smiths' work

Watch and clock repairing . . .
Electrical sub-station work...
Watch and clock repairing ...
Cabinet making

Drawing and design (furniture)
Machine work
Upholstery
Chair making...

Regent Street Polytechnic

Cordwainers' College

Workshops
Batteisea Polytechnic
Borough Polytechnic

u »»

Workshops, Hatton Gardens, E.C.
Miss Symonds, 399, Oxford Street
Metalcrafts Training Institute
Workshops in London
MuUer, Orme and Co., Holborn
Fitzroy Lip Reading College
Sailors's Home School
St. Bride's Institute
Various workshops

School of Arts and Crafts and work-
shops
Northampton Institute

Horological Institute
Shoreditch Technical
workshops

Institute and

546

REVEILLE

Local Committee
London

Process
Wood carving

Printing

Commercial work

Brickwork

Carpentry and joinery

Masonry

Painting and decorating

Plumbing

Builder's office work

Optical mechanics ...

Commercial work ...

Wholesale tailoring ...

Surgical appliances ...

Cinematography

Fur trade

Where held

School of Art, Kensington, and work-
shops

St. Bride's Foundation School of
Printing

Clark's College

Brixton School of Building

Various workshops, &c.
Pitman's School
Messrs. Lotery and Co.

Messrs. Selincourt and Sons, 16-18,
Canuon Street, E.C. 4

SOUTH-EAST SCOTLAND AREA.

Superintending Inspector — W. L. Howe, Esq., 42, Frederick Street, Edinburgh.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — Sir Thomas Hunter, City Chambers, Edinburgh.

Edinburgh

Selkirk
Haddington

Hawick

Galashiels
Midlothian ,

Tynecastle School and Workshops^
&c., Edinburgh

West Fountainbridge School
>» >>

burgh School Board
Dental Hospital and School
Heriot Watt College

and Edin-

Upholstery

French polishing

Cabinet making

Motor tractor work ...

Tailoring

Boot-making and repairing

Commercial .►.

Dental mechanics
Engineering ...

Motor engineering ,, ,,

Drawing „ „

Sub-station work ,, ,,

Electrical work ,, ,,

Motor fishing-boat driver ... ,, ,,

Advanced mechanical and ,, ,,

electrical engineering ... ,, ,,

Printing ,, ,,

Stained glass work Messrs. Douglas Strachan

Plumbing, joinery, plastering Tynecastle workshops and St. Leonard's

workshops of Edinburgh School Board

Woollen industry Local manufacturers

Agriculture Ground of Scottish Veterans, Long-

niddry
hosiery manu- Technical Institute and local factories

Tweed and

facture
Woollen manufacture
Hand loom weaving ...

South Scotland Technical College
Messrs. A. J. McNab, Edinburgh

SOUTH-WEST SCOTLAND AREA.

Superintending Inspector—]. F. Shillaker, Esq., 38, Bath Street, Glasgow.
Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee— W. R. S. Wood, Esq., 48, West Nile Street,

Glasgow.

Ayrshire

Fancy box making
Bee keeping ...
Poultry keeping
Gardening

W. A. Smith, Ltd., Mauchline
West of Scotland Agricultural College

H f» »♦

»» »> »>

TABLE C

547

Local Committee
Glasgow

Lanarkshire .
Renfrewshire

Process
^Hand tailoring

Mine firemen ...

Wireless telegraphy ...
'Boot making and repairing ...
'Cinematography

Commercial classes ...

Furniture

Motor mechanics

Hair dressing

Toy making ...

Box making ...

Saw milling ...

Acetylene welding ...

Basket making

Umbrella-frame making, um-
brella repair and finishing,
and umbrella silk cutting

Tweed weaving

French polishing ,

Machining

Upholstery

Cabinet making

Chair making

Where held
Technical College

Messrs. R. and J. Allan, Glasgow

B.B. Cinemas, Glasgow

Athenaeum

Messrs. Wylie, Lochhead, Kent Road,

Glasgow
Apex Motor Engineering Co., Glasgow
Mr. Jones' Workrooms, 6i, Park Road
Messrs. Anderson and Henderson

Glasgow Technical School
Mr. John Dove, 44, St. Andrew's Sq.
Geo. Preston and Co., Union Street,
Glasgow

Messrs. A. and J. MacNab, Strathaven
Messrs. John McGregor and Sons,
Potterfield, Renfrew

CENTRAL SCOTLAND AREA.

Superintending Inspector — W. L. Howe, Esq., 42, Frederick Street, Edinburgh.

Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee — F. L. Humphrey, Esq., 30, Whitehall Street,

Dundee.

Dundee

Kirkcaldy
Fifeshire

Perthshire
Forfar

Agriculture

Clerical work,..

Boot making and repairing

Skerry's, Bruce's, and Paten's Colleges
Messrs. Carmichael and Sons, and

Messrs. Malone
St. Andrew's Provincial College, Dundee
Messrs. Justice and Sons, Dundee
Cutting of school and market Messrs. A. B. Crichton and Co.

bags
Piano and organ tuning and Messrs. Long and Sons

repairing
Brass finishing and moulding Messrs. David Boswell, Tay Brass

Works
Messrs. Jas. Carmichael and Co., Ltd.
Messrs. Alex. McAra
Messrs. Justice and Sons
Pathhead and Sinclair Town Co-opera-
tive Society, Ltd. (Shoemaking
Branch, Kirkcaldy)
School of Mining, Cowdenbeath
Fife Mining School, Cowdenbeath
»» »» »i

Gardening
Cabinet making

Machinemen turners ...
Coppersmithing

Upholstery

Boot making and repairing

Mining

Electrical engineering
Mechanical engineering
Recording

Forestry

Gardening

Motor engineering ...

Keir, Dunblane

Messrs. Alexander, Simpson and Co.,
Castle Street, Forfar

NORTH-WEST SCOTLAND AREA.

Superintetiding Inspector — Major Sir John Sinclair, Bt., D.S.O., Caledonian Hotel, Inverness.

Joint Secretaries of Disablement Committee— Chziles Michie, W. Murison, Orthopaedic
Annexe, Charlotte Street, Aberdeen.

Aberdeen

Architecture ...
Electrical work
Cookery (nautical)

Robert Gordon Technical College

548

REVEILLE

Local Committee
Aberdeen

Aberdeenshire
Inverness-shire

Process

Artistic wood and metal work

Stonecutters and masons

Boot repairing

Mechanical and civil engineer-
ing

Languages

Preliminary course for men
undergoing treatment (com-
mercial)

Wireless telegraphy

Commercial work

Hand work ...

Aircraft manufacture

Hand loom weaving

Agriculture (training for

planter's certificate)
Cabinet making, French

polishing, upholstery

Where held
Robert Gordon Technical College

Scottish Wireless College

Under School Board (Lawrence's School

of Shorthand)
School Board of Aberdeen
Scottish Aircraft Factory, Forberfield
Seafonh Hand Loom Weaving, Cults,

near Aberdeen
North of Scotland Agricultural College

Messrs. Fraser and Co., Inverness

NORTH IRELAND AREA.

Superintending Inspector and Secretary of Joint Disablement Committee-
24, Mayfair, Arthur Square, Belfast.

■H. G. Stevenson,

Belfast

Co. Armagh.

Londonderry
Portadown .

Commercial work

Boot repairing
Tailoring

Hair dressing

Jewellery

Hotel servants

Trunk making

Hand loom weaving

Clog making and boot
repairing

Commercial work

Cloth passers

Wood work and cabinet

making, including metal

wotk

Skerry's College
Technical School

Messrs. McDowell and Co., High St.
Various hotels ,

Erskine and Sons, Ltd., North Street
Blighty Homespuns

Joseph Hoy, Armagh

Hughes' Academy, Foyle Street
Technical School

MIDLAND IRELAND AREA

Superintending. Inspector— Q, A. Pim, Esq., 42, York Street, Dublin.
Secretary's Address — 42, York Street, Dublin.

Dublin

Care of horses

Optical instruments

Motor mechanics
Manufacture of artificial limbs

and surgical boots
Carpentry

Clerical .,

Cutlery repairing

Hotel assistants

Tailors' cutters

Watch and clock jobbing ...

Forestry

Rough gardening
Basket making

Furniture making

Toy making

Basket making

Riding Academy

Sir Howard Grubb and Sons

Technical School

Messrs. Smith and Sheppard

Disabled Soldiers' Workshops

Ross's College (Mr. Sparkwell Brown)

Messrs. Thoman, Read and Co.

Various hotels and clubs

Messrs. Horan's Workshops

Messrs. West, Weir, and Chancellor

and Sons
Department of Agriculture and Techni-
cal Instruction for Ireland
Albert Agricultural College, Glasnevin
Soldiers' and Sailors' Help Society

Leopardstown Park

TABLE C

549

Local Committee
Co. Dublin ...

King's County
Wexford

Co. Kildare

Process
Poultry farming
Artificial flower making
Toy making and brush making
Boot and shoe repairing

Harness & saddlery repairing
Motor tractor work ...

Where held
Mr. Pike Cloghan

Messrs. Aylesbury, Edenderry
Enniscorthy Co-operative Agricultural
Society

II i» it

Joseph Millne, Kilgowan, and The
North Kildare Farming Soc, Naas

SOUTH IRELAND AREA.

Superintending Inspector — C. A. Pim, Esq., 42, York Street, Dublin.
Secretary of Joint Disciblenient Committee — City Hall, Cork,

I

Co. Cork Gardening

Tool and implement handle
making

Boot repairing
Tipperary Boot and shoe making

Harness repairing

Basket making

Commercial ...

Agricultural engineering
Waterford Commercial

Basket and handper making

Jewellery and enamelling ...

Repousse metal and bent iron
work
Co. Wicklow ... Gardening

Limerick Basket and willow work

Castle Martyr, Co. Cork

Training Centre in Tipperary

Training centre

Technical Institute, Waterford

Kilruddery Bray and

Castle, Enniskerry
Limerick Basket Co.

Powerscourt

John Bale, Sons and Daniblsson, Ltd., 33-91, Great TitchfieM Street, London, W. i.

ADVWLTIStMENTS

CORY BROTHERS

SUPPLY-
HOSPITAL

and
INVALID

FURNITURE:

(SURGICAL INSTRUMENT
MAKERS), LIMITED

(Bstabllshed Blgbt YemraJ

SURGICAL ENAMELLED,

DRESSINGS

and
APPLIANCES ;

GLASS

and
CHINA WARE.

ESTIMATES (free) for the Equipment of

Red Cross and Private Emergency Hospitals

At low competitive prices.
A Senior Representative will call by appointment.

PatroniMd by the War Office, British Red Crcis Society, French, Belgian and Serbian

Relief Funds, &c.

Telegrams :

■CORTBaOSIM," LOHDOW.

Teliphone:
Uvatvu 1152-3 (2 lines).

CORY BROS., 84 k 56, Mortimer St., London, W. i.

(Bight doors from QRBAT PORTLMD STREET, W. 1.)

Arthromctry, or The Measure-
ment of the Movcn^cnts of Joints.

Being Notes of a New and Simple System
for showing the Mobility of Injured Limbs
by means of an Instrument called an Arthro-
meter. By W. Wilbbaham Falconeb,
Superintendent of Mechanical Treatment at
the Red Cross Clinic for the Physical Treat-
Foreword by

ment of Disabled Officers.

R. FoRTEscuE Fox, M.D.

postage 4d.

Price -zM net,

The Future o£ the
Disabled Soldier.

'y C. W. HuTT, M.A., M.D.Cantab.,

.P.H.Oxford. Crown 8vo. With 11 full

page Ulustrationa. Price 63. net, postage 6d.

The Discharged
Consumptive Soldier.

By Thomas Densian, Clerk to the Brighton

Insurance Committee. Crown 8vo. Price

Is. net, postage 2d.

Religion and Realities.

By Dr. Henry Maudsley. Crown 8vo,

Cloth, gilt lettered. Price 8s. 6d. net.

postage 4d.

Mind and the Nation.

By J. H. Parsons. Demy Bvo. Price
7r. 6d. net, postage 6d.

and

Rural Water Supplies
their Purification.

By Sir A. C. Houston, K.B.E., M.B. Cloth.
Price 7s. 6d. net, postage 6d.

The Problem of the Nations:

A Stady in the Causes, Symptoms, and
Bffeots of Sexual Disease, and tbe
Bducation of the Individual Therein.

By A. Corbett-Smith, M.A.Oxon,, P.R.G.S.

Royal 8vo. Cloth, Price Is. 6d. net,

postage 8d.

A Lecture on Means for
the Prolongation of Life.

By Sir Herman Webeb, M.D., P.R.C.P.

Fourth Edition. Demy 8vo, pp. 24«, cloth.

Price 4s. 6d. net.

Oft the Influence of Muscular
Exercise on Longevity

By

Sir Herman Wxber, M.D., F.R.C.P.
Fcap. 8vo. 6d. net, postage 2d.

A Searchlight on Germany,

Germany's Blunders, Crimes and
Punishment.

By Dr. William T. Hornaday, Member Board

ei Trustees, American Defence Society.

Price 3d. net, postage Id.

JOHN BALE, SONS & DANIELSSON, Ltd., 8S-91, Gt. Titchficld Street, London, W. 1

To he^TT'' /[[^"^™° BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE 3

To be purchased through any Boo.sene. or airectl.v f„„ H.M. 8t.„Z^ o,nc,

at the following addresses :
iPEEiAL House, Kingsway, London W r o o«^ ou a

, PimtB Street, M.nchesteb , L ak • f ' "'°°°'' ^"*'''' ^'""""'' «•■"'• ^ =

E.™boboh; or fron> E. P0N80NBY, Lx.., n6, Gb.^o« Stbebt/ Dcbus.

./.o„e/6S3/,8.,..9,«,.««-i^;-^:;^;;;r* D.K„,.«,., u,., .„,, or. 7.«»^.7ir-i--